ADAB AL-BASRAH

It is necessary to start from a correct conception that places the creative process in modern literature in its correct objective framework, which is the openness of its multiple literary genres among themselves. We have the phenomenon of the practising poet for his creativity and poetic vision of non-poetic elements, multiple and open, borrowing from other literary arts (such as the novel, story, drama...) unusual techniques in the poetic text through which he monitors his text to elevate it artistically, aesthetically and psychologically, with a special celebration of language and the explosion of its metaphorical spaces to the extent of approaching the narration and investing its techniques that most tend towards drama through the multiplicity of events, personalities, times and places. This allows colouring his poetic discourse with narrative structures that expand the semantic horizon of the text and go beyond the usual stereotyping of the poetic text with its rules, mechanisms and fixed laws.

This research focuses on the study of the role of the Magistrate as a Prisoner in Coetzee's "Waiting for the Barbarians". The expressions analysed are 61 in total, the euphemistic expressions are 19, whereas the dysphemistic expressions are 42. These expressions are analyzed according to the attitudinal system of the Appraisal theory. The total findings of the euphemistic and dysphemistic expressions show that the negative attitude occurs more than the positive one. The number of affects is 11, the judgements is 29, and appreciations is 21. Furthermore, the findings show that the values of judgement are the dominant ones.

The current study is a stylistic study based on Johnstone’s model that is applied to Saki's short story "The Open Window" to investigate the three linguistic strategies of the model throughout the story. This study is an attempt to investigate persuasion as an influential strategy and to analyse the various techniques of persuasion used by the main characters to persuade each other. It includes qualitative and quantitative analyses to fulfill its aims, and verify its hypotheses. The findings of the analysis show that the utilization of Barbara Johnston's three persuasive strategies- quasilogical, presentational and analogical is closely related to the context of the story under investigation.

The research highlighted the spread of the phenomenon of Distortion and Alteration in novel and Arabic writings of the ancient people. This spread has been attributed to multiple reasons. It is that the Arabian line did not have dots at that time which led to some similar letters in their images during reading and other reasons.
The research has been based on the distinction between the terms (correction and distortion) on what Arab modern researchers see in which the old scientists signed in defining the terms they have. The spread of the phenomenon of correction and distortion in the Arabic language has had a significant impact in urging formers scientists to find solutions to eliminate this phenomenon. The most prominent mechanism they have used to detect this phenomenon while correcting is their use of the linguistics and non-language context. This mechanism has emerged in two main aspects, namely theory and application.

This study aims to use Critical discourse Analysis and adopts Fairclough’s model 1989 to study anti-terrorism speech. The speech was entitled "Obama's address to the nations on terrorism .This study attempts to illustrate the power, ideologies and identities that reenacted in anti-terrorism speech. The study adopts Fairclough’s model( three-dimensions) as an approach of analysis: description level, interpretation level, and explanation level. The study also aims to investigate the formal features of anti-terrorism speech through the first level of analysis. This study aims to investigate the struggles of power, social struggle, political struggle in the text.

The poet Al-Sahib bin Abbad invented the Al-Alawiya poem in the structure of his special poem to form the poem as the most constituents in the success of literary work. The most important pillar to draw the attention of the receiver is represented by initiations that he opens his poems and various initiations. He took the way of pre-Islamic poets in their systems step by step.
Once you find the poet standing before the house and crying, talking to the stones, and once again flirting with tenderness and sweetness, while in the third time, he mentions greying and days of his youth. Then, he goes to the fundamental purpose which is the eulogy of Imam Ali (peace be upon him) and systems of his virtues.

After the horizons of rhetoric opened to life, interest in the phenomenon of metaphor increased after its cognitive transformation, which appeared in the name of (conceptual metaphor) which was one of the most important rhetorical aspects that required the attention of cognitive linguistics. Given the compatibility of perceptual linguistics with the tasks of conceptual borrowing and discourse analysis, this research aims at investigating the cultural impact in the formation of one of the types of conceptual metaphor, which is (directional metaphor) in the narrative discourse because the latter relates to reality and its ability to reveal its contents. The choice fell on the narratives of Ahmed Saadawi to prove the ability of these metaphors to enrich meanings and transmit intellectual connotation through that fictional text, and in consequence an understanding of the world.

Through my research, “Characteristics and Features of the Fundamentalist heritage in the Ninth-Century AH,” I dealt with several issues. I dealt with the definition of the method in language and convention, and I talked about the importance of the scientific method in building civilizations. Then, I presented the differences among scholars and their approaches to studying the origins of jurisprudence. Under this title, I mentioned three of the scholars’ curricula and what distinguished each approach and mentioned some of the products of these curricula. After that, I dealt with the arrangement, classification and style in terms of definition and importance, with an explanation of the Ninth-Century scholars’ curricula in their fundamentalist writings. Later, I mentioned the difference in the Ninth-Century scholars’ classification of fundamentalist topics. Then, I talked about the importance of style in composition and that it is the ideal tool by which information is received. This was not overlooked to mention the most important criteria for a successful method, reinforced by what I have been able to say from the scholars. Subsequently, I explained the features of the original production related to terminology and boundaries and mentioned the features of the terminology of the fundamentalist production in the Ninth-Century, up to the talk about the features of the original production related to disagreement and reasoning, in which I elaborated on it and discussed it through the features related to liberating the place of conflict, the cause of disagreement, its type and its fruit. Later, I discussed inference by the saying, the language and the reasonable, to conclude with the conclusion, in which I mentioned the most important findings and recommendations that meant to me through my research.

Caesarean Russia enjoyed unstable periods of government, and since the terrible time of Ivan that the Boyars initially surrounded and controlled his movements, he managed to control their plans, and after his death, his son, Fyodor, took the throne whose tenure was not long. Boris Godunov, with his political savvy, managed to ascend the throne of Russia, but the latter did not rule only eight years, as he faced many difficulties, foremost of which was the famine that befell the Russians which led to a major uprising, and then the emergence of the second fraudster Dmitry who took advantage of the death of Godunov and ascended the throne in 1605.

A group of internal and external factors led to igniting the enthusiasm and revolution of the Iranian elite to form elite parties and gatherings. The success of the revolution in Russia in 1905 that led to the foundation of the Russian Duma Council and the spread of the rules of individual liberty, the notion of elections had a great impact upon the emergence of the constitutional revolution in Iran and utilizing its concepts by the Iranian revolutionary elite in the different stages of the history of the constitutional movement. The support of the Iranian people to those parties and gatherings was not only mere hopes and theoretical thoughts but also turning all this into practical reality annoying the Qajar regime. This also forced this regime to accept its political and social weight when an Iranian parliamentary council was founded in 1906 according to a democratic frame in spite of the Shah attempts to stop the constitution.

Textual linguistics is one of the linguistic sciences that has influenced the modern linguistic lesson since the middle of the twentieth century and then began to develop until it reached the peak of its maturity with the two worlds, de Beaugrand and Dressler, who are considered among the founders of this science, as they drew its rules and limits. From those rules and limits, the integrated text contains seven criteria: casting, weaving, intentionality, acceptability, the context of the situation, intertextuality, and informativeness.
The media is one of the textual criteria that searches for the effect of the text on the recipient, the extent of its interaction with it, and the degree of the height of that information contained in the text, and that the easier the content is, the lower the impact of the information on the recipient’s imagination. On the other hand, the media is high if its content is surrounded by confusion, or not expected from the sender’s intention.

The woman in general and the Hurrians Mitanni woman, in particular, had a strong and important presence in the historical events of the ancient kingdoms of the Near East, especially the Egyptian and Hittite kingdoms, where their role emerged in several areas such as administration, diplomatic relations, internal politics as well as the religious aspect. As they were not just the wives of kings as much as the kings themselves, where their influence was clear on the decisions and orders of the kings in domestic politics, and sometimes even external politics.
The Mitanni Hurrian’s woman, especially Nefertiti in the Egyptian kingdom, and Bodokheba in the Hittite kingdom were distinguished by political acumen and wit in the administration of the court and the royal palace so that they ran the kingdom’s affairs after the death of their husbands without chaos or turmoil in the country.
The diplomatic relations between the kingdom of the ancient Near East, and what followed it from the political marriage, is one of the reasons for the emergence of the Mitanni princesses, through their marriage to the kings of those kingdoms and thus their emergence on the scene of events in the second millennium B.C.

Social and economic studies have taken an important place in the field of historical studies, especially those that played an important role in the history of their people. The Iranian peasant segment is one of the most important and productive social strata in the Safavid and earlier eras. The Iranian farmer had an important and clear role in the Safavid era, by supplying and financing the state budget in days of war and peace. Where the Iranian farmer is the main pillar of the Safavid economy. The efforts made by the Iranian farmer in investing and developing agricultural lands, whether in their lands or elsewhere, are a reason for the economic empowerment of the Safavid state to run its affairs internally and face its external dangers. Despite that, the Iranian farmer did not receive the attention of the Safavid state as a result of the shahs’ confusing policy and the absence of a strict decision. The Iranian farmer remained in his deteriorating and bad situation and did not obtain his most basic rights; hence the importance of the research is to shed light on farmers’ social and economic conditions and the nature of their living conditions under the rule of the Safavid state.

Charitable work is one of the commendable acts according to sharia and custom as it has great importance in increasing social ties and reducing the burden on some residents, especially for those in need. Charitable foundations are institutions that guarantee and revitalize social bonds. Charitable work has been active in the Abu Al-Khasib District for long periods from history to the present. The research showed the prevalence of the work of charitable institutions, their spatial distribution, the quality of their work, the aid they provide, the sources of their funding, and some of the obstacles that guide the course of their work. After that, some recommendations were made to promote the work of these charitable institutions in the District of Abu Al-Khasib.

Noise pollution is one of the types of environmental pollutions that most countries of the world suffer from at present, which affects the sensory-auditory side of the person and its effects are related to the strength and continuity of the voice for the person receiving. In addition to that, the quality of the environment affects the intensity of the sound, so we find rural environments have a low and low noise effect due to the openness of the horizon and the presence of sound absorbers such as trees. As for urban environments, they suffer from noise greatly and effectively due to the multiplicity of noise sources, the absence of sound absorbers in most of them, their closure and the increase in their population concentration. The research came to find out the effect of noise in the urban environment of the city of Qurna on sixth-grade middle school students, as it is a crucial stage in students’ lives. The study focused on clarifying the concept of noise pollution as well as its spatial distribution according to schools’ orientation. Then, the study discussed the impact of that pollution on the attention and focus of students. Finally, the study concluded with results and recommendations to reduce noise pollution in the environment and surroundings of the school.

The quality and quantity of agricultural production are affected by the natural geographical factors on the one hand, and the human ability to invest and improve these factors on the other hand. The process of washing the soil or reducing the concentration of salt in it is one of the necessary and complementary reclamation projects for agricultural investment due to the fact that the region suffers from the problems of soil salinization and the high concentration of salt in the irrigation water, especially in recent years, which has resulted in the shrinking of large areas of land invested for agriculture. For this reason, the study aims to apply the process of washing saline and salinity-affected soils and to improve the management of agricultural production properly.

In this study, we deal with Kant’s concept of God before his three critical books (Critique of Pure Reason, Critique of Practical Reason, the Critique of Judgment) to define Kant’s position on the concept of God and the pecies of evidence for his existence and to clarify the extent of Kant’s interest in the concept of God even in his early writings, including the book The Natural History of the World and The Theory of the Heavens, and a study entitled The only possible basis for establishing the existence of God, through which he presents his views on the concept of God, and this is based on basic axes:
1. Explain why Kant is interested in the concept of God.
2. The concept of God and the history of the natural world.
3. Controversies to prove the existence of God.

The research aims to identify the rules for documenting sources used in university theses completed in the departments of the College of Arts / the University of Basra, to know the most common rules used in documenting sources and margins in the departments of the college, to identify the most common errors in documenting sources in scientific departments and studying (matching) sources with approved documentation rules globally, and to know the problems and difficulties facing university thesis holders to consider them into consideration in their future research. The analytical descriptive method was used by adopting an intentional sample of university theses for the years 2016 and 2019 of 11 theses selected according to their existence within the two mentioned years, including 4 doctoral theses, 6 master's theses and one diploma research, as well as an interview with graduate students who completed their theses and some professors in the aforementioned departments.