AL-Rafidain Engineering Journal (AREJ)

Forming Limit Diagram ( FLD ) is considered as an important
tool in the determination of the formability of metal sheets . There is
a Forming Limit Curve ( FLC ) for each sheet metal shows its
formability, limit strains and forming regions. It is required some times
to butt welding of two or more sheets of different thicknesses to
get one blank to be formed latter , such as in some parts of car body . In
this work the effect of electric arc welding on the forming limit
diagram, of carbon steel , was studied .It was noticed that welding affects
the forming limit curve ,where the major and minor strains are
lowered for the steel sheet.

Finite strip method (FSM) is an effective method for analysis of slabs, slab
bridges, slab girder bridges, box girder bridges and other different type of structures.
In most previous studies the derivations of the stiffness matrix based on the
assumption, that the boundary condition is hinged at both ends.
In this study the derivations are extended to determine the stiffness matrix and load
vector for the fixed ended slab strip using the minimum total potential energy
method. Two slab girder bridges are analyzed by finite strip method and the results
are compared with the exact and finite element method solutions and showed good
agreement.

This paper focuses on the effect of laboratory chemicals on the
efficiency of the biological treatment of wastewater for effluents
mixed with laboratory waste and other unmixed with it, Two bench
scale batch reactor were used .The first reactor feeded with effluents
without chemicals , the second reactor feeded with effluents mixed
with chemicals, in order to compare the removal rate of (COD) and
the growth of (MLVSS) according to concentration of (MLVSS)
(1000,1300, 2000,2500) mg/l at fixed value of (COD)for three
hospital(Ibn seena,Ibn alatheer,Alkhansaa) .The result showed that the
highest value of removal achieved at (F/M=0.16) and (MLVSS=2500)
that in depended at the first of reaction ,also showed that the inhibition
effects because of laboratory Chemicals appears through inhibition in
the removal of (COD) and growth of (MLVSS).The removal
efficiency was about (93-96)%for the first reactor and about (85-90)%
for the second reactor .Its also showed that its very necessary follow
regular ways in order to reduce its effect on the biological treatment
unit.

The present paper involves three-dimensional nonlinear analysis for
reinforced concrete bridge deck consisting of three main girders. Finite
brick element is used to predict response of the bridge under
monotonically increasing static loads up to failure.
A main concern is given to the effects of boundary conditions at the
supports, and their effects on the behaviour of the bridge. Three types of
supports were considered, these are simple support, elastomeric pads and
a simple springs. The study includes also the effect of boundary
conditions on the failure load, the load distribution amongst the main
girders, and variation of bearing reactions in both pre and post cracking
phases. The study shows that the method of representing the supports
significantly affects the distribution of the loads among the main girders
of the bridge.

This paper focuses on the evaluation of Al-Salamia water supply
treatment plant was undertaken for the influent and effluent characteristics
twice a week for the period from January 2004 till the end of December
2004 from low lift pump which represents river water sample; after
sedimentation tanks; after filtration tanks and after adding chlorine,
Physical and chemical measurements (nitrogen, PO4, turbidity, pH, Ec,
Hardness and residual chlorine) were analyzed data to assess the
performance of plant and the efficiency removal of turbidity. Nutrients
(nitrogen, PO4) range between(٠.٥٢-٠.١٥) (٠.١٩-٠.٠٦٥) mg/l respectively,
which support the algae growth and led to the blocking in intake. Ec, pH
and hardness values are found to be (440-854)um/cm2 ,(7.7-8.6) and (185-
303) mg/l respectively. pH values decrease after adding alum and chlorine
and reaches 7.4 . The performance of the plant in terms of turbidity
removal ranges from 60.58% to ٤٢.٨٦% when effluent turbidity ranges
from (2.9 to 8.2) NTU. Paired T-test was used to attain the main objective
of this study regarding the turbidity removal efficiency of each units .

The effect of particles size distribution of the coarse aggregates on the
water demand of the concrete mix was studied and analyzed using the
concept of particles size distribution in so far as they deviate from the
avera size or fineness modulus as indicated by the standard deviation of
the sample.
Six concrete mixes 1:2:4 by weight (320 kg/m3 cement content) were
designed for a given slump of (30-60) mm. The main variable being the
gradation of the coarse aggregates.
The results showed that an increase in the S.D of the coarse aggregate
particle distribution resulted in an increase in the water demand of the
mix, this was further substantiated by a decrease in the resulting
compressive strength. An extra 38 similar concrete mixes were selected
randomly from the literature for further supporting evidence.

Data of daily stage - discharge for the Tigris river have been collected for
the years (1977 – 2002 ). Suitable analysis was done to find a new
relation between stage-discharge which must be followed to find the
discharge from the stage. Trend analysis for stage has been done to see
how the stage can be changed in future, which shows a decrease with
time. From the relation between max discharge, probability, and stage the
inundated areas were determined depending on the contour map of Mosul
town, the inundation areas have stages between (220.89-221.3) m
when the channel of the river reaches its maximum capacity

This paper describes the effect of the addition of various volume
fraction (0-٤%) of short natural fibres on the behavior of the composites.
An experimental work has been carried out to study the mechanical
properties of Roselle fibre-reinforced cement composites. The results
show that the tensile strength of composite increases, (this increase in
strength is about 53%), while the compressive strength decreases as the
fibre volume fraction is increased.

In this research, the phenomenon of scour downstream triangular
plan form weirs on stone beds were studied experiment
ally. The study deals with the measurement of maximum scour
depth and the length of scour hole downstream the weir. The shape of
scour hole was also studied. One hundred and eight runs were conducted
in a laboratory channel. Three sizes of crushed stones of diameters
(0.7142, 1.111, 1.5875)cm were used. Four weir-heights (10,15,20,25)cm
were tested for all sizes of crushed stones. The effect of tailwater depth
on scour depth was studied for all weir-heights except 10 cm because
submergence appeared, while, total number of tailwater depths tested
were thirty six. Experimental results of this study showed direct relation
between scour depth and scour hole length with the densimetric particle
Froude number, but the scour depth and scour hole length had inverse
relations with both relative tailwater depth and relative drop. Two
empirical equations were obtained; the first for the estimation of relative
scour depth and the second for the estimation of relative length of scour
hole. A simple design method was presented to obtain the length and
thickness of rock protection downstream triangular plan form weirs
depending on field data and size of available rocks

Doping a part of the optical fiber core by ( Er3 ) ions with the
availability of external pumping power (pump laser),will lead to the
formation of erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA).The performance of
this optical amplifier depends on the parameters in this article which form
this optical amplifier (the power and the wavelength of the pumping
laser,the power and wavelength of the input signal, amplifier length,ion
concentration).The effects of these quantities on the action and
performance of erbium amplifiers such as amplifier gain,gain
saturation,noise figure and out power of the amplifier are investigated.

Ornament is considered one of the significant concepts in the recent
architectural thought , it has emerged clearly as a mean of creating the
highest levels of beauty in Architecture ,especially in late-modernisim and
post-modernisim as a reactiom towards the problems of modernity
connecting with the creating ornamental productions as well as what is
known about modernity from rejecting ornamentation . The paper has
discussed the importance of the concept concentrating on a well-known
realism about ornamentation in the architectural reality, in order to explore
the particular problem which has been represented as (the ornament in
modern movement).
Thus the problem of the paper has been formed and its objective and
method has been limited, by building a comprehensive and theoretical
framework consisting three main items of detailed theoretical field as the
following : (intellectual attitudes related with ornament, means and
methods of creating ornament and aims of ornament) which limit the
concept in Architecture, firstly, then the application of the items on selected
architectural trends through modernity like Corbusier and Mies, secondly,
at last concluding the particularity of ornament in modern movement,
thirdly.
Conclusions have been contradicted with the familiar expression of
modernity rejection to ornament, and it has been clear that modernists used
ornaments in their projects but in a new style, and modernists ornaments
were considered as symbols through architectural form expressing their era.

In this work a finite element simulation is used for the
hemispherical punch stretching test. The effect of strain hardening
exponent, the original thickness of the sheet metal and the coefficient of
friction between the punch and the blank on the formability of sheet metal
are investigated. The results of this simulation are used to derive an
empirical formula combining the simultaneous effect of the three
parameters on the final thickness of the sheet. This formula is used to
derive a numerical criterion which can be used in a separate finite
element program for predicting the initiation and the position of localized
necking. The effect of the three parameters on the level of the forming
limit diagram is also investigated. An emphasis is put on the relation
between the coefficient of friction and the strain path.

Typology is an important concept in architectural theory and
practice . It contributed particularly to the theory and practice of Post -
Modernism as an alternative design strategy to address problems
arising from Modernism . It emphasized the role of history in the
architectural creation .
The research discussed the concept in an exploratory study concerning
the development of the concept through out history to isolate the main
issues in relation to which concept was discussed . Six issues emerged
: nature and essence of type, origin of type, type and interpretation,
type and the generation of form, type and classification and finally
type and history
The conclusion of the study enabled to put foreward a more
comprehensive definition of the concept capable of application in a
variety of contexts .

A simulation model for evaluating the effect of water availability in
the soil and salinity on yield under deficit irrigation has been developed.
The model is based on water volume balance concept for scheduling
irrigation using different levels of allowable percent water depletion. To
take the effect of salinity on yield into consideration, the crop
evapotranspiration is linked to the salinity level in the soil water using the
procedure described in FAO (1998). The model was used to study the
effect of both water deficit and salinity build-up during the growing
season on yield of cotton for different scenarios, assuming zero leaching,
with different irrigation water salinity levels, and allowable percent
depletion of water in the root zone.
To verify the validity of the model, preliminary one year data from
experiment conducted in northern Syria during the summer season of year
2004 for cotton are used. The data included four deficit irrigation levels
using drip irrigation system: full irrigation (no deficit); applying 80%,
60%, and 40% of full irrigation. The experiment was laid out in three
replications. The main outcome of the study included useful relationships
between relative yield with relative crop evapotranspiration as affected by
different levels of deficit irrigation and water salinity. Given the salinity
of irrigation water and selecting a cretin level of percent water depletion,
the relative evapotranspiration (Etcadj/ETc) can be predicted. Upon
knowing the relative evapotranspiration, the relative yield under the given
conditions can be also evaluated.

The significance of mosques in the definition of an Islamic
city-pattern is acknowledged by all general theories of the Islamic city .
Mosques are a common feature to all Muslim cities as well as they have
had a continuous existence and exert a profound influence upon the cities .
Friday mosque represents the core of the Islamic city where other urban
facilities are sequenced around .
Due to vast expansion of Islamic cities , more Friday mosques
were erected to fulfill the occupants’ needs . These had their religious
justifications . The spatial distribution pattern of these mosques represents
a phenomenon that deserves study assuming that this distribution is
goverened by some rules.This is to be examined by adopting the nearest
neighbor analysis and by selecting Mosul old town as a case study .The
research is ended with findings that describe and explain this distribution
pattern .