Tikrit Journal for Agricultural Sciences

Morphological and palynological systematic studies for the 10 species of genus Bellivalia Lapeyr. (Asparagaceae) in Kurdistan-Iraq conducted during the growing seasons( 2015-2016) to determine the species distribution and recording new localities.
The morphological investigation was dealt with the characteristics of the bulbs, stems, leaves, flowers, inflorescences, fruits and seeds and it was indicated through discussing the characters diversity that the flowers characters are taxonomically more important than vegetative characters to isolate the species.
The palynological study is first conducted on Iraqi botanical specimens and indicated that pollen grains of all studied taxa of the genus Bellevalia , monads and monosolcate with variations in other characters of pollen grains which give a taxonomic importance..
The species (B. macrobotrys, B. longipes, B. glauca, B. saviczii, B. olivierii, B. mosheovii, B. kurdistanica and B. pycnantha) were previously recorded and two species are new for Iraq (Bellevalia fominii and B.longistyla).

Six inbred lines of maize (ZP-595, DKC-6418, DK-17, ZP-694, Sgporo from panan and UN 4652) were included in a half diallel cross. The inbred lines and their 15 crosses were planted in the fields of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, Duhok University on July 5, 2018, using randomized complete block design with three replications. The components of phenotypic variance and narrow sense heritability were estimated, and the regression line analysis method was adopted for the traits: number of days to silking, number of days to tasseling, plant height, upper ear height, leaf area, number of rows. ear-1, number of grains. row-1, grain yield. Plant-1, weight of 300 grains, and shelling percent. The results showed that the mean square of the genotypes (parents and hybrids) was highly significant for all traits. The regression coefficient of Wr on Vr appeared significant for all traits except leaf area, indicating the presence of epistasis in its inheritance. It is also evident that the variances, additive (D) and dominant components (H1 and H2) were significant from zero for all traits, indicating the importance of additive and non-additive gene action in the inheritance of these traits. It was shown from Wr, Vr regression line analysis that the regression line cutting the Wr axis above the origin point for number of days to silking, number of days to tasseling, plant height, upper ear height, leaf area, number of rows. ear-1 and shelling percent, an indication of the additive effect of genes with a decrease in dominance, while the regression line crossed the Wr axis under the origin point, for number of grains. Ear-1, grain yield. Plant-1 and shelling percent indicating the presence of over dominance with proportions of dominant and recessive genes in parents. The narrow sense heritability was low for number of rows. ear-1, number of grains. Ear-1, grain yield. Plant-1, 300 grains weight and shelling percent, moderate for upper ear height and leaf area and high for number of days to silking, number of days to tasseling and plant height.

The study was applicated at an agricultural farm in Al-Alam district of Salahuddin Governorate (10 km east Tikrit University ) during the winter season 2018-2019 by using a Randomized complete Block Design in a split-plot arrangement with three replications. Potassium foliar application levels (0, 1 and 2%) were in the main plot and 14 genotypes of bread wheat in the sub-plot. Spraying was at two stages: booting and anthesis stage. The characteristics of the study are plant height (cm), flag leaf area (cm2), a number of spikes m2, number of grains per spike, 1000grain weight, grain yield (ton.h-1), and protein percentage in the grains (%). The results revealed a significant difference among potassium levels, genotypes and their interaction. The third concentration of potassium oxide spray was significantly superior to the characteristics of plant height (95.03 cm), flag leaf area (57.50 cm2), the weight of 1000 grains (43.92 gm), grain yield (5.27 ton.h-1), and protein percentage (10.05 %). EBAA 99 genotype was significantly superior by giving the highest average plant height (96.74 cm), flag leaf area (57.76 cm2), and protein percentage (11.65 %). The best interaction treatment was between Ebaa 99 genotype and third concentration of potassium in plant height (101.13 cm), and protein percentage (11.93 %). Hedhab genotype with the second concentration of potassium gives the number of grains (50.93 grain.spike-1) & Boro with the third concentration of potassium gave (49.43 grain.spike-1). The first level (without spraying) scored the lowest averages for all characteristics studied.

This study was conducted during 2015 in Sulaimani governorate at two main different locations of Sharbazher, Dukan, each one with some sub-locations, the sub- location of sharbazher that contains (Qalachwlan, Bnawela, Kana-Swra, Byana, Bazarw and Kane-Bewka) . The sub- location of Dukan that contains (Mergapan, Kwera-Kane, Hanaran, Qzlar and Kilka-Smaq) to estimate fresh yield, dry yield, dry matter and animal unit. The rangeland areas of Sulaimani governorate located between 350 10' – 360 27' N and 440 40' – 460 22' E were restricted, 250017 and658801 ha for Sharbazher and Dukan locations respectively. The most important results indicated that, it was noticed that the sub-location of Qalachwalan at sharbazher location gave the maximum values of plant height, stem dry weight, leaf dry weight and Leaf Stem ratio for both legumes and grasses with 27.22, 52.9 cm, 5.28% and1.80% as the means of nine replicates respectively. However, the sub-location of Mergapan at Dwkan location gave the maximum values of plant height with 40.43, 69.00cm for both legumes and grasses respectively.Dukan location gave the maximum value of total dry yield 970431.60 ton and 2940701.80 Animal unit/three months, while Sharbazher location which gave the minimum value total dry yield of 17216.20 ton and 52170.30 animal unit/3 months as the means of four replicates respectively. The highest fresh yield, dry yield and animal unit obtained Dukan, location which 13348.27 and 2554.85 kg/ha 2940701.80 animal unit respectively .Results of chemical analysis for the grass and legume plants showed that there were differences between locations. Dukan location gave the maximum percentage of protein content, Carbohydrate, fiber, and magnesium which were (8.75, 17.80 ,19.50 , and 0.74 %) respectively, for legume plants .However, chemical contents for grass plant showed that Sharbazher location gave the maximum percentage of carbohydrate, fiber, oil , phosphorous and ash contents which were (22.28 , 23.50 , 1.22 , 1.33 and 11.01 %), respectively.

This study was carried out for investigating the stimulatory and inhibitory effects of the aqueous extracts of Vicia faba on the seed germination and the growth of the Lycopersicon esculentum seedlings. The experiment was carried out at the research stations and laboratories of College of Agriculture, Tikrit University, and the Department of Examination and Certification of Seeds in Tikrit, Salah Aldeen, Iraq. In this study, different concentrations of the aqueous extracts of various parts of Vicia faba were tested in this study, namely (4, 8 and 12% root extracts; 4, 8 and 12% stem extracts; 4, 8 and 12 % leaf extracts) for determining their effects on the seed germination and the seedling growth of the Lycopersicon esculentum plant. Water was used as the control treatment. All parameters used in the experiments were randomly distributed based on the Completely Randomised Design (CRD). The results were the mean of 4 replicate experiments. The results indicated that the aqueous root extracts (4%) of Vicia faba showed a significant stimulatory effect on the different growth parameters like radicle length and the dry weight of the radicle of the Lycopersicon esculentum. The different aqueous extracts of the Vicia faba showed differing effects (either stimulatory or inhibitory) on the seedling growth. The mode of action was dependent on the extracts of the plant parts that were used. The results indicated that the different concentrations of aqueous extracts of various parts of Vicia faba showed an allelopathic effect.

A low – fat and calories cake was manufactured by replacing fat with margarine and oil in levels (25, 50, 75 and 100%) , with the cake improver in levels (1, 3, 5, and 7%) with adding 25% resistant starch (RS) instead of fat, also MDG is used in (0.1, 1, 2 and 3%) with adding 25% RS instead of fat. Chemical tests were done and some sensory Characteristics of the cake were estimated. The results showed an increase in the moisture content of the produced cake resulted from the replacement of fat with margarine, oil and MDG by (25,50,75,100) %. Ash value increase when replaced cake improver and margarine by 100% and a high percentage of fat increase when substituted margarine by (25,100) %and reached (21.33,20.8) %, respectively. Also, high protein values where observed when replacing fat with oil and MDG. The results showed an increase in the percentage of carbohydrates when replacing the improver with (25 and 50) %, which reached (64.01 and 63.07) %, respectively. The results indicated that replacing the fat with improves, margarine, oil, or MDG with 100% improved the quality of the produced cake. Calories were estimated and some staling evaluations of the laboratory cake were studied. The penetration test showed that there were significant differences between the results of the studied treatments, as significant differences appeared in the fat replacer treatments for the improver and margarine at (25,100)% which had to (14.0,9.33,14.33,10.33)% mm, respectively, as well when replacing the MDG with (0.1,3)%which is (16.0,11.0)% mm, respectively. The results showed the possibility of processing a low fat and calorie cake in good specifications and the same shelf – life of the commercial ordinary cake.

The present study was conducted to determine the effect of dietary additive with parsley on some meat traits of the breast and thigh meat of broiler chicks, at eight-day old, chicks will be divided equally on floor pens into 5 groups, each group contained 3 replicates (8 chicks/ each). Treatments are dividing as (T1), using basal diet free from parsley as control (T2), using basal diet plus 3 gm. parsley/Kg of diet (T3), using basal diet plus 6 gm. parsley/Kg of diet (T4), using basal diet plus 9 gm. parsley/Kg of diet (T5), using basal diet plus 12 gm. parsley/Kg of diet. In the end of this experiment all after the slaughtering the broiler, the sample will be taken from breast and thigh. Adding parsley to feed of chicks effect significantly (p<0.01) on chemical composition in breast and thigh meat, and high percentages recorded in meat from broiler chicks fed on parsley, adding of parsley as feed additive promote significantly (p<0.01) physical traits, TBA, TVN.B values, Met- myoglobin and Myoglobin value of breast and thigh meat of broiler chicks, using parsley effect significantly on some amino acids percentages in breast and thigh meat of broiler chicks, adding parsley effect significantly in Chromium, Copper, Nickel and Zinc concentrations in thigh meat, also effect on Iron concentrations in breast meat.

Depending on the geomorphological map and digital elevations of the Zakhikha area, five sites that differ in topography and geomorphology and represent the soil units present in the area were selected.Their locations are geographically defined and locally represented pedons are excavated,disturbed soil samples representing each diagnosed horizon were obtained from them, and transferred to the laboratory for the purpose of conducting some physical measurements and chemical analyzes on them. The soils were classified according to the American classification for the year 2014 for the family level. So that we completed the classification to the level of the series according to the Al-Agidi proposal of 1976 and 1981 for sedimentary and developed soils respectively. To study the effect of the geomorphological site on soil characteristics in the topographical sequence.
The results showed a significant effect of the geomorphological location on the morphological characteristics of the soil, the class of texture, and some soil chemical characteristics. Classically, the Entisols order was formed most of the soils of the region, with the TW415 (12.79%) and DE31(18.19) series which diagnosed within the foot slope and Toe slope units. As for the Aridisols order it constituted a smaller percentage of the total area of the study area, with a person under two sub order there are Calcids (14.82%) and Gypsids (21.76%), with a person under three sub great soil groups there are Typic Calcigypsids, Typic Haplocalcids and Typic Argigypsids.

This study was held in Fadhlia region, 22 km northeast of Mosul city, province center, and aims at knowing the effect of olive trees in soil optical properties, three sites of olive orchards were chosen with different ages and agricultural processes, the age of trees in first site is 200 years old, second site is 10 years old and third is 25 years old, three soil pedons were drilled under olive trees, and three others in uncultivated land, and several photographs for soil sites were taken using a digital camera to calculate RGB values, the color of the soil was then measured in field and laboratory using Munsell soil color charts, and use the Spectroradiometer in laboratory to draw the spectral reflectance curves of soil, the results obtained that RGB values were high in dry soils and decrease in moist state, and the percentage of spectral reflectance was lower than that of (47.3%) in the surface horizon soil of p5 under olive trees, hue, value and chroma were different between the layers of study sites in the field and laboratory for dry and moist state, and low values of the spectral reflectance were observed in surface horizons of most soil pedons at the wavelength (1750) nm .

The study area is located within two regions. The first site in Tikrit city (Tikrit University) represents gypsiferous soils and the second site represents calcareous soils in Erbil Governorate. Two pedons were chosen in Tikrit P1 (rainfed) and P2 (cultivated), and two other pedons in Erbil P3 (rainfed) and P4 ( cultivated) . Tikrit pedons showed presence of gypsum crystals of spindle and lenticular type with a length ranging between (0.2 -0.5) mm , the pores type of vughs and chamber, while the dominance of the planer and interconnected chamber pores in Erbil pedons. Iron oxides appeared in different forms of single discrete particles or Ferriargillans cutan especially in Erbil's pedons, The values of iron oxides varied, as the dominance of the total, free ,and the amorphous iron oxides in Erbil pedons were ranged between (8.77 -12.81), (8.17 - 10.30), (6.82 - 9.19) g.kg-1, respectively, compared with the iron oxides themselves for Tikrit pedons, which ranged between (2.98 - 5.39), (2.45 - 4.86), (1.19 - 2.67) g.kg-1, respectively. While the amorphous iron oxide values showed an increasing in the Tikrit pedons compared with Erbil pedons, as their values in Tikrit ranged between (1.26 - 2.19) g. kg -1 while in Erbil pedons ranged between (1.01 – 1.81) g. kg -1.

The research aimed to identify the determinants of supplying and distributing agricultural technologies to farmers in general, of viewpoint of agricultural employees in the Agricultural Equipment Company in Salah al-Din Governorate / Iraq , the research included all employees working in the Agricultural Equipment Company in Salahuddin Governorate, who numbered (62). And after excluding (10) respondents as a survey sample. a simple random sample was taken with a number of (26) and with a percentage of (50%) . The research data was collected by using the questionnaire. The first part included the personal and characteristics of the respondents, the second part contains (18) items to measure the obstacles of supplying and distributing agricultural technologies.The third part: It is questions for the respondents about their suggestions to limit the determinants of the supplying and distribution of agricultural technologies. The last part is a question for the respondents in case there are problems not mentioned in the research.. Then, the reliability was calculated by using the Alpha Gronbach method. After that, the data was classified by using a number of statistical methods . The results of the research showed that the weighted calculation values ranged between (0.14 - 0.92), while the weighted mean was (0.61). The descending order of the items was done according to the weighted mean. The results also showed a significant correlation relationship Depending on the results, some recommendations were proposed, including the necessity to overcome the difficulties and limitations. Finally, the search results should be a guide for the agricultural employees.