Tikrit Journal for Agricultural Sciences

Six hybrids maize (Zea mays L.) line:(1) ZM4L,(2) ZM51L,(3) ZP-301,(4) ZM19L, (5) OH, and(6) Un440 were used in crossing program for obtaining first-generation hybrids during the spring 2016 season. Selfing F1s’ of the previous hybrids on autumn season of the same year led to obtained the second-generation hybrids. The inbred lines Two generations hybrids were planted on 2017 spring season. The experiment was carried out by using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), with three replicates. The goal of the experiment was to find out the performance of genotypes and estimation of heterosis based on the best parent, of the commercial hybrid (CADZ). of first-generation hybrids and inbreeding depression of the second-generation on the days to female flowering. Other characteristics including; plant height, leaf area, number of rows per ear , number of kernel in each row, weight of 300 grains, and yield of individual plant . The results of the statistical analysis revealed significant differences of all the studied characteristics of each parents, the first-generation, and second-generation except for the number of days of male flowering. Hybrid; Un440 x ZM4L showed a significant and desirable heterosis for the plant height, leaf area, and number of kernel in the rows compared to the best parents and commercial variety. The hybrids; ZM19L x ZM51L and Un440 x ZM51L, showed it did not happen to them inbreeding depression because of the negative and significant correlation with the desired the number of kernels in the row. While, the hybrid; OH x ZM4L , for the number of rows per ear and the hybrid; OH x ZM19L , for the weight of 300 grains.

The research aims to evaluate the level of training in general from the point view of the trainees representing some of the agricultural employees working in the northern region. To evaluate the level of training in each of the field of training : Trainees' competence - the subject of conservation agriculture - training methods and aids - the environment of the implementation of training and in each criteria of each field criteria, and then finding the effect of all trainees' characteristics in the evaluation of training level, to determine the differences in the level of training and finding the effect of all trainees' characteristics, as well as identify the problems that facing trainees at the course, and the suggestions made by the trainees. The research included all the trainees in the ICARDA training course on the subject of conservation agriculture, which is 25 trainees data were collected through a questionnaire after verifying its validity and reliability then analyzed by using the Regression, the Mann-Whiteny test, the Kruskall-Wallis test, the results showed that the level of training was high in general and that the field of competence of trainers came in first rank with a percentage of 56%, while the field of conservation agriculture ranked last with 89.5%,and the impact factor for the all trainees characters is 16% .The results showed no significant differences in the evaluation of training level according to the different characteristics of the trainees for each one, and the most important problems encountered by the trainees in the training course: the short period of reporting by the date of the beginning of the course, shortened the number of days of the course. The most important proposals of the trainees: the establishment of training courses in places where the technology is already applied, focus on the participatory approach used in the course and continued use it in the next courses.

ABSTRACT
The research was aimed to recognizing the reality of the response of agricultural extension workers in the governorate of Nineveh for the sources of agricultural information , and its relation with Independent importance of each source from the view point of the agricultural extension workers , specifying the newness of the sources and their application, the need of them by the agricultural extension workers finding the correlation between the reality of the response of the agricultural extension workers (Nineveh governorate) for the sources of agricultural information and the independent variables which are represented by ( gender, scientific qualification, personal experience, specialization and contacting with farmers in rural areas). That was done by a questionnaire designed for collecting data it included three alternatives for measuring agricultural information sources (thirteen sources for information). After making sure that the question face validity, reliability has been measured using the method (alpha- chronbmch) where the stability coefficient was (0.83). The research covered all those working in agricultural extension in the agricultural offices and departments of the agricultural directorate of Nineveh and whose number is (430) agricultural employees distributed on (32) agricultural offices including the centre agricultural department. After excluding (30) employees for the reliability sample, a random simple sample was chosen consisting of (128) agricultural employees representing (32%) of the total number of the workers. Results revealed that the average of response of agricultural ten extension workers to be on a medial scale by (59%), (personal expertise, magazines and guiding bulletins) the first stages with percentage weight ranged from (80,46% - 84,2%) according to the reality of the response of agricultural extension workers for the sources of agricultural information, results revealed concerning the newness of information that the agricultural magazines and personal experience have got the first ranks compared with other sources with percentage weight ranged from (70,78% - 70,46%), as for the application of new ideas (training courses and personal experience) have occupied the first ranks compared with other information sources with percentage weight ranged from (83,20% - 77,96%), as for the need to source, results have revealed that the (training courses, references and scientific books) have occupied the first ranks with percentage weight ranged from ( 80,78% - 80,64%) and it has become clear that there is an abstract and correlation between the scientific qualification and the reality of the response of the agricultural extension workers for the sources of agricultural information, also results indicate that there is no significant correlation between the reality of the response of the agricultural for extension workers the sources of agricultural information and ( age, job experience, specialization and communicating with farmers in rural areas).

This study was carried out at a private farm in city Samarra in Qalaa for the 2016 summer season. This experiment included on factors is basil. Different concentrations of amino acid and vitamins and their interaction Amino acid included different concentrations of amino acid aspartic acid and amino acid phenylalanine ethylene the vitamins also included different concentrations of ascorbic acid and vitamins thiamine The experiment was conducted to determine the effect of spraying on different concentrations of amino acid and vitamins in the characteristics of vegetative growth ,physiological characteristics the ratio of the pilot oil , its physical properties and the active substance. The experiment was applied using full Random Sector Design (R.C.B.D) (Complete Black Design Randomized) within the simple trials of three replication the effect of spraying amino acid and vitamins can have a significant effect on most of the studied traits as follows: The treatment (spartic acid 150ppm x ascorbic acid 50 mg.L) was given in most studied traits , giving the number of date flowers (69.5) and number of seeds in the broiler (195.47) and weight 1000 seeds (1.72) and the origin of the leafs (1122.3) and total seed yield (2764.33).

ABSTRACT
The study was conducted in the period from January to May 2018. The study included the identification of the total account and types of microbial content of the oral cavity during the normal daily practices at different times, which were after waking up, after washing mouth with water (rinsing), after breakfast and after using toothpaste for 33 donors of females and males, smokers and non-smokers, and the ages range were 25-35 years. The results of the study showed that all donor groups showed positive growth during the isolation stages, but there were no significant differences in the growth density of the total count, Enterobacteriaceae and staphylococcus for the donor groups, and the recorded account are not considered to be dangerous to the health of mouth. This is because donor's mouth health was good and smoking period was short. The highest account of bacteria in isolates were seen among smokers after waking up was 74-550 cfu / ml. The study also included the diagnosis of isolated microbial species using VITEK2. The results showed that the isolated bacterial species are Staphylococcus aureus, Lelliottia amnigena, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas luteola, Klebsiella pneumonie, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia which were varied in count, Bacterial resistance was tested for some of the antibiotics that were Doxycycline (DO), Mastiscs (TS), Ceftriaxone (CRO), Tobramycine (TOB), Mastiscs (T), Mastdiscs (T), Gentamicin (CN). The results showed that L. amnigena and S.maltophilia were sensitive to all antibiotics. P. fluorescens were sensitive to antibiotics CN, T, TOB, DO and resistance to antibiotics CRO, TS whereas K.pneumonie was sensitive to all Antibiotics used except the DO antibiotic. The S.aureus bacteria showed resistance to antibiotics CN, TOB, CRO, TS and sensitive to antibiotics T, DO.

This study was carried out to study some morphological parts of adult male of Liriomyza spp, including the antenna, the femur and the middle vein (Cu Al), as well as the shape of mines that larvae made them on the leaves. Results showed that there were two species of L.bryoinae on tomato crop and L.sativae on climbing beans crop, this was agreed with the molecular study that it was conducted using the RAPD Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA based on the PCR technique to determine genetic variability of DNA that it was extraction from adults and pupae and obtained a quantity of it ranged from (35-556.9) mg and purity ranged between (1.7-2).
The RAPD markers were studied using 19 random primers, 13 of which showed a bands and 6 of them didn’t show any bands, the total number of bands loci were 53 loci, 23 of which were main bands and 30 were polymorphism and genetic analysis was performed based on these results. The genetic distance was found and lowest was (0.125) among adults and pupae of bean crop and higher distance was (0.323) the among the adults and the pupae of the tomato crop and the genetic distance between the tomato pupae and bean pupae was (0.185), according to this values the genetic relationship was found which was the tomato adult's species was independent and the genetic relationship between Adults and pupae have closest. Results showed that the pupae which were taken from the crops, there are two species of Liriomyza spp .

ABSTRACT
The natural preservative for foods and juices are become mandatory required instead of artificial or chemical preservatives. That the main goal of our present study. The study included making water and alcoholic extractions of orange husk and Eruca Sativa seeds. The inactivation`s efficacy of these extracts of 150 , 250 and 400 mg/ml concentrations against some pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aurous, and Streptococcus pyogenes were done by the disc assay method and compared the results of inactivation with Azithromycin antibiotics. Also, the bioactive compounds of these extracts were determined. Orange and pomegranate juice samples which treated with the aquatic extract 400 mg / ml of orange husk and extract of Eruca Sativa seeds after 24 hr storage time were sensory evaluated by specialists and teachers to special sensory factors. The results were shown that the aquatic and alcoholic extracts of Eruca Sativa seeds have the following active compounds, resin, tannins, comarins, alkaloids, flavons, phenols,glycosides and saponins. However, the orang husk extracts have the same compounds except Comorians, and glycosides were absent. The results of antibacterial efficacy of the aquatic extract of the Eruca Sativa seeds of 400 mg/ml shown superior significant bacterial inactivation compared to the orang husk extracts and to the Azithromycin antibiotics with 0.05 probability . The results of the sensory evaluation showed that the orange and pomegranate juice samples which were treated with 400mg/ml water extract of orange husk gave higher scores than the treatment of Eruca Sativa seeds extracts .

The current research aimed to investigate the antibacterial activity of two types of honey alone and in combination with black seed oil and compare their effects. The first type of honey, the mountain type, was obtained from some beehive of Sulaymaniyah city, while the second type (Lowlander) was obtained from beehive in Balad city of Salah Al-Deen.
The bacterial species used were Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi and Proteus mirabilis categorized into clinical and environmental groups. Antibacterial activity of the honeys was assayed using the Disc diffusion method. Different concentrations were conducted ranged from 20-100%. Results had revealed that the environmental bacterial isolates were affected mostly toward both honey types. However, the mountainous honey showed inhibitory effect against the Gram negative isolates. Mixture of honey in general with black seed oil had significantly differed and at some points decreased the effect while the black seed alone showed effect toward the environmental isolates at the absolute concentration.

Effect of treatment of hot break single strength tomato juice (SSTJ) with different concentrations of exogenous pectin methylesterase (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45 and 50 U/ 100 ml tomato juice) (PME) produced by Aspergillus niger under optimum conditions (45°C and pH= 4 for 10 min in a water bath) selected based on a preliminary experiment was investigated in this study. The maximum viscosity value (342 cP) for tomato juice was obtained when pectin methylesterase concentration was added as (25 U/ 100 ml juice). The changes in some properties of (SSTJ) were evaluated after pasteurization and bottling in amber glass bottles and during storage at 4 and 22°C for 6 weeks. It was found that there was a significant increasing in viscosity for enzymatic treated (SSTJ) samples after pasteurization, comparatively to the viscosity value of enzymatic untreated SSTJ (control), storage for 6 weeks at two respective temperatures, caused an insignificant decreasing in the viscosity of enzymatic treated (SSTJ) samples. A significant increasing in GalA for WSP was observed in juices after their pasteurization and storage at 4 and 22°C for 6 weeks. The results indicated that there were significant decreasing in GalA for CSP whereas, the decreasing of GalA for NSP was insignificant for enzymatic treated tomato juices as compared with untreated tomato juices. The DM for WSP and CSP in treated samples were significantly lower than that for untreated samples after pasteurization and bottling and during storage for 6 weeks at 4 and 22°C. The DM of NSP could not be assaying due to the saponification of methylesters during the alkali extraction of this fraction .

To study the bioactive substances of the H. scabrum, ethanolic and aqueous extracts of leaves and flowers were analyzed for their phytochemical contents and antioxidant actings. The antioxidant potiential was estimated using four methods, including DPPH radical, ABTS decolorization assay, reducing power and total antioxidant capacity. The results exhibited that the ethanolic flower contain higher amounts of total flavonoids (4.675 mg. g-1) and saponin (29.572 mg.g -1) contents, whereas, the water flower extract hold less amount of total flavonoids compounds (1.223 mg. g-1). Similarly, our results exposed that the antioxidant activities detected by DPPH and ABTS methods of the ethanolic extract of flower, were evidently better than the rest of extracts. Significant high relationship were noticed between total phenolic amount and total antioxidant activity, and between total flavonoid content and DPPH inhibition assay. Principal component analysis reveals 91.49 of total variance which indicates that the different extracts were well distinguished by their phytochemical substance contents and antioxidant effects.

This study was conducted to investigate the potential of onion and garlic oils and their mixture supplementation under heat stress on the egg production, egg weight, total lipid concentration and antioxidant activity of local quail hens. Sixty birds at 42 weeks' age were evenly divided randomly into 4 treatments: feed in control (T0) free of onion and garlic oil, T1 and T2 were supplemented 0.2% in each onion or garlic oil, T3 was supplemented mixture of (0.1% onion + 0.1% garlic oil) respectively. The birds reared in temperature-controlled room (35-38°C) at afternoon.
The results of enzymatically analysis of catalase, superoxide dismutase, Glutathion-Px activity concentrations, egg production percentage, egg weight and egg mass had significantly higher (P≤0.05) in the most treatments of onion and garlic oils and their mixture supplemented diet. While, significantly lower (P≤0.05) in total cholesterol, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and Malondialdehyde (MDA) in onion and garlic oils and their mixture supplemented diet compared with control of blood serum, liver tissue and egg yolk of quail hens under heat stress.

A factorial experiment with two factors was carried out at the Seed Technology Lab., College of Agriculture, University of Baghdad in 2018 in order to study the effect of seed priming with gibberellic acid (GA3) (0, 100, 300 and 500 mgL-1) on germination and seedling growth of deteriorated seed of two oat cultivars (Shifaa, and Shofan11). The complete randomized design was used with four replications. The results showed that cultivars, soaking in different concentrations of GA3 and their interactions had a significant effect on studied traits. Shofan11, GA3 (500 mg L-1) and their interaction gave the highest values of germination ratio (74.1, 85 and 85%), lengths of radical (7, 8.5 and 8.6 cm) and plumule (9.3, 10.8 and 10.9 cm), fresh (71.95, 74.74 and 74.76 mg) and dry (18.41, 23.14 and 25.07 mg) weights of seedling and seedling vigour index (1270.2, 1644 and 1655.5), respectively. It can be concluded that soaking of deteriorated seed with GA3 led to increasing germination ratio and improved seedling growth in oat.

This study was carried out to determine the effects of acetic acid, hot water, and cold sand stratification scarification at different periods on seed germination of carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) in Salah Alden province. The seeds were collected from Kirkuk province area on September 2016. Carob seeds stratified and not stratified treated by soaking in glacial acetic acid for 20, 40, 60, and 120 min. at lab temperature (25oC). Hot water (100oC) also used for soaking the seeds for 20, 40, 60, and 120 min. Experimental design of Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 3 replicates, and 10 seeds per each treatment per each replicate were used and the results were compared to non-treated seeds. After soaking the seeds in acetic acid and hot water, they washed thoroughly and sowed in black polyethylene grow bags. The soil used was loamy with added organic matter. After 7 months, data recorded on the germination percent and growth features including plant height, leaf area, total chlorophyll, root length, fresh and dry weight of vegetative parts, nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium percentages in the plant. The results showed that the treatment with hot water for 60 minutes achieved the highest percent of germination (96.67%), highest leaf area 12.86 cm2, highest root dry weight (0.14 gm.), and nitrogen percent of 5.52%. The treatment for 40 minutes with hot water gave the highest fresh weight of vegetative parts was 18.6 gm. and root fresh weight (7.05 gm.). The treatment with hot water for 120 minutes achieved the highest percent of phosphorous and potassium (0.49% and 2.07% respectively).

Field experiment was conducted to investigate the comparison between two types of ridge (panel and disc) using two spaces between the operational parts (90 and 110 cm) at two speeds (4 and 2.6 km/hr). First stage from this study was to identify the important dimensions to the local manufactured ridge (ridge panel) with selecting the appropriate material throughout series of material, mechanical and chemical analyses. Second stage was to evaluate the performance of this particular manufactured ridge by measuring the effects of this implement on draft force, slippage percentage and power-use-efficiency as well as field performance represented by field productivity, efficiency, and the size of the disturbed soil. Randomized Complete Block Design (split-split plot) was used in this experiment to find out the effects of the studied factors on the indications that mentioned above. The results have shown that the local manufactured panel ridge (LMPR) was significantly higher than the Conventional Disc Ridge (CDR) (P<0.05) in terms of power and performance efficiency. First speed (4 km/hr) was also significant by recording higher values for draft force, practical field productivity and the volume of disturbed soil compared with 2.6 km/hr. The wider distance between the operational parts (110 cm) was significantly higher in terms of practical field productivity and the volume of the disturbed soil compared with the smaller distance 90 cm (P<0.05), however, 90 cm recorded higher efficiency performance. The interaction between speed and the distance between the operational parts was also significant (P<0.05), where 2.6 km/hr with 110 cm recorded higher slippage percentage, and speed 4 km/hr resulted higher field productivity and disturbed soil when interacted with 110 cm distance. It is also found that all interactions between speeds, the types of ridge, the interactions between distance and the type of ridges were significantly effect on the power and performance indications. Where the local manufactured ridge at these speeds and distances was significantly better compared with the disc ridge through recording higher values for the power-use-efficiency (PUE), practical field productivity, performance-efficiency and the volume of the disturbed soil. The interaction between the three studied factors was also significant (P<0.05), where manufactured ridge recorded higher values compared with the disc ridge in terms of all investigated indications.

The experiment was carried out using three varieties of soybean (Lee74, Taqa and Aeman), cultivated at six plant densities (285714, 200000, 153846, 142857 and 100000 and 76923 plants . ha-1) using the Randomized Complete Block Design in the two regions,( Bany Maqan and Kani panka) belonging to the province of Sulaymaniyah in northern Iraq. The results showed in Bany Maqan , Taqa variety was superior in plant yield and the total yield (19.19 g . plant-1 and 2963.9 kg) respectively, in addition to the number of vegetative branches and the number of pods. plant-1. Lee74 was superior in flowering characteristics, plant height, number of seeds and percentage of oil, while Aeman exceeded, seed index and protein ratio. For the Kani Banka site, Lee74 was superior in number of days till flowering, plant height, , number of branches, plant yield(16.13 g . plant-1) , total yield (2574.2 kg.ha-1) and protein ratio. The results of the plant densities test showed plant density (200000 plants . ha-1) superior in plant yield and total yield . The interactions of varieties and plant density showed (200000 plant . ha-1 ) , and Taqa cultivar regarding total yield and plant yield in Bani maqan site was superior , but in Kani panka the interaction of Lee 74 with density ( 200000 plant . ha-1) was superior for same above characteristics.