Tikrit Journal for Agricultural Sciences

The practical part of the study conducted in Animal Production Department / College of Agriculture and Forestry / Mosul University from 15 / 11 / 2013 to 1/ 4 / 2014 , to study the effect of adding the ginger roots in milk yield, some milk components and weights of ewes and their lambs in Awassi sheep, 32 Awassi ewes were divided into four homologou groups of age and weight, each group contains eight ewes. Ewes were fed on the same ration contain the same % protein and % Kcal energy (N.R.C. , 2007), but were differ in containing ginger roots only (0 , 10 , 20 and 30 gm ginger / head / day. The result revealed a significant increasing (P ≤ 0.05) in weekly and monthly milk yield for the treatment 20 and 30 gm/head/day, but the result of milk components during suckling period (Fat , Protein , Lactose and S.N.F) revealed no significant differences between the treatments , There are a significant increasing in milk yield during suckling period. For the treatment 20 and 30 gm ginger / head / day, this is a normal result for reflection in milk increasing during this period.

The current research aimed to study the morphological aspects of eggs of nematodes that parasitic on Awasi sheep and make a comparison with the existing data in specialized references. The eggs were isolated and collected from the nematodes female from the gastrointestinal mass of the sheep. The morphological appearance and measurements of eggs were made with microscope. The results showed the eggs from the following species: Haemonchus contortus, Marshallagia marshalli, Oesophagostomum columbianum and Trichostrongylus colubriformis were similar to the characters that depending on identification keys specialized literates.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of adding different levels of melatonin in some of semen Characteristics and antioxidant status in male broiler breeder Ross308, from16/11/2017 to 30/1/2018.Atotal of 25 bird of Ross 308 broiler breeder males ,30 weeks' old were used in this study. The birds were randomly distributed into five group with five replicates each. Each treatment group constituted of 5 birds (1bird each replicate). the broiler breeder males administrated orally with capsules contain melatonin. Treatment groups were as following: T1: Birds fed the basal diet without any addition (control),T2: Birds fed diet supplemented with 15mg/kg of diet,T3: Birds fed diet supplemented with 30 mg/kg of diet,T4: Birds fed diet supplemented with 40 mg/kg of diet and T5: Birds fed diet supplemented with 60 mg/kg of diet. The result of the study revealed a significant decrease in the ejaculated volume, sperm's mass and individual motility and sperm concentration, With a significant increase in dead and abnormal sperm ratio. However, administration with melatonin at (60) mg/kg diet resulted in significant increase (p<0.05) in glucose and total protein concentration of seminal plasma. Also adding melatonin with (15) mg/kg diet had significant improved in the antioxidant status.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of a dietary supplementation with two levels of powdered flax seed and the impact of different quails' lines and the influence of diet × line on the productive performance, and some hematological traits. A total of 162 laying quail in three lines of color as white (W); black (B); and yellowish brown (Y) were randomly distributed into three treatment groups with three replicates/treatment/line T0: control (standard diet); T1 and T2 were standard diet supplemented with 3% and 6% flax seed powder (FSP), respectively. The results upon the overall period of rearing showed that: both FI (g/bird/d) and FCR (g feed: g egg) were the lowest in T1 group than both T2 and T0 groups. HDEP (%) and egg mass (g/ hen/d) of T1 group were significantly higher than other groups. Hematological results explain that T1 group owned significantly higher RBC and HCT (%) than both control and T2 groups. Genetic distance results showed that genetic similarity values range between 0.795 to 0.800. According to the UPGMA dendogram test the white line was the most distant than other two lines genetically. Genetic variation refers to the good genetic resources in the local quail. This study is one of the few studies on determining the effect of interaction between diet and line in the local quail in Kurdistan Region of Iraq, also it represents the first study in Erbil province that depending on the use of RAPD - PCR as a tool to genetic diversity for local quail. Generally, can be concluded and recommended that using 3% flaxseed powder has satisfactorily impacts on performance and health in different local quails' lines.

The present study aimed to diagnosis liver flukes in sheep in Tikrit and Balad districts and compare between prevalence of liver flukes that infect sheep through prevalence of infection and severity of infection. The present study included examination of 951 sheep of both sexes, and aged ranges between less than 1 year and more than 2 years through December 2017 to the end of June 2018. Flukes were isolated directly from liver of sheep. Infected sheep in Tikrit was 97 sheep with prevalence of infection 17.54% and in Balad there was 35 infected sheep with prevalence of infection 8.79%. The highest prevalence of infection in Tikrit recorded in January30.58% and the lowest prevalence of infection recorded in June10% while highest severity of infection was in December it was 2.3 and the lowest severity of infection was in January 1.07 . In Balad discrete highest prevalence of infection recorded in December 13.33% and the lowest prevalence of infection recorded in June 3.84% while highest severity of infection was in December 2.75 and the lowest severity of infection was in January 1.75. The statistical analysis shows that there is no significant difference in infection rate between Tikrit and Balad.

A field experiment was conducted at the College of Agricultural Sciences Engineering/University of Sulaimani, during the winter season of 2016-2017 to study the evaluation of some grass pea genotypes for forage, seed yield and its components under rainfed conditions. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates was used. Six genotypes of Lathyrus sativus L., one of these is local named (Marble) and the fifth other (IF1344, IF1953, IF1346, IF1332, and IF1347) obtained from ICARDA, were included in this study. Means comparison were carried out using least significant difference test (LSD) at 0.05 significant levels. The results showed that the effect of genotypes on forage yield characters was significant for the character’s fresh forage yield and dry matter percent but the effects was not significant for the character dry forage yield. Marble (Local) genotype gave maximum yield of green forage, while genotype IF1953 recorded minimum green forage yield. But concerning dry matter percent, the highest value exhibited by IF1346 genotype, in which IF1332 gave the lowest value of dry matter. Concerning the effect of genotypes on forage yield components, which was significantly affected all characters with the exception of the character leaves/stem ratio was found to be not significant, IF1346 genotype recorded maximum values of plant height and dry leaf percent, while minimum value of plant height recorded by IF1332 genotype but minimum percent of dry leaf was exhibited by Marble genotype. Regarding the characters No. of branches.plant-1, fresh stem percent and dry stem percent, Marble genotype gave the highest values for these traits, in which the lowest value of the trait No. of branches.plant-1 recorded by IF1346 genotype, but minimum values of fresh stem and dry stem percent exhibited by IF1347 genotype respectively. a cluster analysis results of all grass pea genotypes based on forage yield and its components, showed that there were two major (K= 2) groups for studied grass pea genotypes, the first group consist of five genotypes were (IF1344, IF1953 , IF1346,IF1332 and IF1347) and the second group was one genotype (Marble). But regarding seed yield and its components, the highest values of these traits (biological yield, pods number.m-2, pod yield, and seed yield) were exhibited by genotype IF1344. Maximum values of (plant height, average of pod length and 100 seeds weight) acquired by genotype IF1332, on the other hand genotype IF1953 gave the highest values of (no. of branches. plant-1, pods weight.plant-1 and seeds number.plant-1), but concerning the both traits (pods number.plant-1 and seeds weight.plant-1), maximum values were recorded by genotype IF1346. These results indicate the presence of variability between genotypes used in this study.

In this study, ten pure maize strains were introduced in the hybridization program according to the factorial design mating system proposed by Comstock and Robinson (1948 and 1952) and were divided into two groups: a local adapted inbred lines and strain 839 and cv 890 used as parents, (ZM51L, ZP-301, OH, IK-58, IK-8, SH, R-153) were used as females, The seeds of the ten parents and twenty-one hybrids were swon in the field of a farmer in the Zlaya area (south of Tikrit) using a random complete block design with three replicates ( RCBD ). The hybrid vigor was studied in methods (on the basis of the first generation deviation of the average and the best parents) The number of rows in per ear, the number of grains in the row, the number of grains in per ear, the weight of 300 weight and the single plant yield.
The results showed significant differences between genotypes (parents and first-generation genotypes) of all characters except the number of ears in the plant at a probability level of 1%. the hybris superior (IK-58 x local strain), (ZP-301 x 839)(IK-58 x 839), (ZM51L x C.V890) and (OH x CV 890) were based on the deviation of the average first generation from the average parents And the best parents of all characters studied.

Two bacterial strains, Pseudomonas fluorescens L18 and Bacillus subtilis K3 and also five plant extracts Garlic (Allium sativum), Clove (Syzygium aromaticum), Black cumin (Nigella sativa), Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) and Sour pomegranate (Punica granatum) were tested for their efficacy against the fire blight disease of pear caused by the bacterium Erwinia amylovora. The results showed that both bacterial strains had good effect on infected shoots, but the P. fluorescens strain had much better and significant effect than the B. subtilis. This strain protected the shoots by 40% and reduced the disease severity index by 44.2 %, while B. subtilis protected the shoots by 20 % and reduced disease severity by 26 %. The pathogen was affected by all plant extracts but the Garlic extract showed the best effect with (34 mm) inhibition zone and Black cumin that showed the least inhibition zone (10.1 mm). It can be concluded that the investigation of different bacterial strains and herbal extracts can be concerned for control of this disease in future.

The current study investigated the sensitivity of different wood species to the termite, Microcerotermes diversus, in two different locations. The results showed that both softwood and hardwood of White Willow, Salix alba; Melia, Melia azedarach; pine, Pinus brutia and Mediterranean Cypress, Cupressus sempervirens are highly susceptible to the termite invasion under physically infection conditions in Sami Abdulrahman Park, Erbil city, Iraq. Moreover, the sensitivity of the species to the termite invasion was significantly different under natural infection in Grdarasha after 22 weeks from early April to the end of September 2017. In addition, the White Willow (Salix alba) species showed more sensitivity to the termite infection in comparison with others species, where the mean of wood green weight, wood dry weight (before infection), wood dry weight (after infection) and specific gravity loss during the period of experiment of the White Willow were 2.2609g, 2.1584g, 1.5983g and 0.5139 respectively. Furthermore, Cupressus sempervirens was more resistant in comparison with other wood species to the termite in both locations where green weight of wood 3.010g and Dry weight of wood (after infection) 2.287g, Dry weight of wood (befor infection) 2.877g and Specific gravity 0.685. Generally, this study revealed that there is no definite association between both physical properties and moisture content of softwoods and hardwoods with termite preference.

The research aims to study the reality of production and food security in Iraq for the most important strategic goods especially (wheat and rice), which are the subject of the study because the case of the food security became one of the most important interesting cases today under the food crisis, which most of the world states are suffering from and that showed reduction in the most main important food goods and most wanted, therefore the research depends on the hypothesis that the fluctuation in production of these crops correspondence to an increase in consumed quantities due to many economic factors. according to this hypothesis, the research depends in its methodology on the method of linking between the two directions, the quantity and description style which depends on standard economic methods and its styles, where it uses the minimum squares methods of two –stage (2.S.L.S) where in the first stage of analysis, the production quantities (wheat and rice) are used as a dependable variable and each of (local demand volume, mechanical technologies, cultivated area, hectare share of agriculture work, and volume of agriculture loans) are used independent variables and the volume of food gap is used as a dependable variable. the research reaches that there is a consuming gap of these crops and their consuming is increased because of increasing of population, which caused high in size of food gap where it is treated by importing which increases the general budgetary burdens of the state. The food problem is expected to increase in the future under the international economical trends, which aim to liberate the international trade and globalization of food. Based on the findings that the research is obtained, the study recommended for reaching to good levels of self- sufficiency through increasing the production by integration of state's efforts with the farmers to put the integrated strategies to reach food security by supporting of the agricultural sector through the optimal and rational use of the natural resources and the use of modern methods in agriculture to face the food problem.

The economic disparity between developed and developing countries, and the gap between them, which were and still represent the interest of specialists and change in total agricultural productivity (TFP) is one of the most important measures of comparison to find out this difference. Therefore, the research aims at achieving a set of goals which, in aggregate, constitute an agricultural policy related to measuring the growth in total agricultural productivity (TFP) for both developing and developed countries (Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Canada, Australia) DEAP data Growth in total agricultural productivity in developing countries (Jordan, Saudi Arabia) declined by an average of (0.45 , 0.59)% respectively compared to developed countries (Canada, Australia) which reached (0.82 , 0.88)% respectively. The study has a set of conclusions, the most important being the low capacity Competitiveness in most developing countries and low production and low quality may be due to high costs resulting from high input production prices. Therefore, the study recommends optimal utilization of human, natural and financial resources to increase productivity in agriculture, which is the main input in the development of the agricultural sector of these countries.

objectives of this study were to: identify the knowledge of agricultural extension agents in climate changes phenomenon, Identify the relationship between the knowledge of agricultural extension agents and some factor, and Identify the implementation level of agricultural extension agents for extensional activities which related in climate changes phenomenon. Randomly sampling procedure was used in this study, The population consisted of 50% (106 Agricultural extension agents) of the total respondents (212 Agricultural extension agents) in Ninavah governorate. The data collected through questionnaire were analyzed through different statistical techniques. data set included 19 items and were measured for validity and quality by specialist at the Agricultural Extension Department, based on the evaluation process, three of the items were removed, 20 questionnaires were excluded after determining the data consistency (reliability coefficient was 0.82). In this research descriptive statistics such as percentages, mean values and frequency tables was applying to organize and analyze the data. The results show that Majority of them were had agricultural institute. Majority of the respondents were male. level knowledge of agricultural extension agents in climate changes phenomenon is medium with a tendency to low. result show that Educational level and Gender were the factors which significant effective on climate change knowledge of respondents. Also The results showed that the most extension activities carried out by the respondents are (The awareness of negative effects of the use excessive to irrigation water) and (The awareness of Planting drought-tolerant crops). according to previous results recommended It was The agricultural extension must prepare for the new challenges Resulting of climate change through training its staff and raising awareness programs, especially for categories which were their knowledge (middle and low) in field climate change to meet their knowledge needs revealed by the results of the study.

Calf fattening fields in Nineveh and particularly in Gogjali village occupy a very significant position in providing the area of the beef meet for the whole community. The present study aims at investigating the technical efficiency utilizing Data Envelopment Analysis method. The study is conducted with the hypothesis of variable return scale taking into consideration the input-oriented method. The study covered filed data of sample consisting of 151 field with a percentage estimated at 47% of the total of the studied fields.
The study divided into two groups. The first includes 100 fields with imported calf class. The second includes 51 fields with local calf. The averages of TE, AE and EE amounted to 87.8% , 71.3% and 62.8% respectively for the first group of sample of TE , AE ,EE As for the second, the averages amounted to 94.6% , 78.6% and 62.8% respectively.
The researcher suggests conducting experiments and studies in order to improve the genetic strains fodder, veterinary treatments and providing loans to breeders without interest.

The aim of this study was to determining the application level of agricultural environmental practices for vegetable growers in Qaber Al- abed village/ Hammam AL- Aleel Area / Ninevah governorate, for the agricultural environmental practices in general and arranging these agricultural environmental practices according to the level of application for the vegetables farmers in Qaber Al – abid village /Hammam Al- Aleel / Nineveh governorate and determining the correlation relationship between the vegetables farmers for the agricultural environmental practices and some independent variables . This research included all the farmer's vegetables in Qaber Al- Abid village /Hammam Al- Aleel / Nineveh governorate which are 200 farmers. The data were collected by questionnaire after testing face validity and reliability and then we analyzing the data by used the arithmetic mean, spearman rank and person correlation coefficient. The results showed that the farmers level application for the agricultural environmental practices was moderate tend to increasing and also the results show that were a significant correlation between the farmer's level of application for the agricultural environmental practices and the level of education also there is no significant correlation with (age, number of working year in agriculture and specialty in planting vegetables). The research included some of conclusions and recommendations.

ABSTRACT
The study area was selected in the Najaf Governorate. It's adjacent to the southern part of Al- Najaf Sea and its area (17150.5 ha), located between the longitudes 425594E and 445138E and between the Latitudes 3521842N and 3538169N (UTM), it's covered the soil types and its geomorphological units which located within the sedimentary environment of Al- Najaf Sea. The semi details soil survey was carried out to selected area for study by grade soil system and according to soil texture examination results, ten heterogeneous sites were selected and geographically determined using a GPS device. In every study area, the pedon was digger and morphologically soil units soil units descripted. The samples were then taken from each diagnostic horizon and transferred to the laboratory for some chemical analysis and physical measurements. According to the results, the soil of the study areas was classified from the level of the order to level the family according to the American system (2014) and was completed to the level of the series based on the classification system of soil proposed by Al-Aqadi (1976 and 1982). The lands of the region were classified according to the productive capacity proposed by Klingebiel and Montgomery (1961).
The results showed that there is a variation in the morphological characteristics, whether within the single pedon or the study area, due to the effect of the topographic factor, which was reflected in the characteristics and thickness of the horizons and the nature of their arrangement and the accompanying characteristics of each horizon. The pidogenical processes, mainly washing, loss and gain, salinization have been reflected in the presence of some subsurface diagnostic horizons like the calcic, gypsic and salic horizons, with the supremacy of the primordial evolution diagnostic surface horizon, represented by the Ochric horizon. The results of the texture class showed a difference in the soil content of the soil separators indicated that there was a difference in the soil content of the soil from the main soil separators, depending on the topographical location. The results of the cartographic analysis of the texture class map for the first meter indicated the dominance of moderately fine varieties (43.6%), while the coarse texture showed lowest percentage(5.3%). The studied soils was different with carbonate content and had a different distribution with depth due to the effect of situational conditions. The values of this component ranged from 145 to 500 gm.Kg-1, the state of variation in the distribution pattern of this component in the study pedons is consistent with the state of variation in the calcification activity and the observed elevation of this component values in the sub-surface horizons due mainly to the nature of the parent material. The soil content of the gypsum ranged between 6 to 665 gm.Kg-1, with a general trend of high soil content of this component with depth. The percent of sodium exchange percentage was ranged between 3.2 to 8.4, and did not exceed the risk limits (15%). Classification of studied area showed existence two soil orders, The majority was within Aridisols order, which formed (92.5%)from studied area. The most common great soil groups were Typic Calcigypsids(44.75%), followed by Gypsic Aquisalids (29.53%), Typic Aquisalids (5.76%), Leptic Haplogicids (6.42%) and Typic Hapiogpsids by 6.04%. The Entisol order formed 7.5%, diagnosed in great sub group under the Typic Torrifluvents. The classification of the study area lands according to the determinants of productivity indicated that the IV class had the highest percentage of the total area (48.19%), while the I class did not exceed (5.23%). The following determinants were recorded: the texture, the drainage, salinity and gypsum percentage, which emphasizes the need to take the necessary administrative measures when exploiting these agricultural lands in the future.

The study was conducted on male mice (Albino mice), which ranged in age from (2-3) months and weights (25 - 30) g. The experiment was conducted in the General Company for the manufacture of medicines and medical supplies - Samarra. And for the period from the beginning of October 2017 to the end of March 2018, Used 42 animals were distributed in seven groups, each containing 6 animals, to determine the effects of both gannoderma and spirulina in laboratory mice induced by diabetes mellitus with a Aloxan at 150 mg / kg Bw. In laboratory mice with anemia with lead acetate of 50 mg / Kg body weight for 30 days (except control group) At the end of the 30-day feeding period.
1. control group on the regular diet.
2. control group infected diabetes and drugs on the regular diet.
3. The group of diabetic animals treated with ganoderma fungi powder (47 mg / kg body weight).
4. The group of diabetic animals and the treatment of spirulina algae powder (33 mg / kg body weight).
5. group of animals infected with anemia and spores on the regular diet and water containing lead acetate
6. Group of infected animals and treated with lead acetate + Ganoderma fungi powder (47 mg / kg body weight).
7. Group of infected animals and treated with lead acetate + Spirulina algae powder (33 mg / kg body weight).
Histological changes were observed in the Livre tissue: The results of the study of tissues in the group of animals treated with Alloxnesan damage to the overall liver tissue in the form of hepatocytes and hydrolysis and the expansion of the Sinusiod. In the treatment of diabetic animals with ganoderma and spirulina algae, there was improvement in the overall liver tissue in terms of normal hepatocytes, absence of congestion, and normal Sinusiod. the group treated with anemia and treated with lead acetate, we also notice significant damage to the liver tissue. When treated with lead acetate + gannoderma, and spirulina, we did not notice any improvement in liver tissue.