Journal of University of Babylon

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the development of teaching strategies for thermodynamic topics and improving understanding and application through practical experiences among mechanical engineering students in Iraq, and the researcher relied on the descriptive approach to describe the variables of the study and the problem of the study and its interpretation to reach the required results. The researcher reached through reviewing many previous Arab and foreign studies that dealt with practical experiences and the development of teaching strategies to the following results: There is an impact of developing teaching strategies for thermodynamics topics on improving understanding and application through practical experiences among mechanical engineering students in Iraq. As the results of the study showed that the use of scientific experiments helps teachers to clarify and explain everything related to the laws and ideas of this subject, through practical and direct application to the thermal machine in front of learners, which increases their ability to explore everything related to the thermal machine by applying the laws of thermodynamics to it in front of them, Accordingly, the researcher recommends increasing reliance on practical experiments while explaining thermodynamics,increasing the time allocated for its application, and updating and developing the tools and machines in the thermodynamics laboratory at the College of Mechanical Engineering in Iraq.

This research aims to examine the One Thousand and One Nights Stories, a book of Arabic literature that is translated into many languages. This study found that the One Thousand and One Nights Stories are based on some narrative structures and basic pillars, whether they are main، secondary, or implicit stories. We found that they were based on several axes. including the overlap and interconnection between the main and subsidiary stories, the choice of (Scheherazade) as a feminist element that has its reasons and justifications in expressing the position of women in those stories and the principle of reward and punishment. On which the main events of these stories are based, there is no good deed that does not have a reward, and there is no bad deed that does not have a punishment. There is the strange and miraculous structure, which is the main reason for the writing of the stories of One Thousand and One Nights, their continued influence, and the interaction of the recipient with them. If these stories were not strange, Shahrayar would not have spared the life of Scheherazade. When the goblin spared the merchant’s life, there is a final axis, which is the call for emotional participation shown by the recipient regarding these stories.

Friedrich August von Hayek (1899-1992), an Austrian economic thinker, one of the most famous thinkers of the twentieth century and one of the most prominent theorists in contemporary political philosophy. He belonged to the Austrian school of political economy, and his works were very popular in his book (Law, Legislation and Freedom), which is divided into three parts in which he crystallized His most prominent basic ideas on the well-known issues of political philosophy: power, freedom, the state, and also the right and the relationship between political and economic institutions. Hayek’s ideas formed a basis and starting point for the ideas of neoliberalism in particular and contemporary liberalism in general in terms of calling for the revival of the traditional liberal heritage to serve the political and economic theory that he adopts, as Hayek expressed a traditional individualism that represented the essence of his political and economic ideas the first unit is the individual escalated from the first unit to be group or society. Production is the sum of individuals. Preserving the natural rights and property of individuals requires a system of any state authority that protects them and works to equalize their opportunities in their self-selection for development without interfering in this choice. Individually, the nature of Hayek's political thought can be identified by delving into some of the aspects he addressed. You will find Hayek talking about the concept of neoliberalism, as well as addressing the topic of the state and the automatic system, which are among the most prominent topics that attracted his attention through the use of an appropriate methodology represented by the historical method and the descriptive and analytical method describing the state. Which Hayek aspired to and to analyze the meaning of neoliberalism. Therefore, the main goal of the research is to clarify the meaning of neoliberalism, remove the darkness that surrounds it, and find out the extent of the state’s authority that Nahit spoke about and the possible scope of that sultanate, in addition to clarifying the theory of the cultural system that governed the economic process and the market and how it affects the existence of the state.

This paper is an attempt by Cultural Criticism, in a way that is almost a “coincidence” to do justice to Nazik Al-Mala’ika, after being subjected to some severe attacks by aesthetic criticism, at the hands of critics who did her wrong, as stated by Jabir Asfoor. When I say Cultural Criticism, I mean the stage in which this approach, vision or mechanism started to loom large in the arena of modern Arabic criticism. The critic does not necessarily need to be a cultural critic to be fair. On the contrary, cultural criticism is basically looking after the gruesome aspects, after aestheticism has been looking for shining aspects in literature. And to be fair, this paper is not concerned with the hideousness or aesthetics of Nazik Al-Mala’ika. Rather, it is concerned with reading the critics who viewed her from a cultural perspective, or at least, the researcher believes that the vision of the critic is an implied cultural one, albeit unannounced, as with Jabir Asfoor. However, this does not apply to Al-Ghathami nor Al-Sultan, who tackled Nazik Al-Mala’ika on the basis of a well-informed cultural vision. This paper is a reading in three books of criticism: Tahawualtun Shi’riyyia [Poetic Transformation] by Jabir Asfoor; Ta’neethu Al-Qasida wa Al-Qari’u Al-Mukhtalif [Feminizing the Poem and the Different Reader] by Abdulla Ghathami; and Nazik Al-Mala’ika bayn Al-Kitabiyyati wa Ta’neethu Al-Qasida [Nazik Al-Mala’ika between the Writing Process and Feminizing the Poem] by AbdulAdheemAl-Sultan. The paper found out that an implied pattern interspersed in their critical writing, which is an attempt to redress Nazik Al-Mala’ika by means of “feminizing” her.

The current research examines the "Structural Elements in Digital Artworks", considering these structural elements in digital art as highly significant due to their expressive power and multifaceted meanings. Various structural elements in digital art, in general, have formed shapes with a high capacity for expression through subject matter, techniques, and methods used in their works. The research is divided into four chapters. Chapter one focuses on the methodological framework of the research, represented by the research problem, which is defined by answering the question: What is the function of structural elements in digital art? The research emphasizes its importance through the study and analysis of the experiences of digital artists who have a distinctive presence at both the local and global levels. The research serves scholars in the field of digital art by providing insights into the role of structural elements in digital art. The research goal is to define the function of these elements in digital art artworks.
The scope of the research was limited to the study of structural elements in 2D digital art from 2013 to 2015, sourced from artists' personal websites on the internet and virtual exhibition spaces. In this context, the research terms were defined. The second chapter contains two sections. The first section discusses the structural elements in art, while the second section explores the concept of structure in drawing. The third chapter focuses on the research procedures, including the research community, research sample, research methodology, and research tool. It also involves the analysis of sample research models. The fourth chapter presents the key findings and conclusions of the current research.
Based on the analysis of the samples and the theoretical framework, the researchers reached several results, as follows:
1. The structure, with its elements, embodies the harmony among the parts in the digital art piece. This harmony is discernible through the meanings derived from the content, as observed in all the sample models.
2. Digital art, as a creative structure, is not an imitation of nature or a mere replica of it; rather, it constitutes an organic and self-standing construction.
Among the most important conclusions:
1. The digital artist deliberately explored abstract art themes by employing various compositional elements in their artwork. This resulted in a more mature vision, as they were able to draw inspiration and apply ideas in their creative work.
2. The digital artist's focus on the aesthetics of composition in their artwork is a clear indication of how the artist has been influenced by the ongoing changes in social, political, and economic aspects of life .

This research aims to examine the One Thousand and One Nights Stories, a book of Arabic literature that is translated into many languages. This study found that the One Thousand and One Nights Stories are based on some narrative structures and basic pillars, whether they are main، secondary, or implicit stories. We found that they were based on several axes. including the overlap and interconnection between the main and subsidiary stories, the choice of (Scheherazade) as a feminist element that has its reasons and justifications in expressing the position of women in those stories and the principle of reward and punishment. On which the main events of these stories are based, there is no good deed that does not have a reward, and there is no bad deed that does not have a punishment. There is the strange and miraculous structure, which is the main reason for the writing of the stories of One Thousand and One Nights, their continued influence, and the interaction of the recipient with them. If these stories were not strange, Shahrayar would not have spared the life of Scheherazade. When the goblin spared the merchant’s life, there is a final axis, which is the call for emotional participation shown by the recipient regarding these stories.

Noise pollution is one of the most prominent features of contemporary society because it affects human health, comfort and quality of life, and constitutes a source of anxiety and instability in the city of Al Qasim, especially recently, and due to population increase and economic growth, it has been exposed to various sources of noise that are difficult to control, in addition to the presence of There has been a rapid increase in the number of various transport vehicles, private generators, the establishment of many industries and the practice of many businesses. The study showed that by checking noise levels in different areas of the city and conducting measurement work in more than (60) selected locations, most of these exceeded Measurements.The World Health Organization standards for acceptable noise levels, and therefore the accompanying risks and health and productivity effects on workers and individuals. The study included an introduction, the research problem, its hypothesis, and the boundaries of the study area. The study relied on field studies to determine monitoring points for noise pollution، in addition to relying on the questionnaire form that was distributed. On the residents of the city, the research was divided into four sections. The first section dealt with the concept, methods and types of noise pollution. The second explained the sources and levels of pollution. The third focused on the environmental impact of noise pollution on humans and their health. The fourth explained the most important methods and treatment of pollution in the city of Al Qasim. The study reached certain conclusions and recommendations.

Human societies seek to solidify their social structure by controlling the behavior of the individual in accordance with the laws and taboos that are imposed on him to ensure that he does not deviate from the path that society follows. These values and taboos become a societal phenomenon, although these phenomena differ from one society to another, and some may deviate from their seriousness. But street theatre.
He is on the lookout for such deviations and therefore tries to unveil them and address them in an interactive manner by involving the public in them and making them part of the logical solutions. According to this intellectual system, this research came to discuss the issue of moral presence and social phenomena through street theater performances, as the research included four Chapters The first chapter (methodological framework) talks about the research problem Which came according to the following question (to what extent did social values have a negative or positive presence in Iraqi street theater performances), its importance and purpose, and then We determined the temporal, spatial, and objective boundaries to end with the procedural definition. As for the second chapter (theoretical framework), it included two sections. The first section came under the title (The growth of sociology across human civilization). The second section came under the title (Social values and their repercussions in street theatre). The chapter ends with the indicators that It resulted in a theoretical framework, and the third chapter (research procedures) included a community It included the results, the most important of which were (street theater performances are frank and clear-goal performances that boldly criticize the negatives of society) and conclusions, the most important of which were (the absence of a linguistic vocabulary in some performances and the reliance on the actor’s body as a human value). The research concludes with a list of sources and footnotes.

The study aimed to develop a conceptual proposal for a marionette puppet with a Saudi character as a means of enhancing the traditional national identity of Saudi child in middle childhood stage, represented by heritage customs, traditions, values, principles, and customs. It also touched on the short story. The problem lies in the possibility of benefiting from a conceptual proposal for a marionette puppet as a means of enhancing. The national heritage identity of Saudi child in the middle stage of development between the ages of six and nine. The research also follows descriptive and analytical approach for theoretical side, and quasi-experimental approach in applications. Among the results is that through the marionette puppet, ideas, concepts, and principles can be conveyed to the Saudi child, and it is desirable for him to coexist with them and build with his imagination a world that affects his personality in all its aspects, based on the characteristics of the middle stage of development, and among recommendations is financial support through Saudi Ministry of Culture’s adoption of puppet theatre. Especially the marionette puppet type at all stages, especially middle childhood.

If the interpretation of the Holy Quran is an explication of what Almighty Allah intends in it, in addition to deducing its denotations and connotations, then this interpretation should be taken from Ahlul Bait (Prophet Mohammed’s infallible progeny, peace be upon them) for they are its counterpart and the repository of its secrets. Therefore, the interpretation books are full of their interpretive narrations and illustrative references, especially those by Al-Imam Al-Baqir and Al-Imam Al-Sadiq (peace be upon them).
The researcher who considers the interpretive heritage of these two Imams (peace be upon them) will find it a connotative interpretation based on the intention that allows for a multiplicity of opinions and expounds the combination of contradictory ones. The forms and patterns of this interpretation are varied, with the diversity of the purpose and the goals of connotation.

The research investigated the places of the verses in which Satan spoke, deducing the grammatical and rhetorical methods of emphasis employed in his speech, examining their purposes, effectiveness, and value in the Qur’anic text. The research used the descriptive method in analysis and explication, and emphasized the diversity of grammatical and rhetorical methods of emphasis included in Satan’s speech, with variation in its semantic functions. The research also revealed that the verbs emphasized by the emphatic “noon” topped the list of grammatical methods, and their employment is limited to Satan’s dialogue with God, a dialogue that tends to fallacies. It became clear that repetition and prioritizing of what should have been delayed were the most prominent rhetorical methods used, and none of the words of emphasis were used in their artificial grammatical sense except “all of them”. As for the rest of the grammatical assertions, they were dispersed in the books of grammarians and were not collected under a certain chapter. Among the reasons for using emphasis on the tongue of Satan were: proving the superiority of the fiery element over the clay, convincing the addressee in preparation for making them slip into thin, and to avenge Adam (peace be upon him) and his descendants by seducing and leading them to destruction.

This research aims to introduce the recipient to the heritage of Arab thought, during the fourth century AH, from the main Arabic books, and an established writer and thinker, Abu Hayyan al-Tawhidi, in his book Al-Imta' wal Mu’anasa, (Enjoyment and Sociability), according to the visions and perspective of modern reading in the twenty-first century.
We live in a time of increasing cultural councils and forums, which we hope will advance the cultural reality and contribute positively to the Iraqi and Arab cultural scene. We will learn about the methods of dialogue, persuasion, and argumentation to reach the truth.
Al-Tawhidi's book reveals to us the image and level of society, councils, scholars, and ministers that he lived with, to be an image of his era, and we learn about how the writer confronted other opinions and thoughts.
I have reached results that you will find in the conclusion of the research, including:
1-The book was not improvised, but rather the writer subjected it to
2-The book contains news, sciences, and knowledge that were not mentioned in the books of hopes, tales, and councils.
3-Al-Tawhidi demonstrated his scientific ability and his encyclopedic memory throughout forty nights in the council of the minister (Ibn Saadan).
4-In the book: aesthetic style and mastery in narration, clarifying ambiguity, and completing imperfections.
5-One of the characteristics of (Al-Tawhidi) is his fear in publishing some of his books, because he mentions shortcomings and defects in them and criticizes those of authority and the scholars of his time.

Friedrich August von Hayek (1899-1992), an Austrian economic thinker, one of the most famous thinkers of the twentieth century and one of the most prominent theorists in contemporary political philosophy. He belonged to the Austrian school of political economy, and his works were very popular in his book (Law, Legislation and Freedom), which is divided into three parts in which he crystallized His most prominent basic ideas on the well-known issues of political philosophy: power, freedom, the state, and also the right and the relationship between political and economic institutions. Hayek’s ideas formed a basis and starting point for the ideas of neoliberalism in particular and contemporary liberalism in general in terms of calling for the revival of the traditional liberal heritage to serve the political and economic theory that he adopts, as Hayek expressed a traditional individualism that represented the essence of his political and economic ideas the first unit is the individual escalated from the first unit to be group or society. Production is the sum of individuals. Preserving the natural rights and property of individuals requires a system of any state authority that protects them and works to equalize their opportunities in their self-selection for development without interfering in this choice. Individually, the nature of Hayek's political thought can be identified by delving into some of the aspects he addressed. You will find Hayek talking about the concept of neoliberalism, as well as addressing the topic of the state and the automatic system, which are among the most prominent topics that attracted his attention through the use of an appropriate methodology represented by the historical method and the descriptive and analytical method describing the state. Which Hayek aspired to and to analyze the meaning of neoliberalism. Therefore, the main goal of the research is to clarify the meaning of neoliberalism, remove the darkness that surrounds it, and find out the extent of the state’s authority that Nahit spoke about and the possible scope of that sultanate, in addition to clarifying the theory of the cultural system that governed the economic process and the market and how it affects the existence of the state.