AL-ADAB JOURNAL

This paper identifies and describes the textual densities of ideational metaphors through the application of GM theory (Halliday, 1994) to the textual analysis of two twentieth century English short stories: one American (The Mansion (1910-11), by Henry Jackson van Dyke Jr.), and one British (Home (1951), by William Somerset Maugham). One aim is to get at textually verifiable statistical evidence that attests to the observed dominance of GM nominalization in academic and scientific texts, rather than to fiction (e.g. Halliday and Martin (1993). Another aim is to explore any significant differentiation in GM’s us by the two short- story writers. The research has been carried out by identifying, describing, and statistically analysing the frequencies of ideational GM structures in both fiction texts to get at their comparative textual densities in terms of word-counts. The obtained results have shown that GM structures – though used in both the American and British short stories – are statistically quite infrequent in both texts, accounting for a tiny (0.0064%) of the total text-wording in T1. against (0.0137%) for T2. Such very low rates of frequency (well below the threshold of even 1% of each text volume) corroborates the previously observed dominance of GM nominalization in academic and scientific texts, rather than in fiction. These same low densities of use does not allow drawing significant inference differentials in GM’s use by the two writers.

This research aims to examine the existential anxiety in Ibn Khafajah Al-Andalusi’s “Al Jabal Poem'' (450-533 AH), which is an important poetic piece in Arabic poetry in general, and in Andalusian literature in particular. Modern and contemporary critics are still studying its impact. Each critic approaches it from his own critical point of view, which reveals the value of our ancient Arab poetry in the East and West. The Andalusian poets were united with nature, and were able to express its most precise details. Thus, this textual approach aims to approach the Andalusian poetic text, a textual approach that reveals the dimensions of existential anxiety in Andalusian poetry, by taking the poem “Al Jabal'' as a text and a subject, relying on the structural approach, and the existential propositions as crystallized by the existential philosophers. Modern critics are studying this phenomenon from different angles: from psychology to anthropology, to semiology, to linguistic and cultural studies, in an attempt to answer the following problematic quesions:
What are the most prominent sociocultural influences of anxiety in Ibn Khafajah’s poetry?
How is existential anxiety manifested in Ibn Khafajah’s poem Al Jabal? What are his poetic strategies?

White presents a clear picture of a woman who suffers from a traumatic psychological state. During her childhood, she was continuously raped by her father. Such kind of anxiety and irritation White reveals in a series of her autobiographical writings. Due to Psychiatrists, it is a valid view that a significant part of White’s mental breakdown is due to her unconscious sense of anxiety, which goes back to her childhood period. Psychoanalytic theories of Freud and Cathy Caruth are used to justify most of the odd situations White presents in her novels. The study aims at describing such anxiety in Antonia White’s Quartet stories. It discusses the psychoanalytic theories of Freud and Caruth’s post-traumatic stress disorder, PTSD. In spite of being humiliated, sexually abused and treated badly, White aimed at creating a unified female self in her autobiographical novels. She has done so through her daring style and rebelling against the patriarchal system by suppressing her anxiety in writing.

The omission is one of the units of brevity in the Arabic language. Arabs uses omission in the singular, and plural forms and in the letters and the Diacritics (short vowel forms), and it does not occur except with evidences indicating it, and the early Arabic scholars have been aware of that, its ultimate goal is to request an abbreviation that does not violate the meaning, if the deleted (letters, words, sentences) occur, the speech would lose its status ,eloquence and goodness Deletion is a textual phenomenon that has an effective impact on the consistency of the text and the coherence of its elements.
The objective of this research is to monitor the phenomenon of omission in a linguistic blog, Maqamat Al-Hariri (d. 526 AH), which includes texts from language anecdotes, and anecdotes of structures, and phrases in a rhyming style and a rich glossary of vocabulary.
Besides, shedding light on the omission and concealing (axis of the study) due to their importance in the textual and syntactic studies because omission is not only brevity and mitigation Due to frequent rotation of the words in their speech, nevertheless, the purpose of it is to amplify and glorify because of the delusion that it contains.
The research adopted a presentation of selected texts from the Maqamat Al-Hariri, especially the omitted ones in which there are multiple omissions between a noun, a verb, a letter, sentences and structures with incomplete meaning and their grammatical analysis as well as highlighting the textual dimensions of these selected texts.

In this study, a dialect of Iraqi that is spoken in the western Iraqi town of Kubeisa is examined. With regard to Standard English and Modern Standard Arabic, it does an auditory analysis for phonemes in isolation which include consonants and vowels. It has not previously been given significant attention by scholars despite having a range of phonological features compared to other dialects spoken in western Iraq in particular and Iraq in general. This may be because Kubeisa is a small town located outside of metropolitan areas and is still considered a "virgin territory," necessitating analysis and research into the dialect used by its residents in relation to SE and MSA. The auditory analysis of the segmental phonemes of KIA with reference to SE and MSA was the focus of the current study's explanatory qualitative design, which involved gathering and analyzing qualitative data. The analysis of taped content, comprising sentences and words said by KIA speakers using tape-recording equipment, is the focus of the current work. According to Peter Roach's idea of the segmental phonemes, which is a branch of segmental phonology, speech is broken down into phonemes (or segmental phonemes), which generally correspond to the phonetic components of the examined speech. In order to determine how this dialect differs from Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) and how it differs from the utterances chosen for examination, MSA was also consulted in this research.
For this empirical study, the spontaneous speech of people who speak KIA was recorded in a natural setting. Relevant conclusions were reached based on the data analysis and findings. There are specific characteristics that set KIA apart from SE. This thesis found that speakers of KIA use CCs in middle positions of words more often than in initial or ending positions, that MSA and KIA speakers use less vowel sounds than speakers of SE.

The study investigates and takes into consideration the names of God Almighty in terms of altruism in them or in the formulas that came in accordance with them or in the introduction and delay in them or in the repetition of those names or in the denial of some of them and the definition of others, benefiting from the books of the sciences of the Qur’an and interpretation. What the researcher has reached is that context plays a key role in all of this, with many other goals such as exaggeration and an indication of the specialization of some names in the Divine Essence, and other causes and goals mentioned in the folds of this research.

The present study investigates whether or not Iraqi EFL learners’ native dialect has an impact on their pronunciation of English monophthongs and to examine the reasons, behind the mispronunciation, they are expected to commit. To achieve this goal, sixty Iraqi participants speaking two Iraqi dialects i.e. qeltu and gilit dialect, were engaged to achieve a speech production task of the eleven English monophthongs in a /hvd/ context. The data were analyzed using PRAAT to extract first and second formant frequencies and as well as vowel duration for each vowel. Lobanov’s TELESUR G normalization algorithm (2006) was tracked to normalize F1 and F2 values. The normalized data were compared to results from Deterding (1997) and walls (1962). The results showed that Iraqi EFLLs produced the targeted vowels shorter than the control group represented by native English. In terms of vowel quality, they produced lower and more fronted vowels than the control group. In addition, this study revealed that there are statistically significant cross-dialectal differences between gilit and qeltu-speaking EFLLs in the production of English vowels. It is concluded that learners’ mother tongue has a role in their production of English vowels.

This research monitors one of the serious social problems represented by the low level of the Arabic language in social networking sites, it aims to identify the problems faced by Arabic in this field and to diagnose the most important reasons that led to this decline, it prevented the proper spread of the Arabic language and the identification of its most important manifestations. And the ways that will contribute to solving it, or at least alleviating its impact.
It cannot be overlooked that the Arabic language is in its worst condition today, we ask, what is the issue? Is it a civilized regression, and a loss of identity? or that Arabic is going through a state of extinction? Will it withstand this dangerous challenge? Questions that stakeholders need to take into account.

Bullying is a social phenomenon characterised by interactions that are viewed as negative, repetitive, persistent, and directed towards one or more individuals. The problem of this study is manifested in how to analyse verbal bullying linguistically, relate it to pragmatic theories, and identify some of the social scales related to it. The study aims at Describing and identifying the speech act of bullying. Identifying what impoliteness strategies and functions are employed in bullying performance. Showing the sociopragmatic factors which affect the speech act of bullying and identifying the impolite language used by those who bully. The study concluded that verbal bullying in its most basic form can be an insult that comes with an impolite function and power differences. Bullying is associated with using power to gain or increase the bully's benefits from the situation. Bullies use verbal bullying to force people to do things using their social power.

This study deals with the grammatical methods of the pronouns in Surat Al-Qalam, and it attempts to reveal the secrets of these structures and patterns, and highlights the semantic aspects that are related to them, as well as consistency.
The coherence between the structures, and their significance.
The researcher divided the study into an introduction, three sections, conclusions and an end. As for the introduction, it included the definition of Surat Al-Qalam, and the role of the predicates and their conditions in this blessed Surah
As for the first topic, it included:
The first requirement: the definition and reasons for the revelation of Surat Al-Qalam
The second requirement: The virtue of Surat Al-Qalam The second topic: The subject and the news in Surat Al-Qalam The first requirement: The subject in Surat Al-Qalam The second requirement: The news in Surat Al-Qalam.

This paper presents a study of prosodic traits and the pragmatic implications connected to them. It is suggested that there is a prosodic code in which a selection of suprasegmental elements is deliberately and consciously changed, putting it in relation to syntactic structures, lexical choices, and pragmatic meanings, is believed that a prosodic grammar works together with the linguistic and rhetorical devices in order to organize a narrative discourse firstly, and secondly to highlight the argumentative part within the narrative discourse.
The prosodic features and the possible communicative meanings associated as well as the pragmatic effects are all described and justified. This study is the result of the analysis of two narrative poems in two different languages; English and Arabic. It is believed that the methodological procedures followed and the conclusions arrived at can be easily extended to other languages. General correlations that could be a starting point for further studies and practical employment of prosodic features are proposed.

One of the actively developing branches of lexicology is neology, the object of its study is a new word or neologism. The task of neology is to identify new words and new meanings for words already existing in the language, analyze the causes and ways of their appearance, describe the factors that influence the emergence of a new language in the lexical system, and develop a language policy regarding new nominations. Neography deals with the lexicographic description of neologisms.
In Russian studies, an active study of neologisms began in the second half of the 20th century, but interest in new nominations in the language appeared much earlier. For the first time, the definition of the term neologism was given in the "Desk Dictionary for References in All Branches of Knowledge" ed. F. Tollya (1864): “Neologism (Greek), the passion to introduce useless words into the language, i.e. designed to express ideas that are clearly conveyed by other words that have already come into use" [Alatortseva, 1999 p. 11]. The very word neologism was used earlier, for example, P. YaVyazemsky writes: “I will allow myself neologisms, i.e. additions to the Dictionary of the Russian Academy" [ibid., p. 11].

The hamzat of Qata' and wasl is one of the phonetic phenomenon in the Arabic language, and Ibn Jinni paid great attention to it in his book Al-Luma’ in Arabic, as he proceeded to differentiate between them according to linguistic features (phonetic, morphological, grammatical and semantic).
The book Al-Luma’ has drawn the attention of a number of commentators, and they followed Ibn Jinni in codifying these rules to differentiate between the Hamzah Al-Qata’ and Al-Wasl and added to it. In the chapter on Hamzat al-Qata’ wa al-Wasl, most of the rules were based on the pronunciation of the hamza and the non-pronunciation of it, and the distinction between the original and what is added to it. And that the name has two letters in the hamzat al-qata’ and is only on three or more letters in the hamzat al-wasl, and the differentiation relied on changing the hamza from al-wasl into al-qat’, from the singular case to the plural case.
In addition, the research discussed the origins of the non-referenced names to show the origin of the connection in them, and the research shed light on some of the opinions that disagreed with Ibn Jinni and discussed them. It came on the authority of the commentators, and others that differed from Ibn Jinni, which are few, and a third that added to what he came with, in addition to the explanation and detail provided by the commentators of the opinions contained in the Book of Al-Lama’ regarding the hamzats of Qat'a and wasl.

Este breve estudio trata los procedimientos de la traducción de los refranes del español al árabe. Es muy necesario que los traductores conozcan lo profundo del refrán en su lengua materna y encuentren una forma correspondiente adecuada para el texto meta. Explica también las técnicas de la traducción mencionando algunos ejemplos sobre unos refranes españoles y su traducción al árabe.

The aim of this research is to study the argumentative scales in the noble combat verses, and to show the effectiveness of pragmatic perception in reaching the objectives of the Qur’anic discourse; this is because the recipient's awareness of the intent is the goal of every discourse, and it depends on the speaker's influence, persuasion, and guidance.
The context of the research study necessitated showing the peaceful nature of the Qur’anic discourse, as it is described as gradual, beginning with argumentative premises, and ending with results, and how the speaker progresses in his discourse in a gradual, peaceful manner. To be more influential in the recipient, the research deals with the characteristic of peace among Arab scholars in their various disciplines. This is to show the style they dealt with this feature in their sciences, even if they did not use specific conventions for it, and to indicate the points of convergence between what they opted to, and what the Westerners found in their studies of the argumentative scales on the grounds that they were the founders of this theory. Then, the research moves on to the practical side by analyzing holy verses from the research blog. This is to show how the Qur’anic discourse advances its arguments until it reaches the intended result, which is the desired end of the discourse to reach the process of influence and persuasion.
It was found that the arguments in the noble combat verses were arranged in a hierarchical style, forming a wonderful argumentation. This is due to the fact that the Holy Qur’an, by its nature, is not satisfied with presenting one argument, but rather gradually presents all the arguments in order to influence and persuade the recipient. This is to either refute and invalidate the arguments of the unbelievers, or to raise the determination of the believers, and encourage them to wage jihad for the sake of God Almighty.

The interest and rivalry of Western countries in Libya has been the subject of widespread controversy among researchers, as it appeared in several studies that addressed the political and social aspects, while neglecting Britain's role in the Libyan economy after it replaced Italy. Accordingly, this research came under the title: British penetration into the Libyan economy (1952-1969), to shed light on the nature of Britain’s policy towards the Libyan economy and its blatant interference in all its activities, especially its entry into the sterling region, and limiting the absolute authority of Barclays Bank to make investment decisions within Libya until The National Bank was established in 1955, and the Libyan Development and Stability Agency adopted a set of projects in Libya, the importance of agricultural crops in it, especially the alliance, and the impact of trade and the quality of exports and imports between Britain and Libya. The research is trying to unmask the ways of Britain’s economic exploitation of Libya in various banking, agricultural and commercial aspects? What are its objectives of the subsidies and financial aid it granted to Libya?

This study aims to know the stages of the English-Scottish union of the two thrones for the period between (1603-1707), the union of the two thrones in (1603) created a structural problem in the body of the Kingdom of England, as one kingdom became ruling three separate kingdoms Scotland, England and Ireland, the problem presented by the research It is represented by a central question: “Was the idea of unifying the English and Scottish thrones a central issue stemming from the nature of the need to unify the constitutional institutions between the two kingdoms, or was it an urgent matter that found supporters in both countries and ended with the declaration of the union in 1707?” The researcher relied on the historical research method, the research department on three axes. The first axis examined the historical roots of the Anglo-Scottish Union until the year (1685), while the second axis discussed the position of the Scottish Parliament regarding the mandate of the Covenant (1685-1702), while the third axis clarified the political efforts The union of the English and Scottish thrones.

The honorable Saadian state was among the Alawite states in the Islamic Maghreb that was able, by relying on the Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon him) group and using it as a center of gravity for legitimacy as well as kinship with the Berber tribes, to gain a lot of popularity among the inhabitants of the Maghreb. They managed to form a government in Morocco in the eleventh century after a long period since the fall of Bani Hammoud (5th century AH), the remnants of the Idrisid government in Andalusia. At the time of their rise to power, the Islamic Maghreb was attacked from the outside by European governments, and from within, small, scattered and inconsistent governments clashed.
In the meantime, and based on two factors, one belonging to the Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them) and the other a jihad to defend the Islamic land against the invading non-Islamic countries, they were able to obtain the necessary acceptance and succeed in forming the government. The current study is based on Parsons' theory of power, and seeks to examine the social and political contexts and the influence of the two on each other in the honorable Saadi government, and is intended to answer the question what are the contexts affecting the formation and progress of this government in the contexts of political and social power in the Islamic Maghreb? It seems that Sharaf al-Saadi, by using channels such as the attribution to the family of the Prophet (PBUH) and Ahl al-Bayt (PBUH), and proximity to the barbarians and the sheikhs of the corners, was able to gain influence through. channels of motivation, influence, as well as ensure and channel power gradually to form and stabilize the foundations of formation their political and social power.

Views of Omani Jurists on the Dismissal of Imam Al Salt Al Kharousi: From Se’al’s Meeting to the Rustaq’s Meeting among (272-1034 AH/885-1624 AD)
This study aims to track the stances of the Ibadi Imams and Scholars regarding the dispute related to the issue of dismissal of Imam Salt bin Malik Al Kharusi in (272 AH/885 AD), as well as identifying the attempts to avoid controversy and dispute. It also attempts to highlight the most prominent meetings that the Imams and Scholars called for and their associated results. The study includes five main sections. The first section introduces the issue of dismising Imam Al Salt Bin Malik Al Kharousi and the stance taken by Musa bin Musa al-Azki and Rashid bin al-Nadhar al-Yahmadi regarding this issue. The second section adresses the Se’al’s meeting to stop the debate on the issue of removing Imam Al Salt bin Malik. The third section focuses on Nizwa’s meeting on the same issue, while the fourth section discussed the efforts of Imam Rashid bin Saeed Al-Yahmadi (425-445 AH) to stop debating this issue through the Sony meeting. The fifth section deals with the stances taken by the Ibadi Imams and Scholars on this issue between the death of Imam Rashid bin Saeed and the establishment of the Ya'rubi dynasty (445-1034 AH). The conclusion of the study included the most important results.

There is no doubt that Iran during the reign of Shah Muhammad Reza Pahlavi dealt with the Palestinian issue in contrast to its dealings with the armed factions affiliated with the leadership of the Palestine Liberation Organization, as the Shah’s regime was sympathetic to the legitimate demands of the Palestinian people, if it was for an Islamic or humanitarian motive. It was completely rumored. The Shah tried to leave a positive impression on the Arab and Islamic countries, that Iran stands united with the Palestinian cause, but at the same time the Shah was also keen on Iran's interests, and he always asserts that Iran, despite its sympathy with the Palestinian cause, is It was often invoked by reason and logic, which emphasizes the necessity of dealing with Israel as a fait accompli, especially as it is supported by major countries such as the United States of America and Britain, as it is unreasonable for the Shah to antagonize Israel merely because of the desire of Arab and Islamic countries to do so, and he always repeated the slogan Politics is one thing, trade and economy are another thing, not to mention that the policy of the United States of America in the Middle East has made it imperative for its allies, Iran and Israel, to work together as required by the stage. based on protecting their interests in the Middle East. It seems that this was one of the most important reasons for the dispute between the Palestinian armed factions and the regime of the Shah, and it seems clear that the emergence of the armed factions affiliated with the leadership of the Palestine Liberation Organization in the mid-sixties of the twentieth century has caused a chronic headache for the regime of the Shah, especially when it was realized that These factions sought rapprochement with the Iranian revolutionary forces opposed to his regime, by providing them with financial and military support. The Shah believed that some of these armed Palestinian factions had deliberately done so, not out of their desire to support the revolutionary movements in the Middle East, but rather these factions work for the benefit of a number of The Arab countries whose relations with Iran are experiencing some tension and tension, especially Egypt during the era of President Gamal Abdel Nasser, Iraq and the Gulf states, so the Shah was cautious in dealing with these armed Palestinian factions, as he was aware that some of the leaders of these factions do not follow the orders of an organized leadership. Palestinian liberation, but it works for the intelligence of a number of Arab countries.
As a result, the relationship between the Shah’s regime and the armed Palestinian factions witnessed various aspects. The Shah repeatedly tried to woo the Palestine Liberation Organization, pledging material and moral support to it, in return for stopping their support for the Iranian opposition, as well as stopping their dealings with some leaders of the armed Palestinian factions affiliated with the leadership The Liberation Organization, which the Shah accused of being behind all the damage to Iran's interests internally and externally, which he called extremist wings of terrorism.
Apparently, the leadership of the Liberation Organization represented by its Chairman Yasser Arafat was ambivalent about the regime in Iran. Sometimes he praised the Shah's performance towards Arab issues, especially the Palestinian cause, and at other times he admitted that the Palestine Liberation Organization had played a major role in supporting the Iranian opposition and destabilizing the regime. The Shah’s rule and then his overthrow in 1979, and this was confirmed by his first visit to Iran after the fall of the Pahlavi regime and his meeting with Ayatollah Imam Ruhollah Mousavi Khomeini. Then a new era of distinguished relations began between the Palestine Liberation Organization, with all its armed factions, and the Islamic Republic of Iran.

The researcher explained the most important stages that New Zealand adventurer and explorer Frank Holmes went through during his career that extended from 1874-1947, and explained the reasons that led him to engage in the field of exploration and the conditions that helped him enter the Arab countries and how he was able to exploit these conditions in order to build a good relationship with the residents The Arab region after learning about their character, customs and traditions and how those circumstances contributed to the establishment of the General Eastern Company in London. And a statement of the most prominent contributors to the establishment of this company and the difficulties they faced in their search for oil. The company pursued a policy of obtaining concessions and then allegiance to other companies in exchange for some profits and returns. If the company is not established for an oil purpose, it is unable to extract and sell oil because of its limited capabilities and limitations. In concealment of this policy, Holmes pursued a good relationship with the sheikhs of the Arab Gulf and proved to them his good intentions from Through bitter experiences he lived with them and an understanding of their nature and their need, which he used to achieve his personal desire to bypass, and through this relationship, he was able to bypass the British administration and its laws that it set in order to prevent its activity in the Arabian Gulf as it is a special area of influence for the Anglo-Persian Company under an agreement called the Red Line Agreement, which has long suffered Including Holmes and obvious obstacle in the ways to achieve ambitious region. Holmes contributed to achieving some achievements in Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar and Al-Ahsa, which was considered his most prominent investment despite his failure to achieve economic gains and allowing the entry of American economic influence into the region, and he has become the master of the situation to this day.

Lebanon is the city of culture and books, where schools have emerged and the number of intellectuals has even competed among themselves to seek knowledge. Lebanese families encouraged their children to ride the wheel of scientific progress despite the difficult life and expensive study materials. Lebanon became the focus of European countries, especially France, which counted it as its capital. The East devoted its efforts and efforts to developing educational curricula that represent its interests and policies in the region. It succeeded in its educational endeavor and resulted in the presentation of brilliant political and cultural figures who managed to lead the state of Lebanon and isolate it from its Arab and national surroundings. In general, and French in particular.

This title expresses the position of the Abbasids towards the Alawites, especially Ahl al-Bayt those of Infallibility and Purity - may peace be upon them - led in that by hidden hatred and detestable envy for what the pure progeny, peace be upon them, attained in divine status and stature. Godly, and therefore enmity, killing and violation, within a scheme that contains a lot of cunning and lack of fear of God Almighty, despite the fact that the success of their movement and the establishment of their state was based mainly on linking it to the Ahl al-Bayt, peace be upon them.
The motive for choosing this topic: is to reveal the depth of the intellectual, social and political procedures, and analyze them on the basis of divine criteria.
The problem in this research is:
In the breadth, accuracy and sensitivity of the subject.
The importance of the topic is centered on the statement of the reality of the Abbasid hostility towards Ahl al-Bayt, peace be upon him.
The objectives of the research also aimed to show the extent of the crime of confrontation against the Alawites, and the backgrounds of that trend.
The most prominent hypotheses of the research are the statement of hidden hatred and the personal and authoritarian motives that weave the threads of confrontation.
The reality and the research community are the Abbasid state and its confrontation with Ahl al-Bayt, peace be upon him.
We relied on a large number of sources, in addition to research and questions from history professors in the Hawza, as well as from previous studies on this subject.
The most important results are the expansion of studies and research concerned with the intellectual, social and political life of Ahl al-Bayt, peace be upon him.
I recommend studying history in depth and exposing the plots of the authoritarians against Ahl al-Bayt, peace be upon them.

Arrows are one of the weapons of battles in the civilization of Mesopotamia, and they played a major role in achieving victories in wars. The cuneiform texts provided us with valuable, varied and important information about arrows and their names and designations related to them and their nature, as well as other aspects related to arrows, which are not related to the military dimension but to religious dimensions. And the association of arrows with the thought and belief of the inhabitants of Mesopotamia through their association with the gods, temples, rituals and other things. Also, arrows are linked to the societal dimension, as arrow makers formed a major role in providing the armed forces with the necessary equipment with arrows, as well as providing the people of the community with arrows that some needed in hunting and defending operations. The soul, especially with regard to commercial trips and its presence with the guards of commercial caravans, as the arrows had another dimension in the thought and belief of the inhabitants of Mesopotamia, especially with regard to their speed and the comparison of this speed with many vocabulary. They swear by the gods, their symbols, and the kings, as well as by tools and things of a religious nature that are related to the divine dimensions. Religious in the thought and belief of the inhabitants of Mesopotamia, as the concept of arrows was linked to the astronomical dimension and the vale dimension in the civilization of Mesopotamia, as well as to proverbs, wisdom, dreams and other many vocabulary of life, and in addition to all these axes there are texts supporting these axes, which we try in this research to shed light on their details minute.

This research deals with rare Islamic Coins (Dinnar) in the last Abbasid era. It investigates Islamic Coins (Dinnar( which studied for the first time. The importance of this study Comes from the importance of target city (Hilla). The studied coins are related to Abbasid Caliph (Al Nasir Ledein Allah 275-622 H.D) In addition, the research investigates the Shape and size of this Dinnar and its Artistic aspects such as Calligraphy and de Coration.

The study examines the classification of residential land uses in the district of Hindia using geographical information systems. It is important to clarify the spatial space occupied by this use in the study area. It reflects the spatial distribution of residential units and the knowledge of any residential areas with high or medium density or low the construction of these units, the degree of proximity or proximity, the area of the residential plot and the density and percentage of occupancy of the residential unit, depending on the ARC GIS10.8 program in the representation and classification of the cartographic.
The study reached a number of conclusions and recommendations that most of the residential neighborhoods in the study area are densely populated due to the existence of large areas are not invested as modern neighborhoods and some of them were agricultural land and were used as residential neighborhoods or residential stores, which registered the highest percentage of public housing density, Within the central commercial area, the majority of these shops came in the smallest area of residential plots, as they are not more than (100 m2). The residential neighborhoods are mostly (200-300 m2) except for Al Muthanna neighborhood. The area of residential plots is 600 m2. Remote sensing and geographic information systems are important in shortening the time, effort and cost that were required by the traditional mapping process and the possibility of modernizing it easily, as well as encouraging the use of geographic information systems throughout the State

Since the study area is characterized by a high rate of population growth, which requires planning appropriate to this increase, with special regard to providing the necessary services, especially energy sources, it is essential then to investigate this issue including the provision of liquid gas for use in several areas, as the population of Sadr City in 2020 reached (1276249) people, except for the residents of the added and random areas, where this increase put a great pressure on the gas filling plants represented by the Hay Tariq gas filling plant and the granular gas filling plant, as these plants cannot cover the annual per capita quota, which is three cylinders according to the standard of the Ministry of Oil, as the share of The individual in Sadr City is only two cylinders per year.

The research deals with the role of climate models and their impact on morpho-climatic risks and their reflection on the environment that were studied according to statistical methods to build (extreme) thermal and rain climatic models, which amounted to (12) recurrences in the study stations. In addition to the natural characteristics of (geology, elevations and slopes, soil, natural vegetation), while the highest amount of water for rain intensity was recorded in (Al-Kifl, Al-Qasim) station, which has an effective role in varying the severity of morpho-climatic risks in the region. The volume of water erosion was estimated according to (Furniah, Gavrilovic) model, and the region was within the category (moderate - high), and its correlation with climatic models reached the strongest with the wet cold model, by (0.72), As for wind erosion, according to (chepil), which is considered very high, and its relationship is stronger with the hot and dry model by (0.80). And building a model for morphoclimatic risks (water erosion risks, sand dune encroachment risks) to determine the degrees of risk for water erosion risks, as high-risk lands occupied (42%), medium-risk (39.7%) and low-risk (18.3%), while the degree of risk of dune encroachment risks sandy sand is high risk (29%), medium risk (53.6%), low risk (17.4%), Then it was evaluated and matched with the map of human uses, as it was found that human activities (agricultural lands, transportation routes, religious and archaeological sites, tourism) have more impact on the risks of water erosion and encroachment of sand dunes that fall within high-risk lands, and the correlation between them is (very strong).

The research topic deals with psychological, cultural, social, health, economic and political variables affecting the status and personality of the retiree. As for the importance of the study, it stems from an important angle, which is the lack of studies on this group in Iraqi society on the one hand, and the study of its conditions on the other hand; As its problems have become a widespread social concern in society, in addition to the psychological, social and cultural risks these retirees pose to the retiree’s personality, his family and his community. As an integrated social unit affected by various variables.

This study aimed to reveal the most important social and economic problems of the retired men and women of the Government of Sharjah. To achieve these goals, the qualitative approach was used, where the study sample consisted of (30) retired men and women from the Government of Sharjah, they were chosen intentionally, and the in-depth interview was used as a tool for the study.
The results of the study showed that the most prominent social problems they faced after retirement were that leisure time increased after retirement, as well as family disputes increased after retirement, that family members did not care about them, and that their social status and social relations diminished after retirement. After retirement, communication with co-workers is less. As for the most prominent results related to the most important economic problems of the retired men and women from the Government of Sharjah, they are the insufficient retirement pension to cover the expenses and financial obligations of the retiree and his family, the high prices significantly, and that a large number of them did not work to pay or settle their debts before retirement, in addition to not saving an amount of money to use after retirement, or invest some savings in low-risk projects.