AL-ADAB JOURNAL

The concepts of globalization and one village used to refer to the world in which we live today are based on openness to others in all fields. Language is the most widely used tool that man relies on to achieve that openness through expressing his ideas and communicating with others. The need of the age for translation has widely emerged because of its great role in achieving that expression or communication. Translation played the most prominent role in all fields to achieve that openness and communication with others. The importance of legal translation has increased in our world today because of its great importance in the transmission of laws, legislation and official documents that require high skill and great accuracy in translating them, not only for linguists but also for the men of law to achieve the basic objectives of that communication and openness. Legal translation requires great professionalism and accurate knowledge of the field from which we are translating, as the difference in translation or its inaccuracy has unimaginable consequences.
Marriage contracts are considered one of the noblest human contracts concluded between two parties, and the Holy Qur’an called it a “thick pact” because of its importance and sacred status. Given the importance of this document, this study presents one of the problems that lead to the literal translation that may be adopted by the Jannat Iraq College if there are no specializations and specialized advisory offices for this purpose, whether for law students or local courts and individuals with contracts who migrate or travel outside the country by relying on this type of translation. Consequently, they incur financial losses in addition to the difficulty of travel and immigration, and waste of time and effort. This study aims to shed light on the translation of legal contracts such as marriage contracts, to show the common errors in them, to give enough space to translate contracts in the academic curricula so that law students can know the correct and appropriate translation and its difference between countries, improve the translation reality and provide translators with high qualifications in legal translation. And then develop possible solutions and proposals that would raise the level of performance of Iraqi Jannat Civil College, in line with its mission, goals and vision.

The poetic image, especially the metaphor, is one of the topics that aroused the efforts of researchers and scholars in Arabic literature, ancient and modern, and took a literary and critical dimension alike, Because of its philosophical value that shows the ingenuity of poets and the value of their literary production, From this point of view, in this research, we monitored the metaphorical image in the poetry of the poets of the palace doll and the era of the people of the age by Al-Bakhrazi (467 AH), and how these poets were able to employ these images with unique poetic ingenuity and high stylistic sobriety, We worked to include the most poetic texts in their poems and the most ingenious in their meanings. The palace doll poets have a highly suggestive poetic language and have a tyrannical symbolism, and the subject of the poetic metaphor in their poems is one of the most present and evident images, and most emulates the reality of their social and psychological lives.

Language has really changed in many aspects through the past hundred years or so. There are many factors due to which this transformation is seen in the present-day life in comparison with the more distant life; the modernization of the lives of the individuals as well as the communities around the globe, the invention of advanced technology in all fields of science, the awakening scientific discoveries and the rapidity of life has brought upon some coarse changes in languages, especially in English language. The purpose of this research is to know whether the language has really changed in terms of intonation throughout a few decades or not. For this purpose, some scenes from the modern movie have been taken into consideration. The analysis of the data has paved the way for tremendous results and outcomes in the attitudinal function of intonation in the modern-day English that have been illustrated in both tabular and graphic form.
This study definitively answered the question regarding changes in the intonation in English language through the past century.

The question of the unification of the English and Scottish crowns has occupied the minds of the Kings of England since 1603 and the formation of a central political structure, The first weak attempts began with an exchange of ideas between King James I and politicians from England and Scotland, But the difficulties were great for that union, because both kingdoms intersected in all political, legal, economic and cultural aspects. The union attempt was renewed during the reign of King William III as well, but Scotland’s loss in the Darien project had caused an economic crisis for it and thus worsened the relations between the two kingdoms after That Scotland demanded compensation for its loss from England and set up a company of their own, All of these things made it difficult to achieve union, And as soon as the Queen assumed the throne of England, she set her sights on uniting the two kingdoms in order to prevent Scotland from slipping into the hands of her enemies from the conspirators in France, and to ensure the security and safety of the two kingdoms.

The purpose of this paper is to underline James Kelman’s voiceless working class figures in a cosmopolitan world, arguing that the peripheral and unprivileged part of Scotland is the very factor that reconstructs the modern diverse reality of Scottish culture. This article discusses Kelman’s Translated Accounts and shows how the peripheral live under a state of oppression deprived from their individual freedom and individuality where fear and anxiety hunt his characters. Translated Accounts is a novel about two unnamed groups, but they represent two poles: the privileged and the periphery. Though the novel depicts unknown characters and setting, one might immediately make the connection between the unfair living conditions of the Scottish working class individual and these hidden figures. Interestingly, Kelman’s choice to make his characters and setting anonymous is to add a cosmopolitan notion that the oppression of the periphery is still all over the world.

The charming world of fairy tales used to be, for many ages, the favorite world for readers of fiction. Until the moment, these magical tales, their adventurous journeys, and happy endings provide a vital source of enchanting entertainment. Throughout her literary career, Angela Carter (1940-1992), a contemporary British novelist and a short story writer, shows interest in the employment of fairy tales in her works, producing what is called modern fairy tales. Her rewriting of these tales rendered her a remarkable woman advocate who calls for women’s legitimate rights and an appreciation and a recognition of their active position in societies, things that men enjoy and always receive. This paper tackles The Magic Toyshop (1967), Carter’s second novel. It discusses the fate of its young heroine, Melanie, and her siblings, Jonathan and Victoria, who have become orphans by the death of their parents in a plane crash while in America. Melanie journeys from her middle-class luxurious house to Uncle Phillip’s poor house located in South London. Like Cinderella, the orphan girl dreams of being a bride and marrying a handsome man while suffering under the oppression of a stepfather, Uncle Phillip. Unlike her, Melanie will be shocked to meet a different version of Prince Charming of her imagination.

The Holy Quran is taken for a great reference of ethical sciences. Although scholars and Quranic exegetes have studied carefully the Quranic researches on ethics, all such studies and researches have not yet touched on the method of connecting the Quranic ethical teachings with the topic of establishment for civilization and the topic of the direct interconnection between ethics and history.
In all of its doctrinal, legal and ethical teachings, Islam creates emphatically a link between word, deed, value and practical attitude. Ethical teachings in Islam represent the common thread running through all fields of life, including the political, social and cultural.
The current study, entitled: ‘Ethical Teachings in the Holy Quran and Establishment for Civilization,’ aims at demonstrating the role played by ethics in the process of building a human civilization. Without doubt, ethics and its items have their own operative effect on the reality of man’s social life, both the material and the mental. This is so because any true human life in any human society that is deprived of morals will definitely be lacking the true meaning of humanity. History has recorded that many bygone human communities were destined to ruin and then fading out once their individuals committed ethical perversions.
Unless the individuals of a human community abide by moral values, they will unquestionably have to face hurtful termination. As they lose their ethical values, human nations lose therewith all viabilities of survival. Laws alone cannot meet even the basic needs of man who, consequently, will experience states of depression, spiritual emptiness and lack of incentives of living a decent life.
Activation of laws without there being a solid foundation of ethical values to be enjoyed by individuals is impossible. It is clear that unless there is a prime mover created in the selves of individuals, all man’s exterior efforts are worthless. Therefore, there must be an ethical-behavioral criterion through which human societies hang on to human values in the selves in their individuals. Human values are enough to build sound societies and put right all material and mental breaches that may be found in the mentalities of their individuals.
The current thesis deals, yet somewhat briefly, with three main topics. The first topic deals with the meanings, concepts, and basics of ethical teachings, while the second topic is concerned with the meanings, concepts and basics of civilization. As for the third topic, it is dedicated to explaining the morals and their role in the establishment of civilization.

В данной статье наше внимание обращено на современные заимствования, пришедшие в русский язык, а также их ключевые характеристики. Заимствованные понятия из США и Великобритании (американизмы, англицизмы) сегодня наиболее часто приходят во все сферы жизнедеятельности русскоговорящего человека.В статье называется источникиии их заимствования, исконным русским словам дается словообразовательная характеристика. В статье делается вывод о преобладании среди новых названий профессий заимствований из разных языков мира.

В политический дискурс входят газетно-публицистические тексты, ораторские выступления, которые посвящены политике, официальные тексты на политическую тему, например, постановления, указы, законы и, наконец, научные политологические статьи, т.е. статьи, в которых политика изучается с научной точки зрения. Каждая из этих разновидностей политического дискурса преследует свои цели; например, цель официальных постановлений, указов, законов - создать юридическую базу для политической деятельности; цель газетно-публицистических статей, ораторских выступлений - воздействовать на адресата речи; цель научных политологических работ состоит в том, чтобы изучать политическую жизнь с объективной точки зрения.

The article deals with the ways of formation of feminine nouns denoting female persons by nationality in Russian. The article analyzes both the ways of forming these nouns (word-forming models producing bases and word-forming formants) and the semantic structure of these nominations.

The Jews arrived in the colony of New York after the English took control of it in 1664, to obtain better rights than those obtained under the Dutch rule of the colony and were able to obtain the sympathy of the English leaders in the colony. In 1680, the Jews of the New York colony began trading in the area between New York The builder, however, faced some obstacles in retail trade until 1690, and in a decision of the colony governor of New York Dungan in 1686, the Jew in order to be able to practice a craft and engage in retail trade had to obtain a grant of denial from the governor of the colony and to be naturalized by an act of the Legislative Assembly Then the authority of the city passed the adjective of being free, and by 1688, the situation of the Jews changed and they obtained the rights of free trade in the city, and in 1700 the Jews were able to run their stores and participated in retail trade freely and the merchant Moses Komez became in 1710, the first merchant to export In the year 1730, the number of German-speaking Jewish immigrants to the colony of New York increased, and Jewish shipping merchants developed and became prominent and wealthy merchants after In 1740, after the issuance of the Nationality Law that allowed them to trade throughout the British Empire, and in 1768 the Jew Isaac Moses became one of the founders of the New York Chamber of Commerce, and the work of Jewish merchants was a large and profitable business in the colony, as one of the Jewish merchants, Daniel Combs, participated in trade with the Indies Western, Madeira, Barbados, Curaçao and London, and sent one hundred and thirty-three ships to Curaçao between 1739-1772, and the Jews joined the organization for the work of craftsmen, especially the Seaports Syndicate.

In the present work we have studied the translation of the phraseological units from Spanish to Arabic in the novel One Hundred Years of Solitude by Gabriel Garcia Marquez. We have chosen to study this topic because phraseology is considered one of the most problematic linguistic areas in translation. Even more so when it comes to a literary translation where the author's style must be conveyed. We have chosen this novel because its literary style is quite identifiable and also characterized by the widespread use of phraseologisms to carry out the analysis and reach some conclusions about what are the most used strategies when translating said work, about the possible problems and the influence they have. about the stylistic plan of the work
The phraseological units have a very significant cultural load that is exploited in the textual and discursive construction, and are activated in the receiver, synthesizing sociocultural knowledge and transferring the entire meaning of the phrase to the context.
The Colombian writer Gabriel García Márquez is known for his rich style of idiomatic and semantic expressions, which is why translating a literary work of this type faces difficulties and, in the best of cases, semantic difficulties due to the cultural load that most of them contain. of literary works. Therefore, it is necessary for the translator to understand these cultural elements, whether semantic or linguistic, and try to find an equivalent in the second language that expresses or comes as close as possible to what the author intended in the original work.

This work is an attempt to focus the light on the metaphor and its translation in the Holy Quran, the definition of metaphor in general according to some authors, but the most important part in this research is the translation of the metaphorical words in the Quran, since the Koran is full of metaphors that help us to better conceive realities that we could not otherwise imagine. That is why we will present several possibilities that can be used when translating the metaphor, what are the influences that affect the process of metaphor translation, and what the translator should do to facilitate the translation of the metaphor and find the most equivalent loanwords. . The last part of this work is to choose as a sample a few verses from different surahs of the Holy Quran, translated by three translators. Our work focuses on the comparison of the three translations and the level of imaginative understanding of the translators: that of Julio Cortés, who is Spanish and of Catholic faith; Raúl González Bórnez, a Catholic who has converted to Islam; that of Muhammad Asad, an Austrian Jew converted to Islam.

Since the early days of philosophical thinking, the philosopher tried to change his reality and those around him. Some philosophers faced plights, abuse, injustice, tyranny, and intellectual and physical absence. "Ideas" have no homeland, creed, sect, or address. That is, intellectual and cultural products are not the property of anyone and are not exclusive to anyone, as they belong to all of humanity, so they wanted to save humanity. We tried to focus on some of the personalities who were persecuted in contemporary Arab thought, so we chose, (Ali Abdel Razek).

The Qur'anic text poses serious problems of interpretation that no modern theory of transmission has been able to resolve. We will never be able to convey the full meaning and object of the Holy Qur'an through transmission, and all efforts in this field up to the present day have been nothing more than an approach to convey the general meaning of the Qur'an to people who are unaware of the Qur'an. Arabic, this is the original language of the Koranic text.
The Qur'an, as is well known, is the holy book of Muslims and the foundation of Islam, and is the revelation of the word of Allah to the prophet Muhammad through the angel Gabriel. It is also the source of beliefs, the foundation of faith, the rules of conduct, morals and ethics, social rules, the foundation of civilization and everything that governs the life of the Muslim and Islamic nation.
In this research we deal with an important topic that has always generated a wide debate, which consists of considering The process of the transmission of Qur'anic texts into Spanish, is it an interpretation or a translation? also the main objective of this work is the pragmatic analysis and interpretation of the vocative of the verses of the Holy Qur'an through our selection of the models of the verses of the Holy Qur'an, as well as to indicate the precision of the interpreter Julio Cortés when interpreting or transmitting the content of the verses and we keep track of the errors in the transmission of the verses from Arabic to Spanish, and we give suggestions to correct these errors.

This study tackles the political views of Ihab Habib Hassan (1925-2015), in particular his criticism of the “Arab Spring.” Four revolutions are mentioned: Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, and Yemen. At the outset, the study explained with a simplified presentation the period during which the heads of those countries ruled, and the reasons that accelerated the emergence of those revolutions. Among these reasons: political corruption, dictatorship, poverty, unemployment .... His opinion about those revolutions has been explained, which led to the overthrow of all the presidents of these countries. It is found that Hassan, on the one hand, supports it, and opposes some side interventions, on the other. He placed the blame on dictatorial political rulers, and rejected the method of suicide bombers to blow themselves up.

Alternative medicine is one of the most important choices for humans, as many people are going to live closer to nature, because they have seen good results for most herbs that replace the chemical drugs that have greatly affected the human body. The research investigates the historical facts of alternative medicine, the use of Citrullus colocynthis, the treatment of many diseases, the geographical distribution of plants in Iraq, and the proposal to invest in plants in Iraq.

The current research seeks to evaluate the content of social studies textbooks for the primary stage according to the theory of multiple intelligences. Each book by finding the relative weight of each content and comparing it with the proportions of the theory of multiple intelligences that have been approved by experts and arbitrators, and in the light of the results of the research, the researcher concluded the following:
1- The average relative weights of the multiple intelligences in the social book for the fourth grade of primary school were for each of the intelligence (linguistic 31.17%), (mathematical 6.47%), (interactive 5.26%), (personal 5.66%), and (natural 15.78%). ) and (kinesthetic 7.69%) and (musical zero) and (visual 27.97%).
2- The average relative weights of the multiple intelligences in the social book for the fifth grade of primary school were for (linguistic) intelligence 37.94%, (mathematical 2.95%), (interactive 12.69%), (personal 3.82%), and (natural 6.78%). %), (kinesthetic 7.30%), (musical zero) and (visual 28.52%).
3- The average relative weights of the multiple intelligences in the sixth grade social book for each of the (linguistic) intelligence were (52.84%), (mathematical 2.74%), (interactive 7.30%), (personal 2.46%), and (9.05%). ) and (kinesthetic 3.84%) and (musical zero) and (visual 25.37%).
4- It is noted through the results that the social studies books for the primary stage were not equal in their authorship, so they were concentrated in one intelligence rather than another, such as linguistic intelligence and visual intelligence, which achieved high percentages. As for the other intelligences, they did not have anything except in small or non-existent proportions, such as musical intelligence. Based on the findings of the researcher, she made a number of recommendations, including:
a- Instructing the General Directorate of Curricula in the Ministry of Education to direct the authors of books, including social studies books, to the need to adopt the theory of multiple intelligences in writing the content of social studies books.
b- Appropriate and balanced distribution in the distribution of multiple intelligences in social studies textbooks for the primary stage, so that one intelligence does not dominate over other intelligences in the distribution of ratios.

The aim of the research is to find out the effect of the place mat strategy on mathematical interconnection skills among middle school students, and to achieve the research goal, the researchers chose the two divisions represented by (B, D) from (Al-Idrisi Intermediate School for Boys) affiliated to the Directorate of Education Baghdad/ Karkh II for the academic year (2019/2020) (B) represents the experimental group and included (30) students who studied according to the place mat strategy, and (D) represents the control group and included (30) students who studied in the usual way, and the two groups (experimental and control) were rewarded in variables in terms of (chronological age) Previous collection for (2018/2019), Riyadh knowledge test The previous one, intelligence test, mathematical correlation skills test) and both researchers built the research tool represented by mathematical correlation skills testing in mathematics and included (28) substantive paragraphs (multiple choice), and its validity, reliability and psychometric properties were verified and the results were analyzed using statistical means and after The end of the experiment period The research tool was applied to the two groups, and the treatment results resulted in the superiority of the experimental group students over the control group students in the mathematical correlation skills test.

This paper aims to analyze the drought of 2021-2022 over Iraq according to its historical context, and then tries to examine its possible connection with associated synoptic pressure patterns and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). The Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) was used to examine drought severity and Mann-Kendall test used in order to compute drought trends. Three sets of data were used to achieve the paper's goal; related to annual participation from ten climatic stations in Iraq, NAO data for winter months (Dec, Jan, Feb and Mar) , and the NCEP-NCAR Reanalysis Data. The result shows that the 2021-2022 was exceptional in terms of the drought severity through the climatic record periods, with the percentage of dry years more than 60%. The most extreme droughts had happened during the last 22 years with more than 80% of them in the Baghdad station as drought years. The annual drought trends analysis revealed that there are general negative trends with the strongest trends identified in the Mosul station about -0.1205 per decade. It was also found that the sustainability of the tropical flow in the upper atmosphere level, represented by a deep ridge and retreat of the polar jet stream towards north, accompanied by a location far to the north of the polar front, was the main reason for severe drought occurrence during this year. These amplified synoptic patterns were highly persistent as a result of the sustainability of the positive phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation.

The topic of the research has addressed the completed investment projects in Dhi Qar Governorate at the level of sectors (residential, commercial, industrial, health, educational, recreational, agricultural, and service), and what these projects provide a positive role in improving the economy of the province and what is reflected on the living and social situation on residents of the governorate, Data related to these projects has been obtained from the field study and from the investment authority in the study area, which has been an attempt to know the geographical distribution in the administrative units of the governorate, as well as knowledge of the spatial differences that occurred. The factors that contributed to this difference Data / study showed that there is variation in the concentration of investment projects and their concentration in the centers of districts and specifically in the center of the province (spend Nasiriyah).

Morphometric analysis is defined as quantitative analysis of river drainage systems in the surveyor unit of the drainage basin, Because it includes a group of river mattresses that have properties that can be quantifiable and then analyzed, categorized and arranged, this means that the morphological study is a process of linking the different characteristics of the drainage network with each other and linking them to the hydrological characteristics of the waterway, and therefore it combines form and process) in a quantitative framework (Saad Ajil Mubarak, 2009,130),and The river basin is known as the area where the water gathers to pour into a particular stream or river, and the importance of morphometric analysis comes in identifying the characteristics of the river drainage system, as well as the processes affecting the formation of the earth's surface, identifying hydrological characteristics and knowing the extent of development of the river basin network, the morphological characteristics of the main basins have been identified, which were represented by the basins (main Salmana, Nashak, Eastern, Gattan, Southern, the number of basins (5) basins including a head basin and four secondary basins.

The residents of the city of Baghdad, including the study area, tended to divide their housing units due to the market's inability to provide new housing or for investment reasons. In addition, the numbers of these fragmented units differ from one neighborhood to another and from one locality to another, and this phenomenon leads to an increase in the housing stock, but it leads to changes in the residential environment. Therefore, dividing the original housing units into two, three or more parts depends on the many factors available in the neighborhoods that prompted the residents of these neighborhoods to carry out the division process. These divisions lead to a change in the patterns of housing units because they work to change the area of these units, their designs, shapes and service facilities, which leads to the unfitness of some of them for housing, but these units differ in their patterns from one neighborhood to another, and the main reason is the difference in the area of the original housing units and the living and social level of families.

This study aims to investigate air pollution with polluting gases, which vary in place and time, and their impact on humans and their health in the Karrada area, which is located in the city of Baghdad, where the city of Baghdad is one of the large important cities, where the study of air pollution with polluted and harmful gases is one of the most serious problems. Which threatens not only humans, but also threatens the lives of the rest of the living beings, whether plants and animals, and that these problems resulted from technological, industrial and civilized progress,
As these gaseous pollutants have an impact on the health status of humans and psychologically, and the polluted gases and diseases caused by these gases have been identified, such as asthma, allergies, anemia, lung diseases, shortness of breath, breathing, the comprehensive nervous system, kidneys, fetal malformation, heart diseases, nervous system and other diseases, in addition to To these gaseous pollutants are not only harmful to humans, but also to animals and plants.
Where this research is concerned with the study in detecting the concentration of gaseous pollutants in the air of the study area in the Karrada region, supported by tables and illustrations. The modeling process in this region was carried out by monitoring each month of the year from (and the year is 12 months, but the climatic station was operated for five months, from January to May), as well as the annual rates of pollutant gas concentrations were recorded from the year (2006- 2020) to detect the concentration of three gases which are (Co,No,No2).

The social form is based on a group of small worlds “a group of fields as seen by Bourdieu”, and that each field has its own distinctiveness or interests, and that this specificity, even if it means non-interference or relative independence, it refers to the state of differentiation “social differentiation” whether it is two groups with different cultures. Pattison also sees "the mother of groups belonging to one culture, as the relationship systems of individuals or the group, have a tendency of gradual differentiation "complementary schism". And that the members of each group create sites, and these sites are connected to each other intertwined, and these sites draw for individuals the boundaries that allow them to have a scientific and physical knowledge of the status, so they are able to control their experiences and then their position and make them more respectful to others. It also allows them to produce multiple ways of knowing the social world, in which they exist as a social space, that differ according to the type or specificity of the domain governed by a perceptual and intellectual system. Individuals seek to support their identity, which is represented by preserving everything that makes the group or individual his habitus, and the latter works to distinguish them or to show the state of difference within the sites within the conditions of social existence.

Sufi singing or chanting occupies a wide area of the vocal culture of the Iraqi society, as it is one of the most important tributaries of religious music inherited in this society, and on all its occasions and for several purposes from prophetic praise and lament, which is sung in the dhikr gatherings of the takiya for the Sufi orders, and this research sheds light on the One of them is the Rifa'i Sufi hospice and the process of melodic construction of the praises that are sung or sung in. In its theoretical framework, the research dealt with two main topics: (the concept of Sufism and its relationship to art, and Sufi installations), as the concept of Sufism and the most important stages of its emergence and then crystallization were discussed in the first, while the second topic touched on the places where Sufi praises are performed, with a focus on The Qadiriyah and Al-Rifa’i tekkenes, for their historical place in the religious culture of Iraq, as well as being one of the most important places where religious praises are performed in Iraq, whose rituals are still practiced until now. The research also studied randomly selected samples that represented the community represented by the Rifa’i praises by analyzing them with a criterion designed for this purpose, to conclude a set of results and conclusions, the most important of which is that the singing of the Rifa’i praises in Iraq is characterized by the diversity of its maqam scales, especially common in Arab and Iraqi music and singing, with three quarters. The pitch, as it represents the distinctive vocal character of the local environment, and is characterized by the absence of transition between musical genres in the maqam scale, as the focus is on the first gender in order to establish and repeat the melodic idea, and to give the impression of a religious nature, which differs from the mundane, which is characterized by various melodic transitions within The frame of the ladder or the stairs close to it, in addition to that, the singing of Rifa’i praises is characterized by the limited use of melodic structures’ tones, as it is limited to a limited number of ladder tones.

The influences of the world theater play depend on the direction of the Iraqi director on a number of determinants in light of the need of the theater and the changing of its data from one form to another. Therefore, these influences followed other forms of life, including the artistic field in general and the theatrical art in particular, which resulted in new developments. From ancient traditional themes to the production of forms and content that did not fill the local recipient, despite the retreat of some of them towards the classical themes or written in the discourse of the world theater, but is not circulation to us, through the components of intellectual and aesthetic new and innovative techniques, (And dialectical) of the social, economic and political realities, within the system of artistic presentation in the styles of directors and their dramatic and directing directions and their diversity, directly influenced by the political variables on the structure of the play and its discourse.
Therefore, the research pages included in its methodological framework, especially the problem of research, and its identification of the following question: What are the effects of the world theater production on the direction of the Iraqi director?
The importance of the research lies in that it highlights the effects of the world theater experiences on the beginnings of the theater experimental experiences in Iraq and its history and the scandals of its experience.
While the objective of research in the detection of the effects of global theater output on the directions of the Iraqi director and determined the data framework theoretical in two sections:
The first showed the concept of theatrical output and the experiences of the most important directors in the world
This course deals with the transformations of the Iraqi and European directors in their visions and their readings of the social, economic and political events with a direct impact on the general directors and the consequent influences on the theater and the directing system in particular.
And in the second section, which deals with and reveals the experiences of Iraqi directors and the effects of the world stage and trends in the stages and stylistic changes in the Iraqi theater.
Then comes the study of what resulted from the theoretical framework of the indicators of the theoretical framework of the former, and access to the study of previous studies and their relationship to the title and the study of the current study.

Argumentation is one of the important topics that have received wide attention among linguists, as it contains rhetorical, semantic and pragmatic means, and its connection with daily life through its use in political speeches that are a link between the politician and the public through influence and then persuasion
Hence, we selected a set of the speeches of Israeli President Shimon Peres, and analyzed them linguistically. This research is concerned with studying argumentation in general and the linguistic methods in particular since the subjects of argumentation are rich in linguistic styles, such as argumentation questions, metaphors, similes, argumentation links, etc.
From a linguistic point of view, the research was interested in the rhetorical methods in the Hebrew language, in order to identify the most important functions that they perform in argumentation.
The research concluded that the political speeches of Shimon Peres included most of the rhetorical methods in the Hebrew language, employing them in terms of argumentation, and using those arguments in political speeches for the purpose of direct influence on the recipient and then convincing him of the idea to be conveyed in time and space

This study seeks to shed light on one of the important linguistic topics, which is the patterns of indicative referral (signal nouns and adverbs of time and place) in Semitic languages and to highlight its role in the process of analyzing and understanding the linguistic text in an accurate manner. Study the text. The indicative reference is characterized by being one of the modern studies that study the structure of the text. This study is concerned with a general description of the indicative reference term, from which the denoting nouns, the adverbs of time and place, their divisions and types in Semitic languages, and the term denote being a complement to the subject of the reference.
Note that the study of the phenomenon of reference in general and its role in the structure of the text despite its presence in ancient texts, but this study was discovered by modern linguists according to modern linguistic theories and was not referred to in the literature and books of ancient linguists.
Where many text, scholars made a great effort in searching for the structure of the text to discover the functions that fall within the science of text, and an interest in textual studies with the grammatical structure of texts in order to clarify the relationships that link the parts of the text and contribute to the establishment of a coherent linguistic unit from the grammatical and semantic aspects. One of the most famous Western scholars who contributed to laying the foundations for the study of this phenomenon in the structure of the text.

Our research tagged (the extra weights with two or more letters (Tawism) and their meanings and their equivalents in the Semitic languages (Arabic, Hebrew, Akkadian) studies these weights by giving an overview of how these weights are formulated from the root of the original verb in order to present a simplified idea that realizes The reader through which the correct formulation of those weights and their comparison, which is an attempt to identify the nature of one of the aspects of linguistic construction through what we have of the great linguistic heritage of the sister Semitic languages by comparing them to each other depending on their geographical location. On the level of linguistic structure and sentence structure, in our study we relied on the most prominent of those languages, strengthening the research with much evidence that indicates how to formulate these weights. The languages were arranged according to geographical location. Those languages, starting with the more weight with the nun in the beginning, which benefits the construction of the passive, and then the aggravated (weakened) weight, which is found in all Semitic languages Adding to it the aggravated weight that benefits the construction of the unknown, and then the increased weight in the beginning (in alif or ha) which is widespread, adding to it the increased weight first (in alif or ha) that benefits the construction of the unknown, and finally the compliant weight in alif and ta