Journal of International studies

The issue of American policy shifts towards Iran is one of the topics that deserves investigation and research, in order to find out the reasons that push towards transformation and change. It is noteworthy that the means of American policy towards Iran change with the change of American administrations, between enticement and intimidation. It is noted that American policy suffers from a state of confusion in terms of How to deal with the issue of the Iranian nuclear program, and the evidence for this is that the administration of President Barack Obama reached the signing of the nuclear agreement, and in return the administration of President Donald Trump considered the agreement to be the worst ever, and in the same context the administration of President Joe Biden came to change the course of its policy and raise the issue of reviving the nuclear agreement. After making modifications to some of its paragraphs.

The research reviews the most prominent future scenarios for the new post-Putin leader in the coming years, and what the Russian Federation will be like under that leader, which led us to raise many questions about the approach he will take in his rule. Will he maintain the Putinist approach and Putin’s priorities in leadership, or go to the democratic model and transform Russia into a democratic state, which the West has often called for? How will he end the Ukrainian war or will he continue to fight it? How will the Russian people accept that leader? The Russian history and the leaders that ruled Russia were reviewed to conclude the most likely possibilities to Russia's future .

The Middle East region is one of most important regions from a geopolitical point of view, due to its geographical, natural and economic advantages, so it was a target for control by international powers, especially United States of America, which sought to control it for several decades. Accordingly, study presents an analysis of importance of region in American geopolitical thought.This required a geopolitical analysis of elements of natural and economic geographical strength of region and their importance in US geopolitical and strategic perspective.It also required defining directions of US foreign policy in region and its geopolitical applications.In addition to a diagnosis of most important internal and external constraints or obstacles facing the US strategy in Middle East region, internal constraints were manifested in state of geopolitical instability in the region, attempts to acquire nuclear weapons by active regional powers in region and threat posed by Iran to the US alliesin region and the expansion of its geopolitical influence, in addition to external (international) obstacles: embodied in the international actors in the region, as United States of America is no longer main actor in interactions and issues of the Middle East with escalation of the roles of other international powers such as China and Russia.The historical, analytical (power analysis) and functional structural approaches were used because they are commensurate with the subject of study and made it possible to achieve its objectives and answer its questions.It has been the focus of US foreign policy for several decades, as well as for considerations related to US national security and vital interests, as region is a region of vital interests for United States of America.

Following the revolution of February 17, 2011, which struck the Gaddafi regime, the country entered the maze of a bitter conflict with multiple tools and parties, which resulted in a deep rift that struck Libyan society. Libya found itself in the midst of harmful foreign interventions, making the country an arena of conflict and competition for international and regional powers that create crises and contribute to destabilizing the stability and security of the entire region.

Despite the efforts made by the United Nations in Libya, it did not succeed in overcoming the dilemmas that represent the core of the existing crisis, and it only succeeded in providing visions and road maps for sharing power. These arrangements only succeeded in increasing the number of components or elements of the political crisis. This raised doubts about the efficiency and effectiveness of the UN mission and its approach to the solution in Libya, and at the same time, controversy arose about the feasibility of those efforts, and whether they actually carry within them constructive ideas that lead to decoding the Libyan crisis and resolving all its complexities, in a way that achieves stability, security, and the return of the state. Unified in its institutions

A study in the crisis of the presidential elections in 2022 Parliamentary elections took place in Lebanon on May 15, 2022, and they are the first parliamentary elections after the October 2019 protests and the Beirut port explosion in August 2020. party, which greatly affects the government formation process, and the election of a new president to replace the current president, Michel Aoun, whose term ends on October 1, 2022, and plunges the country into a state of political paralysis, and thus this led to political paralysis, a presidential vacuum, and the inability of the blocs From electing a president after eleven attempts, which means that the country is heading towards a political impasse for a long time. key words

Military relations between Egypt and the United States began in 1948, but they faced a tangible stumbling block after the revolution of July 23, 1952, and did not resume until 1976 after President Sadat had pursued a policy different from his predecessor. The United States relied on arms aid provided to Egypt as an effective means that enables it to control the Egyptian army and link it to its orientations, and to make the Egyptian leadership able to confront the isolation imposed by the Arab countries on it after the process of peace with Israel. It is noticeable that the American military aid was conditional, despite the commitment of the United States to provide $ 1.3 billion to Egypt, but the latter should have purchased American weapons exclusively, and the United States set limits on its arms supplies to Egypt, including ensuring the security and superiority of Israel in the region, so it removed important devices from the F-16 fighters and others.
In line with the American view of the active and influential Egyptian role in the region, it sought to strengthen the bonds of its military relations with it through a series of joint military exercises, the most important of which is the Bright Star maneuvers, which began in December 1980 and continued with short pauses throughout the research period

In general, the threat has a major impact on national security, and this depends on the type of threat, its scope, and the actors causing it. An asymmetric threat is understood as a threat that takes an unconventional shape or form, and is characterized by its appearance in areas related to national security and internal security. This threat constitutes A major challenge for the state and society in terms of the ability to confront it.
Asymmetric threats greatly affect Iraqi national security, as terrorist groups target targets that are not only military or security, but also economic, social, cultural, and environmental. This makes taking necessary measures difficult and significant, and the process requires more cooperation between the security and civilian forces in combating this threat. The asymmetric threats have affected Iraqi national security, as they have created an unstable security reality. Terrorist groups have been able to exploit geography to launch attacks and threaten Iraqi security, exploiting the combination of From the unconventional geographic and technological data in spreading the threat, as the borders did not constitute an obstacle to transferring the threat into Iraq, especially after the year 2014, when the terrorist organization ISIS was able to transfer the threat to Iraq. The geographical changes in Iraq after 2014 indicate major challenges facing sovereignty. Iraqi. Many areas in the country have been controlled by the terrorist organization ISIS, and many new areas have been formed under the control of this organization. The geographical situation in Iraq has also affected the country\'s international relations, as major changes have occurred in the borders and sovereign rights of neighboring countries. It is important for the Iraqi government to deal with these geographical challenges very carefully, and to strengthen international relations in the interest of Iraq and its people.

This study aims to identify the voting behavior of Iraqi female voters. And the reasons that motivate them to participate in the voting process, and the factors affecting their voting choices, revealing their position on women’s candidacy in the elections, and the reasons that make them prefer choosing a man or choosing a woman, and finally the extent to which voting procedures take into account women’s circumstances, needs and interests.
The study adopted a descriptive approach and used the sample survey method. The main tool is the questionnaire. The survey sample included (2,460) respondents distributed in 7 Iraqi governorates who were chosen after they left the polling stations by adopting the convenient sample method.
The results showed that women in Iraq are interested in the electoral process and participate in the voting process despite their weak interest in politics.
The need to improve conditions and achieve security and stability is still the main motive that explains their interest to participate in the poll.
The women\'s voting behavior was not completely free, as the decisions of almost half of the female voters to go to the polls were influenced by the others.
The activities and programs to educate women voters did not reach all women.

The Eastern Mediterranean region is one of the most geopolitically important regions and poses a threat to the future of international peace and security; The Eastern Mediterranean region occupies an important geopolitical position due to its economic power and the gas discovery, estimated at 340 trillion cubic feet, has increased regional and international conflicts. Submarine resources have intensified existing conflicts, creating new zones of tension and open geopolitical competition among Mediterranean states; economic partnerships stimulated by gas discoveries have evolved into political and military alliances, increasing uncertainty and the risk of conflict and hindering the development of the region's resources.

Canada adopted a parliamentary system similar to the parliamentary system in the United Kingdom, in addition to being subject to the legislation of the British Parliament until the adoption of the Act of Westminster in 1931 AD regarding the independence of Canada, while matters of amending the Constitution remained subject to the British Parliament until 1982 AD, in which the Canadian Constitutional Act was approved, where it was granted the authority Amending the Constitution for the Canadian Parliament, as well as a package of constitutional legislation related to public rights and freedoms in Canada. The official features of the Canadian political system are mainly determined by the three main authorities, which are: the legislative authority represented by the two chambers (the Commons and the Senate), which meet jointly and together form the structure of the Canadian Parliament, and because the connection Canada has a personal union with Britain. The executive authority is represented by the Governor General in his capacity as a representative of the British Crown and represents the King in exercising his constitutional powers towards Canada. Next to the Governor General is the elected Prime Minister. As for the judicial authority, it is formed by the Federal Court of Canada (Supreme Court) and the Federal Court of Appeal. (Court of Appeal) and provincial courts (Courts of Justice), each of which has its own stipulated jurisdiction. The constitutional organization of the State of Canada has reflected visions and characteristics that characterize Canada, which can be summarized by consensual democracy, expansion of the distribution of jurisdictions, and asymmetric federalism.

The monotheistic religions of non-Islamic as well as non-heavenly share the idea of backbiting and waiting for the savior (Savior), the sense of security, stability and the disappearance of fear are among the adopters of human thought since ancient times, so we find it displaced towards the sources that meet its adopters, generating reassurance and hope towards the future.
The Savior (Savior) in the non-Islamic monotheistic religions was embodied by the prophets and messengers, but the deviations that affected the laws contributed to the creation of personalities mixed with mythology and intellectual propositions.
While we find the idea of the savior in the active non-monotheistic religions, it arose and was established by the synthesis of those religions through the adoption of heavenly texts with human readings and interpretations, that is, it was the carrier of that idea with it, but it deviated due to interpretations and closure on itself.
As for the idea of the savior of the defunct religions, it was associated with the geographical environment and natural phenomena, as is the case in Mesopotamia, the Nile, and other cities that were affected by those cultures, but in all cases the cultural dimension of all societies was employed politically, and the creation of ruling systems that are in harmony with the nature of beliefs, to facilitate the acceptance of peoples on the one hand and to ensure continuity and loyalty to them on the other hand.

This research deals with the impact of energy discoveries in 2009 in the eastern Mediterranean region on regional stability during the period 2009 to 2022, and attempts to predict what energy conflicts there might lead to. It is divided into four demands. The first dealt with the strategic compatibility and intersections of the regional powers overlooking the Eastern Mediterranean, as the energy variable played a pivotal role in the pragmatic compatibility between the strategies of Egypt, Israel, Cyprus, and Greece and the formation of the Eastern Mediterranean Gas Forum in opposition to the Turkish strategy aimed at imposing its control over the Eastern Mediterranean region through the “homeland” doctrine. \"Blue\" Turkish. The second requirement was that the epilepsy was supposed to lead to regional integration to invest in the discovered energy resources, especially after the occurrence of many variables at the level of the regional and international environment that increased the possibility of this scenario. While the third demand assumed a scenario of war between the conflicting countries and resolving their differences militarily after the exhaustion of diplomatic means and the inability of the parties to the conflict to resolve the most important outstanding issues such as the Cyprus crisis and the problems of demarcating borders between most countries in the region. As for the fourth demand, the conflict was supposed to continue without reaching the point of war, which is the most likely scenario among the rest of the scenarios, especially after the continuation of its escalation strategy in the eastern Mediterranean against the coalition of countries of the “Eastern Mediterranean Gas Forum.”

After President Vladimir Putin came to power in 2000 in Russia, he called for a multipolar world in which Russia would be a partner in its management, and he employed Russia's political and military capabilities and was able to make energy a pressure card on European countries, and Russia sought to play a role in the international system By establishing balances and economic and security partnerships with the rest of the other powers, and in order to create balances in Europe, Russia waged its last war in Ukraine after the expansion carried out by NATO, especially after Ukraine’s desire to join the alliance, which Russia considered a direct threat to its national security, and plays the results of the Russian war Ukrainian role in the future of the international system.

The relationship between the existence of power and its necessity at all times is imperative in order to preserve the existing system and work to protect individuals within society and facilitate the affairs of its members and thus maintain the stability of the existing system and deter enemies inside and outside the state. The relationship between power and public freedoms, which is also considered an inevitable necessity, requires the authority to stipulate and frame it constitutionally and legally in theoryAnd then working to realistically protect it, rather the matter does not stop at this point, but rather it must go beyond it to the issue of achieving a balance between the existence of power as a necessity and the existence of freedoms as an imperative also in the state in all the normal and exceptional-emergency circumstances, which calls for the existence of requirements that work to create this balance Which in turn works to achieve stability in the political, economic and social system.

The continuation of international or even regional hegemony requires many influential elements، as well as the creation of new ways to influence the behavior of others، because the world today has become more mobile، fast، and interactive than before. The dominant state must excel in the well-known sources of power، hard power with all its components، as well as soft power، so that these sources of power are balanced and there is no imbalance in their distribution. for this country. Hence، the United States still possesses those ingredients for the continuation of its hegemony for years to come، and there is no country that can dislodge it from its dominant position despite the relentless attempts of some countries، especially the clear Chinese endeavor to reformulate the form of the state system because of the rapid growth and great development it is witnessing.

China is pursuing a policy of peaceful ascension in the international system. Through the Belt and Road Initiative, China aims to restore its position in the international arena. It possesses the economic, military, political, and cultural components and qualifications that enable it to play roles at the regional and international levels, and it is possible to say The Chinese strategy for the Belt and Road Initiative is considered the most ambitious in modern history. It is a project that is primarily based on geographically connecting the three continents of the world (Asia, Europe, and Africa) with huge development projects. Through this project, China will be able to change the structure of the international system.

Finding an accurate definition of collective memory is not an easy task, as this term, like other terms in political science, did not receive sufficient attention from scholars and researchers, and was not placed by them on the research table, as well as was not addressed in depth and comprehensively, which allows deriving a specific and clear definition, as most of the definitions that dealt with the phenomenon were in their entirety ambiguous, and do not help to highlight its features clearly.
As the process of building the memory of an association is one of the basic components on which the modern state is based because it represents an expression of the extent to which individuals rally around their homeland and their supporters in their various community formations in its pot.
If the majority of the developed world has been able to go a long way in this area in terms of consolidating the feelings of national belonging among their members and laying the sound foundations for building a collective memory and thus creating its national identity, most of the countries of the underdeveloped world have not been able to liberate and break free from collective memories, whether they are (religious, sectarian, national, tribal), or it was not able to build the memory of an inclusive association that transcends other collective memories and traditional loyalties that remained firmly rooted in the mentality and behavior of most of its members.

Within the framework of Iraq\'s political intellectual system, these elements are of great importance, encompassing not only the Iraqi situation but also the general State-building of nations and encompassing three points of regional, political and economic strength. which will be dealt with in the following form.Key word