Albayan University Journal for Legal Studies and Research

Cosmetic surgery as a medical act was considered an undesirable act, as the purpose of medicine and surgery is to heal the patient from the disease that he suffers from، while cosmetic surgery (perfectionism) is limited to changing the natural appearance of the person or the cosmetic seeker, which is behavior that has nothing to do with the disease but rather a welling to change and improve the appearance of the person. but the progress achieved by cosmetic surgery has changed the jurisprudential perspective of the issue, and the latter has become a need that the individual seeks، Despite the fact that the subject of cosmetic surgery remains a matter of controversy among jurisprudence, the judiciary, and doctors, in acknowledging the therapeutic goal of this type of surgeries and considering it as a kind of psychological treatment. However، there is still a lot of controversy regarding many legal issues related to this type of surgery, which is what we tried to explain. With regard to this existing dispute، we will present in this research the different theories mentioned and dealt with by the jurists, despite their agreement on the legalization of actions. However, they differed about the nature on which this permissibility is based. In this manner,several theories emerged, each of which permitted medical actions to a specific nature.

Although The Principle of contractual freedom originally allowed the parties to organize their contractual relationship in the manner that best suits their commercial interests, commercial contracts have become multiple and intertwined .for example, The contract between the owner and the contractor often includes explicit references to the duties or rights of the subcontract. On this basis, if a dispute occurs between two of the disputing parties, the others will not be strangers to this dispute. Therefore, this relationship between the multiple parties cannot be ignored in the dispute resolution procedures, this makes the intervention or introduction of a third party a necessary reality, for considerations that serve the interests of the arbitration dispute. For this reason, national litigation systems provide extensive mechanisms for the participation of third parties related to the dispute between the original parties. Therefor, their participation in the dispute resolution process is considered necessary, as multi-party relationships at the substantive at level must be reflected in procedural level.

The primary function of social media available on the Internet is to achieve communication and social cohesion between individuals. However, Iraqi political parties and blocs have lately realized the importance of these means in mobilizing the masses for political propaganda before holding elections, in light of the important and stimulating role that these means play towards influencing Voters’ orientations, whether ideological or political, in order to persuade them to elect a candidate. In exchange for this advantage of influencing voters, the latter, after what the Iraqi political scene witnessed after 2003, found in these means a political outlet to express his political opinions, whether by supporting or rejecting a candidate. Or remain neutral, or demand their political or civil rights through the interaction feature that characterizes these websites.

The Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA) was established on April 21، 2003، to manage Iraq's affairs following the political regime change. It based its exercise of powers on United Nations Security Council Resolution 1483 of 2003 and issued numerous orders during its administration to regulate criminal، civil، tax، and commercial aspects. The CPA also amended certain existing laws to align with the prevailing circumstances of that period. After the CPA's mission ended on June 30، 2004، some opinions emerged challenging the constitutionality of the CPA's orders and calling for their removal from the legislative framework due to their alleged violation of constitutional provisions. Despite certain criticisms that can be made regarding the CPA's orders، their removal from the legislative system and the stripping of their legal status would disrupt the legal system، jeopardize acquired rights and legal positions established under those orders، and invalidate all judicial rulings issued by courts formed under them. Moreover، the state would be required to refund tax deductions collected under these orders، imposing financial burdens that the public treasury may not be able to handle. These considerations led the Federal Supreme Court to rule in favor of the constitutionality of the CPA's orders and to affirm their legal status.

In order to ensure the safety of air navigation, technical conditions must be available to ensure the aircraft's airworthiness. It is difficult for each country to monitor the availability of these conditions in all aircraft flying in its skies. Therefore, this task is entrusted to a specific country to which the aircraft belongs. This country is a guarantor and responsible before other countries for the aircraft's airworthiness and the availability of the required conditions. Therefore, the aircraft must belong to one of the countries, and this is done by registering it in the special records organized by the civil aviation authorities in each country. Therefore, our research will be in the legal system for registering aircraft.

The study that was addressed in this research dealt with the subject of constitutional control of laws, especially what was stated in the Iraqi Constitution in force for the year 2005, as it is the most important legal means that preserve the supremacy of the constitution, as its role is focused on the extent to which the law conforms to the provisions of the constitution or does not conform to it on the other hand, and since each country has a constitutional system that differs from the other and also has different means of control in its procedural system. Accordingly, this research has dealt with the forms of oversight in its political and judicial aspects. Therefore, the first part of this research is represented in explaining the development of oversight of the constitutionality of laws, especially in the Iraqi constitution, while the second part is represented in explaining the oversight of the constitutionality of laws in the Iraqi State Administration Law and the Iraqi Constitution in force for the year 2005. The last part includes explaining the methods of judicial oversight in the Iraqi State Administration Law and the Iraqi Constitution in force for the year 2005. The research ends with a conclusion that includes the most important results and recommendations.

Trade union work considered one of the indicators of democracy for any country. The more effective the union's movement and unions in the country, the higher its public freedoms indicator. The unions movements in various parts of the world have struggled to achieve the independence and stability necessary to exercise their tasks freely and effectively without any interference or influences that limit this effectiveness. Union stability is one of the most important factors for the success of union work and unions in the country. The unions’ enjoyment of internal and external stability supports their existence and effectiveness. The union movement in Palestine has suffered from the disintegration of the union house resulting from several factors, including internal and external factors, most notably the Israeli occupation and the absence of a real role for unions and federations. The Palestinian Authority in light of the multiplicity of union authorities, which directly contributed to the destabilization of union stability. The researchers through this study attempted to investigate the extent to which unions in Palestine enjoy sufficient stability to ensure the continuation of their work.

In light of the political, economic, and social challenges facing Iraq, the importance of enhancing trust between the Parliament and citizens emerges as a fundamental pillar for stability and development. The Parliament is responsible for representing the will of the people and formulating legislation that impacts their daily lives. However, corruption, lack of transparency, and insufficient accountability have led to an erosion of trust in state institutions, negatively affecting political participation and public awareness. The idea of creating a Parliamentary Code of Conduct arises as a response to these challenges, aiming to establish clear standards for the behaviors and ethics that members of Parliament should follow. These standards include a commitment to transparency in dealing with public issues, accountability for their decisions, and promoting constructive dialogue with citizens. By adopting an effective Code of Conduct, the Iraqi Parliament can contribute to rebuilding trust with the public, enabling it to operate more effectively and legitimately. Adhering to these standards will not only help improve the Parliament's image but will also have a positive impact on enhancing political participation and increasing public awareness of the importance of parliamentary roles. Thus, the Parliamentary Code of Conduct represents a strategic step towards creating a healthy political environment that fosters citizens' trust in their institutions and supports Iraq's efforts to achieve sustainable development and social justice.

The solutions of the Fourth Industrial Revolution in the twenty-first century، characterized by their advanced technologies capable of performing numerous tasks with high accuracy and at speeds far exceeding human capabilities، have prompted the administration to utilize them in executing its legal functions that impact the rights of others. However، this application in the legal field faces challenges inherent in these intelligent systems on which this revolution relies. These challenges include ambiguity، rapid autonomous development beyond the administration’s control، and the involvement of multiple parties in their production، updating، and operation، which has led to dispersed accountability for the harmful administrative actions performed by these systems. Who then bears responsibility for the harmful actions? Is it the manufacturing company، the developer، the intelligent system itself، or the administration? As a result، a growing number of international organizations and countries have taken the initiative to draft legislative solutions to address these challenges and provide compensation for affected individuals. Thus، it is necessary to examine these legislative solutions to establish a theoretical framework that would guide the Iraqi legislator if they chose to authorize the administration to perform its administrative functions through these intelligent systems.

Good governance is one of the important concepts that form the basis of the process by which the state facilitates public affairs in addition to new rights in public administration. It eventually appeared even in the last century، when this concept dealt with state institutions and economic growth and the necessity of approving them، and after that this concept began and joined the state policies that Its goal is to ensure collective rights to participate in cooperation، accountability، and the truth behind and to encourage pure and decentralization in and governed by law، preferably equality among individuals with rights، duties، attitudes، and values that embrace tolerance and acceptance of others، and for the state to rely on these mechanisms in managing governance that effectively participates in establishing a democratic state and good governance. It has been built The visual state tried to activate these mechanisms after 2003. It was active in the field of diverse change that occurred and may contain suggestions in 2005 to activate them. These mechanisms tried to highlight the characteristics of good governance and that their presence in any government indicates that it is good governance.

Sanctions are used as a foreign policy tool used by some countries in their international relations, The original principle is that sanctions are imposed collectively and through international bodies authorized in this regard in order to stop the targeted state from its illegal actions. However, after the end of the Cold War, some countries began to resort to imposing unilateral sanctions, which are defined as measures used by a state outside the United Nations in order to pressure another state. The United States of America was and still is one of the countries that most frequently uses this type of sanctions in order to pressure a state in order to force it to be subordinate to it or to stop an act that it sees as violating international law Countries justify the legitimacy of these sanctions as countermeasures against a state that commits an illegal act, while there is another aspect that is concerned about the increasing use of these sanctions due to their dire effects on the targeted states and the states that deal with them, in addition to the effects that affect the population, which leads to a lack of proportionality.