Journal of International studies

The new situation in Afghanistan has created great dangers, which are being felt by all the neighboring countries of Afghanistan, such as China, Pakistan and Iran, as well as the countries of Central Asia, for fear of the expansion of ISIS Khorasan operations into their territories, which will threaten their national security.
The research discussed the security implications of the US withdrawal from Afghanistan with regard to the Central Asian region, especially with the possibility of an escalation of the wave of combat operations between the Taliban movement and those who reject it from the various parties, as well as the possibility of terrorism extending beyond the nearby borders, i.e. to the countries of Central Asia, as well as What could happen in terms of large human asylum operations to neighboring countries because of the rapid and ill-conceived American withdrawal.
Accordingly, the research was divided into three axes. The first dealt with the internal situation in Afghanistan after the US withdrawal 2021. As for the second axis, it dealt with the strategic perception of the relevant regional and international powers to the new situation in Afghanistan. The third axis dealt with the issue of the impact of the withdrawal on regional security in Central Asia.

The nature of the Russian-Ukrainian war and the US-European support, particularly NATO, indicate that the international system is accelerating towards a multipolar international system. This can be seen from several aspects, foremost of which is the nature of the tension and intersection in the relations of the active powers in the international system, Uncertainty regarding the directions and intentions of the other party. The relations between Russia on the one hand and each of the United States of America and European countries on the other hand are witnessing one of the worst cases that governed the relations of the two parties. The American-European apprehension of what they describe as the threat posed by Russia to their security, in opposition to what Russia believes of the threat posed by NATO to its national security, It indicates a clear impact of the Russian-Ukrainian war on the international system and the nature of the relations of the active powers in it. That is why Russia is seeking to achieve geographic displacements (geographical gains) because of their positive impact in enhancing opportunities for improving its international standing.

The consequences of the reconfiguration of the global political Order after the Cold War, the increase in the global competition between the great powers, and the outbreak of the Arab uprisings, led to the emergence of competition between the great powers and parallel regional rivalries.
The rivalry between the great powers, along with the regional differences between Iran, Saudi Arabia, Israel, and Turkey, has put a negative imprint on the stability of the region.
With its rich natural resources, geostrategic location, and major international sea lanes from the Suez Canal and Bab al-Mandab to the Strait of Hormuz, the Persian Gulf region has been a natural site of great power rivalry for years.
The 2017 US National Security Strategy issued by Donald Trump administration has redrawn the geographical distribution, and more specifically, with both China and Russia's power, the United States has officially changed the focus of its foreign policy to competition between the great powers and described China and Russia as the competitors. The Arab Gulf region has become of increasing strategic importance to both China and Russia, in return for a decline in US interests in this region that has created a political and security vacuum that has been filled by competing international and regional powers.
It should be noted that the last two US administrations (Obama and Trump) have sent vague signals regarding the US commitment to peace and security in the Middle East and the Persian Gulf.
In terms of credibility, the Obama administration's reluctance to intervene in Syria, and former President Trump's abrupt decision to withdraw U.S. forces from the region, met with an especially negative reception from the United States regional allies.
The regional allies worried about the American presence in the Arabian Gulf region, and local powers began to question the extent to which the United States would remain committed to protecting regional energy resources and sea lanes. With the region's long diplomatic tradition with the aim of supporting local allies and standing up to its local rivals.
The United States has worked to maintain a leading power in the region for many years. From a security point of view, the United States' position in the region is difficult to challenge by any external or domestic forces.
However, the result of the US presidential elections of 2020 and the assumption of Joe Biden as President of the United States have added some features to its policy in the Arab Gulf, but it is unlikely to lead to a radical shift in the exercise of its political and security roles in the region.

Violent extremism has a variety of reasons behind its emergence and expansion in different countries of the world on a large scale, as each environment has its own circumstances and macro and sub-specificities that contribute to strengthening the influencing ability of violent behavior within the framework of a society, especially if we know that violent extremism leads to terrorism as violent extremist behavior. Destructive to the social structure, it would not have continued without the existence of an incubating environment and conditions that help in its spread and the continuity of its influential capabilities in the political and societal construction, as the subject of the research is considered an entry point later to understand and identify the elements of the strategic response to the various positions, actions, procedures and measures within the framework of the mechanisms of combating violent extremism, especially if Iraq has become an arena for international conflicts that contributed to the emergence and expansion of terrorism in
the Iraqi environment .
Accordingly, the research was based on the hypothesis that: There is a direct relationship based on the existence of a close link between the use of strategic options for force and the formulation of perceptions of strategic action that contribute to strengthening the mechanisms of preventing and combating violent extremism, that is, whenever we are able to employ alternatives and various mechanisms in combating violent extremism and its emerging patterns,Whenever we are able to promote or employ a set of visions, future perceptions, and behaviors related to rational and balanced strategic performance towards the internal and external environments, this will contribute to raising the status of the state and upgrading its roles in facing these challenges related to combating violent extremism and its financing, or may lead to a retreat if it is The strategic performance options are negative, which will have negative projections on the reality of the Iraqi environment on the one hand ,On the other hand, the unilateral methods and measures used in the framework of combating violent extremism depend on how to employ hard power without formulating strategic perceptions with various performance options, which guarantees us the possibility of accumulating comprehensive capabilities that enhance the effectiveness of influence systems within the framework of combating violent extremism.

The problems of rebuilding the Iraqi state due to the new philosophy of transformation were being among the problems that imposed with a different political reality, as for this philosophy had been happened during the periods of confusion and preponderance in the process of rebuilding that philosophy. The democracy in Iraq depended on what took place after the occupation of Iraq in 2003. And between those of two periods were become as a dark scene within the absence of philosophy of governance and transformation; because of imposing the totalitarian – authoritarian regime for more than three decades ago. Furthermore, the next period which happened after 2003 came in parallel with the difficulty and chaos in re-establishing the pillars of new democratic system. But the other added problem now lied in the difficulty of overcoming the problems and challenges of rebuilding the modern state to be an experience governance philosophy derived from the dimensions that borrowed from the reality of the developed world. Finally, the ideological democratic experiment that took place according to the pattern of imported Western philosophy, became unacceptable due to a new alternative and political norms which were not stipulated consequently in the valid constitution of 2005.

Transitional justice, peacebuilding, and democratization are basic concepts related to achieving reconciliation and justice in societies suffering from bloody histories or internal conflicts. This type of justice aims to regulate society\'s dealings with human rights violations and war crimes, and to achieve settlement and transparency in the post-conflict period. Democratic transition requires structural change in the political, legal and economic systems of countries that suffer from tension and conflicts. In this context, fair trials for criminals and corrupt political leaders is an essential step in building trust between citizens and the new authorities.
Transitional justice also seeks to provide compensation to the victims and their families, and to establish the truth about the human rights violations that occurred. These efforts could include the establishment of investigative bodies, public acknowledgment of crimes committed, and measures for national reconciliation. Local communities and international organizations play an important role in supporting the democratic transition and transitional justice process. These processes should be comprehensive and integrated to achieve a successful and sustainable democratic transition. Peacebuilding and democratization require strong international cooperation and commitment to the values of human rights and justice

Security policies in the Middle East are at the center of global aspirations, and embody an entry point for stimuli, the environment that makes up external behavior to maintain national security, and it is an element of strategic planning for an effective decision maker and a contributor within the geopolitical environment of the Middle East, which lacks stability and changes are forced by changes that require blocs concerned with formulating security projects Within the framework of cooperation, these projects do not eliminate the conflicting party as much as exhausting its bases and arms, and push it to move wisely towards a balanced security policy.
The problem of regional security represents a continuation of political turmoil as a result of the competition between the United States, Israel, Turkey and the Arab Gulf states, on the one hand, and between Russia, China and Iran, on the other. America is no longer able to maintain a leadership position in the unipolar international system based on superior military combat capabilities. Rapid deployment to respond to emergency situations, Where Russia and China pushed towards the multipolar world order accompanied by their renewed vision to assess the roles of the regional forces that determine the course of relations away from the principle of hegemony and exploitation of areas of strategic vacuum, and here the major powers began to conduct an immediate review of security policies, and put forward new projects to redraw the security maps, and these maker of security changes were put in place. Iraqi politics is faced with multiple and complex options for categorizing national security, as it is still subject to interactions, as the Iraqi politics has not identified options and alternatives to confront internal crises, and constants that contribute to the making of foreign relations, and has not decided its choice in support, hostility or neutrality from regional and international forces.

This research is trying to study the fragile citizenship put forward by the Polish thinker Zygmunt Baumann in his analysis of liquid modernity, and its continuous impact on political thought and action. The research was divided into three sections. In the first section, was dealt with the transition of Western modernity from solid to liquid, and the separation between power and politics. As for the second section, the exposure to individualization and the confrontation between the individual and the citizen was dealt with. As for the last section, it was to discuss the impact of fragile citizenship on the contemporary Western state from the perspective of the transformations of the guardian state, and the changes of utopia in contemporary Western political thought.

Iraq is among the most important main passages to the Middle East, because it has a great and direct impact on the political transformations there, in addition to its strategic and geopolitical position that it enjoys, which enhances Iraq’s position with the major countries to implement the Greater Middle East project, and this matter depends on the stability of Iraq and the region. Politically, there are many ideas about the Middle East project and the extent of its repercussions and impact on the countries of the region.
Therefore, the United States of America invested its presence in Iraq after 2003 after the method of domination through the use of hard power (military and economic) through the legitimacy of the war on international terrorism, the destruction of weapons of mass destruction as well as the spread of democracy and human rights, and that the presence of the United States of America in Iraq is part of application of the Greater Middle East project, However, there are other strategies for emerging countries such as China, Russia and India in the Middle East, so those countries cannot allow the United States of America to implement its strategy in that region. From here, emerging countries began to form regional organizations and blocs to limit American hegemony in international politics, which made Most of the researchers made it an invitation for Iraq to enter into those regional organizations such as the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and the BRICS bloc founded by China, Russia, India and other countries, and for Iraq to hold the stick in the middle between its strategic political relations with the United States of America as well as its relationship with the rest of the emerging countries in the international system.
From here, it is possible to discuss the importance of Iraq joining these international formations and the extent of its reflection on the country's foreign policy, and anticipating the future of what matters will turn out and what Iraq's future position in the international system in light of the fierce competition between the major countries at the economic, political and security levels.

Studying The Issue Of Iraqi Foreign Policy, At An Important Stage, Which Is The Post-2003 Stage, Leads To Dealing With A Research Problem Whose Content Is: Why Did Iraq Act In Foreign Policy, With Those Positions And Policies?
And The Importance Involved In The Research On The Topic: Foreign Policy, But Is Determined By The Fact That Iraq Entered A New Phase, Different From The Pre-2003 Phase, And In Front Of A Changing Environment, Which Imposed Challenges On It And Gave It Great Opportunities.
The research aimed to analyze the Iraqi foreign policy environment, the extent to which it is affected by internal variables, and the extent to which it is affected by regional conflict, in addition to the impact of international competition on Iraq, specifically the policies of the United States.

The political system in the United States of America is the unique model of the federal presidential system adopted by some countries of the world as the most democratic in the world and which has gained general and continuous acceptance with the complete separation of its three powers. The US Congress renews the democratic approach to the political system by selecting its members, and it takes place in the United States of America in the middle of each presidential term, which lasts four years, during which voters renew all the seats in the House of Representatives and one-
third of the Senate seats, and it is an opportunity for candidates to reach the institutions of the political system
The importance of the US midterm elections lies in the fact that it is a test of the administration of the US president and an evaluation of his domestic and foreign policy and a winning or losing card for his party first and for him in the event of his candidacy for a second election cycle at the end of his presidential term, as well as revealing the repercussions of the prevailing US administration within the Republican and Democratic camps, as it is considered a test at the level The local and political scene of the upcoming presidential elections for the year 2024 AD determines the chances of success for applicants from both parties. Therefore, the midterm elections are the ruling criterion for the winning party, its candidate and its future vision until the year 2028 AD

The 2021 elections represented a fundamental development in the way of thinking of the ruling political parties, as they came as a result of the pressure of the demonstrations and the forcing of the Prime Minister to resign, and the necessity of responding to new inputs in political work, adapting to confront the challenges facing the political system in general, and working to solve some of the problems that befell them. Political action, and its negative consequences at the level of government administration and society, was fraught with fears on the part of the ruling parties of a decrease or decline in their parliamentary representation in favor of the opposition forces, The mood of the Iraqi voter changed, and the voting process was a clear reflection of the opposition forces, but poor organization and management prevented the voters’ votes from being translated into influential parliamentary seats that would have an impact in changing the rules of the political game, which led to the traditional forces remaining in control in shaping the features of the political process. At the same time, early elections strengthened democratic practice and the process of peaceful transfer of power, and elections are the best path to change.

Artificial intelligence is one of the modern sciences that has been linked to humans since the past five decades, making digital politics an integral part of society and used in most areas of human life. This new technology has encouraged policy makers to think about how to employ it to serve their highest interests, regardless of thinking about regulating it and setting restrictions that take into account the laws of countries, religious legislation, traditions and social norms. Some artificial intelligence programs have begun to be used as a platform for illegal content, negatively invading human privacy, and without companies taking care and thinking about steps to prevent misuse of their platforms.
Countries sponsoring artificial intelligence have been keen to limit the scope of regulating the development of innovation in it, claiming that this restricts the freedom of thought in its development. Therefore, today all countries of the world face harmful repercussions on societies in terms of health, education, and culture..., and it contributes to changing many individuals’ behaviors and thoughts, leading to a world that generates nonsense, especially after the failure of the capabilities to control it, so that future versions of applications become a threat to humanity instead of Serve them. The source and starting point of artificial intelligence is the human mind, but the way humans think is different from the way artificial intelligence thinks and works.
It seems that the countries of the world are seriously thinking today that they are on the cusp of a global threat that has no limits or restrictions, and they have no choice but to confront it by holding international conferences and agreements that regulate innovation, and placing it under the authority, control, and control of the state, and not under the authority of the companies sponsoring artificial intelligence.

Despite the new attempts of Orientalism and the justification attacks of the East, the invasion operations and the expansion of the Zionist settlement campaigns in Palestine, and the transfer of the headquarters of the American embassy to Jerusalem after the so-called “Deal of the Century” that Iran and Turkey negotiated on behalf of the Arab side. The matter here is not related to the failure of Orientalism, but rather the failure of the East itself to address the mistakes it made, as well as its failure to respond to Orientalism, which also failed to deal with the region according to the Popperian theory as an alternative to Pan-Goroneism, and this is natural because it is a colonial tendency whose goal is oil and the security of Israel. This is what threatens the security of the Arab nationalist system, which was stated in the perspective of neo-Orientalism as a desire to eliminate what remained of a bloc of resistance and opposition to the colonial West, at least resistance as an official discourse. While it can be said with a kind of sarcasm that the failure of the old Orientalism provided the opportunity for the emergence of globalization, while the failure of the new Orientalism was proven to be a prelude to the emergence of the post-Orientalism phase, which is sufficient indication of the failure of action for successive responses to appear in the form of shocks, criticisms, rejections, and objections that will not end without a real confrontation. This threatens the future of the Middle East over the next twenty years, especially if we look at it from the strict theological perspective of the Torah and the Qur’an.
The most severe observation that we can record here in the Discourses and Appeals is that Orientalism is a product of the codification by Westerners who are angry with the East or who are afraid of the return of Islam, the dream of conquest of Andalusia. Here, the description of Orientalism confirms to us that these negative perceptions are what founded Orientalism, and fueled colonialism with the sacred, the religious, and the theological monad for the sake of the Jesus Christ, until it became inevitable that George Bush (Jr.) would be portrayed as he was killing Iraqi children and annihilating their huts as Christ returning again to provide great service to the Lord.
What is frightening about the theories of American hegemony is that they have turned the table of values against each other, and brought it to its knees. Pegida and Islamophobia are no longer a Western psychological disease of Islam, but rather Islamophobia has become within the Arab-Islamic environment. Fear of Islam for Muslims, and this is the idea of Orientalism’s sympathy with theories of hegemony and American exceptionalism, to create our enemy from within us in the name of religious fundamentalism, in its radical Islamist form, as a destruction of the capabilities of Arab societies from within. This is what is new in Orientalism, with its complete consumption of the sacred.

Ethnic conflicts mean those conflicts that occur in countries from an ethnic perspective. This type of conflict coexists in clinics that are witnessing a military transformation, as is the case in the countries of Central Asia. Therefore, these clinics have witnessed this type of conflict, and Russia has had a major role in these outbreaks and has intervened. Largely to protect its interests, as it considers those countries affiliated with it, especially since these fingerprints compete a lot because of the energy resources they contain, such as natural gas, oil, and agricultural coal, in addition to their geographical locations, which are influenced by this importance, which creates a freely competing force to control the region and impose Its presence in it.

The Arabian Gulf constituted geostrategic, economic, military and security importance to the United States of America because of the important strategic location and wealth that this region enjoys, and this American interest in this region was clearly crystallized in 1971 when Britain withdrew from it completely, and the second Gulf War returned in 1991 The decisive stage for the consolidation of economic and security hegemony over this vital region, and the United States of America succeeded in achieving its goal, and it prepared a series of security agreements, and the direct American military presence in the decade of the nineties became more evident, and the United States of America returned to the Arab Gulf region after the events of September 11 September as a focal point for its war against what it calls terrorism, which represented another shift in the US military presence in the region, as it became more numerous and widespread.

Turkey's foreign policy has attracted much attention recently, whether on level of the European Union or the Middle East or the United States. Indeed, It has passed in deep transition, having a significant impact on the degree and quality of activity of Turkey in the Middle East.
Turkey re-discovers the Middle East after being ignored by the secular Turkish establishment loyal to the West for decades . Turkey came back strongly to the equations of the Middle East after a long absence, through a balanced regional and emerging policy put its country at the center of events, after it has booked to Turkey the status of "regional reference" in the region, where recent years have seen a growing interest in Turkey's role in the Middle East and its issues, especially since the arrival of the” AKP ” to power in Turkey
In 2002 Leaders of the new government was keen to emphasize the adoption of a new vision of the policy of Turkey and its external relationship as a centralized state in the various departments to which it belong and success in the Middle East departments. It is accompanied by the increased presence and activity of the Turkish role in many of the central issues in the Middle East
The emphasis on Turkey's regional role in the Middle East is not unusual, it is a Middle Eastern Country, it is difficult to ignore the region, but new is the extent to which
it rushed which is certainly not confined to economic and security aspects, but beyond that also to the political aspects ,especially that Turkey occupies a sensitive strategic status .

The aim of this research is to shed light on the regional and international repercussions of the Chinese conflicts with Southeast Asian countries in the South China Sea, by following the historical approach in addition to the descriptive analytical approach and the decision-making approach.
The research reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which are: that China was and still is a source of threat to regional security from the point of view of Southeast Asian countries because of its continued imposition of complete control over the South China Sea, and despite this, the trends of Southeast Asian countries have differed in managing their disputes with China, some of them adopted strategies based on the primacy of the national interest in relation to the regional interest, while others tended to join some regional multilateral frameworks, or resort to diplomacy and semi-official mechanisms, and strengthen its alliance with international powers, especially the United States, as it opened Chinese disputes With Southeast Asian countries around the South China Sea, there is ample room for multiple other international parties to intervene in these disputes, including Japan, India and Australia, in addition to Russia, the European Union and others.

This research discusses the concept of modern warfare theoretically, and the perception of this concept about the development of war and its generations, and the transition to the concept of modern warfare, and the emergence of new forms of war, such as hybrid warfare, cyber warfare and information warfare, and the role of these forms in managing international conflict, as well as discussing the factors affecting international conflict, and its implications at the level of conflict management at the international level.

The orientations of the Turkish foreign policy are linked to a number of variables, especially the foreign ones, that affect and contribute to Turkey’s adoption of a certain policy and determine the directions and limits of that policy, especially with the close link between the internal variables of the Turkish decision-maker and his external behavior, which made Turkey pursue a policy based on these variables, through which Turkey is trying to Being an influential regional actor in the region, these variables have been affected by Turkey's relationship with the Gulf countries, which we will discuss in this research.

Local Governments considered a modern concept in the present time. Local Governments must provide all different types of basic services and considered a means of achieving administrative balance between Federal on one hand and geographical units, i.e. provinces and territories, on the other hand for improving political participation through electing their representatives. Geographical coordination processes for performing urban, economic and social activities are considered as main goal for the local governments and to achieve its authority over its territory. This process requires previous prepared planning and modern programming processes leading the local governments planning process according to approved laws, regulations and legislations.

There is no doubt that community stability represents the most important challenge for local governments to achieve, and therefore stability in its three levels, political, social and economic in the local community, represents a priority for the work of governments, and the specialized committees work on community stability in the Baghdad governorate, The process of community stability faces problems, the most important of which is Delay in the completion of projects of importance to society, as well as partisan and political quotas in assuming positions, not on the basis of specialization and competence, and of course, this led to an increase in unemployment and financial and administrative corruption, and it must be emphasized that these factors lead to weak societal stability.

Peacebuilding refers to the process of establishing peace and stability in societies affected by conflict and conflict. Promote peaceful coexistence and rebuild affected communities. The government plays a crucial role in implementing the peacebuilding process. The government's responsibilities include re-establishing critical government institutions, such as the judiciary, police and education, to enhance security and provide basic services to affected communities. These institutions must be impartial and capable of meeting citizens' needs fairly. In addition, promoting justice and reconciliation between different groups by encouraging dialogue and reconciliation and strengthening the community's confidence in the political process. The government should adopt comprehensive policies to promote solidarity and political participation of all stakeholders. As well as promoting economic development and creating job opportunities to achieve economic stability and reduce poverty and unemployment. Inclusive economic development can contribute to achieving sustainable peace and reducing economic instability that can lead to conflict.
In general, the government plays a vital role in implementing peacebuilding by promoting security and justice, and encouraging reconciliation and political participation. This is what we will show in the next axes.