Al-Kufa University Journal for Biology

The differentiates Streptomyces species from other kinds of bacteria is that they are able to produce substances such as granticin, actinorhodin, and medermycin.These pigments are known as acid-base indicators because of their properties. For example, graniticin turns red in acidic environments and purple in alkaline ones. Finally, medermycin has an acidic yellow color and an alkaline brown color. A few pH-sensitive pigments have antibacterial qualities, including granaticin, undecylprodigiosin, and actinorhodin. In this study, 103 soil samples were collected from seven Iraqi provinces. Ten isolates were obtained that inhibit pathogenic bacteria. The Streptomyces isolates are identified by microscopy and morphology. These isolates were diagnosed genetically through the 16s rRNA gene. Five isolates were sent for sequence analysis. After that, the Streptomyces isolates that produced granticin were searched for by means of by changing the color of the producer isolate from red to violet when adding the base NaOH and genetically through the orf-gra 11 gene that encoding to a dTDP-glucose dehydratase enzyme granticin (500bp) by conventional PCR ,one isolate was obtained that produced granticin Streptomyces RS18. By examining the inhibition activity of the isolates, the isolate RS18 showed effective inhibition against gram -positive bacteria, and there was no activity for gram-negative bacteria. The aim of this study is the isolation and identification of Streptomyces spp . Detection of granticin gene gra 11 that encode for granticin production and their antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria. Detection of granticin production among streptomyces isolates. Further chemical characterization of the local iraqi granticin is very usefull in its pharmaceutical companies.

There is anaerobic bacterium in the mouth called Porphyromonas gingivalis, and it causes periodontal inflammatory illnesses. The oral anaerobe is gram negative. One of the main causes of periodontal diseases is P. gingivalis. Multiple studies have linked P. gingivalis to periodontal disease and found that it is an important factor in the development of periodontal problems. . In the present study aim, isolation and identification of Porphyromonas gingivalis anaerobic bacteria by conventional phenotype, Vitek 2 Compact System, and molecular methods found 16SrRNA gene sequencing. Fifty patients and fifty healthy controls were gathered. Periodontal evaluations were performed on all individuals. The following clinical indicators were noted in order to assess the periodontal health of the patients: pocket depth, bleeding on probe (BOP), and approximate plaque index (API). Using the PCR technique, the presence of P. gingivalis was determined in samples from periodontal pockets (PP) develop instead of a healthy gingival sulcus periodontal pocket. This is accomplished after pathological alveolar bone loss and migration of the supracrestal attachment tissues apically, because of their mucosal wall, it is called in this case, gum pockets.

Acute myeloid leukemia is defined by the invasion of the bone marrow, blood, and other organs by rapidly growing, genetically identical, immature cells that come from the hematopoietic system. The aim of the present study was to assess the levels of human transforming growth factor-β and several biochemical markers in individuals diagnosed with leukemia, and to determine their significance in the context of these cases. Materials and study: The present research was carried out in the Kirkuk oncology center. The study was conducted from January to May 2023. The research groups were examined to identify the presence of TGF-β using ELISA technology. Moreover, a variety of biochemical tests were conducted. Results: The study had a total of 90 individuals, including sixty persons in the patient’s group and thirty healthy persons as control group. The study included participants aged 18 to 70 years. The current study has revealed a statistically positive connection between the presence of TGF-β in patients diagnosed with leukemia. Moreover, a notable relation was seen between the serum creatinine levels in the patients and the control group. Furthermore, the present investigation demonstrates a statistically significant correlation between white blood cell (WBC) count, hemoglobin concentration, and platelet count (PLTs) in patients diagnosed with leukemia and individuals in a healthy control group. Conclusion: The current investigation determined that patients with leukemia had a significant increase in TGF-β levels.

Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus produce aflatoxins, as secondary metabolites, making them one of the primary sources of food contamination, especially in humid and hot weather conditions that promote fungal growth. The four main types of aflatoxins are B1 (AFB1), B2 (AFB2), G1 (AFG1), and G2 (AFG2 ,that found in various foods. Additionally, there are other variants such as Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and M2 (AFM2) in milk, which are metabolites of AFB1 and AFB2. Mycotoxins generated by certain fungus, was harmful effects on animal health,. These dangerous substances frequently contaminate agricultural products including grains, nuts, and feeds. Aflatoxins are well known for their strong hepatotoxicity, which causes a variety of negative consequences on animals, such as stunted development, weakened immune systems, and reproductive problems, this highlights the necessity for rigorous monitoring of feed and foods sources, along with effective management measures, to mitigate aflatoxin exposure and its adverse effects on animal health. It is important to note that plants sources that are known for higher aflatoxin production should be avoided. Therefore, it is recommended to monitor meals provided to animals as fodder and to prevent exposure to these chemicals by implementing effective agricultural pest control measures , This review gives a concise review of the alarming consequences of aflatoxin exposure on animals, highlighting the need to comprehend and mitigate these effects in order to protect the health and productivity of animal populations.

Nanotechnology: It is an application to study the basic principles of molecules and compounds that do not exceed one hundred nanometers in size and to engineer them for use in useful applications such as in the field of medicine to treat cancerous diseases and various microbial infections and in the field of engineering, chemistry, physics and other sciences. Numerous bacteria strains that are resistant to antibiotics have arisen as a result of the careless and overuse use antibiotics. As a result, the use of nanoparticles has emerged as a competitive substitute for antibiotics in the fight against the evolution of bacterial drug resistance. In addition to having strong antimicrobial properties that may act by weakening already-existing antimicrobial mechanisms, many organic and inorganic nanomaterials also have unique physical and chemical properties that make them important for the quick, sensitive, and selective detection of microbial infections. Furthermore, compared to traditional antibiotics, nanoparticles have less negative effects. In addition, the incorporation of antimicrobial nanomaterial in medical devices can prevent microbial adhesion and infection, also it used as vaccine adjuvants and/or delivery vehicles can evoke more efficient immune responses against microbial infection. The process of microbial production of nanoparticles (NPs) involves a bottom-up approach. Defense mechanisms for detoxification, such as the oxidation/reduction of metal ions, the creation of metal phosphates, carbonates, and sulfides, or the volatilization of metal ions, function as vital survival procedures.

The number of vaccinated people against hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has increased but the infection remained a major worldwide public health risk that threatens human health and depends on the complex interaction between viral replication and the host immune response the clinical outcome of HBV infection detected. The current study set out to ascertain the serum concentrations of two complement compounds (C3 and C4) and several significant cytokines (IL-1β, IL-12, and IL-17A) in individuals infected with HBV.Ninety patients in all were collected from the Baquba Teaching Hospital during the period 10 July to 20 November, and every diagnosis was made using an ELISA kit. The levels of IL-1β, IL-12, and IL-17A in serum samples from both HBV patients and healthy control groups were measured using an ELISA kit. The patient group exhibited elevated levels of IL-1β, IL-12, and IL-17A in comparison to the control group. A single radial immunodiffusion plate was utilized to compare the patient's levels of C3 and C4 to those of the control group compared to the control group, the IL-1β, IL-12, IL-17A show high levels as (111.2±35.1 vs 99.31±27.01 pg/ml), 78.2±22.3 versus 75.41±19.21 pg/ml), and 61.21±23.21 versus 54.21±21.21 pg/ml), respectively. and the C3 and C4 levels in the patients' serum were lower as 86.21±27.1 versus 112.2±19.21 pg/ml and 22.32±8.21 versus 37.21±11.12 pg/ml, respectively.It has been discovered that measuring the levels of IL-1β, IL-12, IL-17A, C3, and C4 can be useful in determining the extent of liver cell damage and forecasting how long hepatitis will take to proceed.