Wasit Journal for Human Sciences

ABSTRACT
The novel \"30 November\" by Ahmed Alaa El-Din distinctively highlights the use of setting as a fundamental element in the construction of the narrative and the enrichment of the story. The author demonstrates a remarkable ability to utilize locations with precision and detail, rendering them not merely a backdrop but a vital and influential part of the development of events and character formation. Ahmed Alaa El-Din skillfully employs description to reflect the ambiance and nature of the setting, contributing to the creation of an atmosphere that aligns with the narrative’s events and the characters’ psyches. For instance, he may provide detailed descriptions of buildings and the surrounding nature to transport the reader to the scene of the events, thereby enhancing the focus on the characters\' emotions and their interactions with the environment. Additionally, the author adeptly uses setting to deepen conflicts and tensions within the narrative. Locations can symbolize suffering or hope and serve as pivotal points for character development or transformation. This precise use of setting renders it an essential component in constructing the narrative structure and understanding the depth of the novel. In summary, the role of setting in \"30 November\" transcends merely providing a geographical backdrop for events; it represents a vital part of the novel\'s identity, enhancing its realism and enriching the reading experience with its meticulous and impactful details. In \"30 November,\" the love triangle among Yusuf, Jamila, and Mariam is a central element of the plot, reflecting the emotional complexities and difficult decisions faced by the characters. The relationship between Yusuf and Mariam evolves in a complex and poignant manner throughout the narrative. Initially, Yusuf and Mariam share a strong friendship, characterized by mutual support and understanding. This friendship deepens over time, transforming into genuine love. The shift from friendship to love constitutes a crucial turning point in the story, as both Yusuf and Mariam begin to explore their feelings more seriously and profoundly. We employed a semiotic analytical approach that reveals multiple layers of meaning and significance, enhancing our understanding of the characters, events, and central themes within the novel.

ABSTRACT
This research deals with the study and analysis of Dalia Ibn al-Labbanah al-Dani, to reveal aspects of creativity, and to demonstrate the support of the presence of the Qur’anic text to the text of the poet Ibn al-Labbanah. Because of the linguistic and musical possibilities that this presence offers, and the wide meanings and connotations that allow the poet to enrich his texts with Qur’anic references. In addition to its remarkable atmosphere and contexts, the research concluded that the presence of the Qur’anic text in Ibn al-Labbanah al-Dani’s Daliyah affected its language and its poetic images. Therefore, it became expressive of the tragic Andalusian event and its tragic scenes that befell the Banu Abbad and their state at the end of the fifth century AH, which changed the course of Andalusian history.

The poetry of Al-Sayyid Al-Hamiri serves as a clear example of the employment of the concept of rhetoric, particularly epistolary rhetoric, which is based on hierarchical rhetorical foundations through which the poet aims to achieve his desired objective. Al-Hamiri\'s poetry is not merely traditional in its praise of the virtues of the Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them) and their noble qualities such as courage, generosity, forbearance, and wisdom, as well as the glory and honor they have attained. Instead, Al-Hamiri\'s goal is to present the arguments he perceives regarding the Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them), particularly Imam Ali (peace be upon him), emphasizing their greatness, nobility, and divine right to the caliphate of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him and his family). He seeks to refute the foundations upon which the Umayyads and Abbasids based their claims of being more entitled to the caliphate than others. Al-Hamiri offers successive hierarchical arguments to counter the views of his opponents, relying on religious, historical, and poetic evidence to achieve persuasion and sway others to the truth of his claims, which highlight the superiority of the Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them) over other Muslims. Thus, the researcher has chosen Al-Sayyid Al-Hamiri\'s poetry for study according to the concept of epistolary rhetoric, which is part of the rhetoric theory that has become prevalent in modern literary studies.

Ibn al-\'Amid crafts his letters from his language as a spiritual expression. He is not isolated from the language in using vocabulary that conveys meanings to explain a state, nor does he merely embellish his expression verbally. He understands that language is the soul of man, and thus he engages with it spiritually, mastering it to see his own soul through it. Therefore, this research aims to demonstrate through language, similes, metaphors, and figurative language that Ibn al-\'Amid did not intend verbal artifice. We can see his soul clearly in the texts of his letters. Ibn al-\'Amid does not have a love letter from a man to a woman to court her or win her over. Instead, all his letters contain a breath of love based on spiritual elevation towards the heavens and giving not for fleeting pleasures. Hence, he portrays this spiritually through language, similes, and metaphors, setting a balance between spiritual and material comparisons. Ibn al-\'Amid painted a picture of his era, giving more than he took, and depicting love in a way that differed from all other eras, distinguishing between the love of a friend, a brother, a son, and others. He wrote all his letters in a manner that made you feel the love without seeing the word, and sense it without finding the expression. This is what we explore in the sections of this research.
D significance, enhancing our understanding of the characters, events, and central themes within the novel.

Realism is a style of writing that portrays life as accurately as possible, in the same way it occurs in the real world. It implies a belief in the objective reality of the external world and refers to the representation of reality experienced by humans in time and place. Realism presents the world as it is, not as we want it to be. The realist novel is also a picture of society with all its ugliness and beauty. In contemporary Arabic poetry, realism is the school that pays special attention to significant and vital social issues. It is important, and meanwhile, Abbas Maroufi, the contemporary Iranian writer, used the realist style in his novel \"Symphony of the Dead,\" which addresses social topics and daily life events. In this context, we intend to analyze the novel using a descriptive-analytical method and rely on realism. The results of this research reflect the dilemmas and social issues and bitter events such as birth, marriage, death, war, conflict, looting, murder, famine, suicide, class disparity, poverty, discrimination, justice, exploitation, brokerage, and gambling in this novel.

The center represents the major powers that dominate society, and it can be called the elite class. In fact, the center and the margin constitute a striking presence in Andalusian poetic discourse, as it is due to the circumstances in which it was produced, and the mobilization goals that were intended for it, as it is the quiet media directed in the service of the authoritarian elites, until it became a door of its centrality, in which it tried to spread intellectual deception to the recipient of the discourse, such as showing the uniqueness of the class elites in characteristics, or in lineages, to form a superior center, which requires that the other become a margin.

The problem of addiction to alcoholic beverages and the economic, political, and social effects of alcohol and its connection to problems such as poverty, crime, and disease have been of interest to a large number of reform movements, especially those led by the Protestant Church. Because of this importance, this topic was chosen for study in order to shed light on the development of the temperance movement in the United States, until it was led by the National Anti-Saloon League, which was founded in 1895, and its most prominent successes in the approval of the Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution in 1918, and to reveal the reasons for this success, which many at the time considered unattainable due to the spread of drinking alcohol in all American states and within the social fabric of American society. The League\'s organizational style and tactics, such as its focus on the liquor trade, not its drinkers, in order to gain everyone\'s support and its focus on the legislative aspect of imposing prohibition, as well as the fact that the League\'s activity coincided with the reformist mood of the United States at the beginning of the twentieth century, and its reformist goals were unified, The events of World War I (1914–1918) and its developments played an important role in the prohibition of alcohol under the Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution.

After Texas declared its independence in 1836, its residents decided for internal and external reasons to establish an independent republic. Since the first days of their independence, the residents of Texas sought to join the American Union in search of security, protection, and many other advantages that would be achieved for them if they joined the United States of America, which is what eventually happened in 1846 during the reign of President Anson Jones.
This event added enormous strategic and economic benefits to the American Union, in addition to being a natural extension of the borders of the United States of America and its continental presence, and the wealth and advantages it possessed, which enabled it to strengthen its presence and global position.

((The historical roots of geographical scientific development among Arab scholars in the fourth century AH)) summarizes the roots of scientific development that began with the emergence of the human mind that provided humanity with the best and most important sciences and knowledge among Arab Muslims, which enabled them to rush towards scientific development based on Arab Islamic thought that played an important role in transferring development to the West, especially since it helped them discover modern science, starting with astronomy, mathematics, agriculture, industry and arts, which still abound in global libraries with the publication of their scientific writings and experiments and their discovery of the foundations and raw materials for the manufacture of tools, devices and measuring tools used in medicine and basic industries and their discovery of metals and utensils in ancient times, which are the basis for scientific development today, in addition to their discovery of blood circulation in the human body, and we must not forget the role of the Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them) in their leadership of scientific development, as the role of Fatima al-Zahra (peace be upon her) in sciences and knowledge emerged, and she was applying the teachings of the Holy Quran, which is the basis for all sciences And knowledge, and deriving rulings on the issue of what is permissible and what is forbidden in the industry for things that benefit humanity and not what harms it, and the role of Imam al-Sadiq (peace be upon him) in medicine and his scientific debates with the Jewish physician Janius, which made them convert to Islam and enter Islam due to the greatness of the sciences in the Holy Qur’an. Jabir ibn Hayyan was among those who innovated and excelled in the sciences during the Umayyad era and the Abbasid era. They were from the non-Arab slaves.

This study deals with the impact of the American occupation of Iraq on Iranian-Saudi relations 2003-2011, the US occupation of Iraq in 2003 and the political and security developments that followed it, had different effects at the internal and external levels due to the overlapping interests and the multiplicity of parties concerned with the Iraqi issue and related to it in one way or another, including its impact on both Iran and Saudi Arabia, the Iraqi arena witnessed important events and transformations in the post-occupation phase in 2003 until the withdrawal of US forces in 2011, the latest qualitative leap in The course of Iranian-Saudi relations, after Iran\'s growing influence in Iraq and achieving geopolitical, security and economic gains, which provoked reactions from Saudi Arabia, which is also looking forward to playing an influential role in the political arena in Iraq, in a way that preserves a degree of prestige and influence to compete with Iran and obstruct its political project in Iraq and thus in the Arab region, and thus the occupation of Iraq and the fall of its regime have become a reason for the return of Iranian-Saudi regional conflict and competition in the region.

The aim of this study is to estimate the extent of erosion and sedimentation in the Baidoa Basin, using the (geomorphic change detection-GCD) model. In the GIS environment, it is a geomatic model to measure the extent of erosion and sedimentation spatially. The model relies on two different periods to extract results based on the digital elevation model. Two periods were relied upon in this study: (2002, 2022) with a time interval of 21 year. Accordingly, the study showed, according to the outputs of the (GCD) model, that the volume of erosion reached (1134743 m3) over an area of (43443.59 m2), while the area exposed to deposition reached (53644.83 m2). With a volume of up to (821,397 m3). According to previous results, (53.01%) of the basin area was exposed to erosion during the study period, while the area of the area exposed to the sedimentation process reached (41.79%) of the total area of the basin. A percentage (9.8%) of the pelvic area was not subjected to the two operations, according to the results of the model.

The research aims to highlight the practical possibilities through which we can understand the transformation of electric power services in the city of Kut and how these services can evolve from traditional to smart ones, aligning with smart cities. It also seeks to find a strategy to solve problems by applying all components of intelligence. Moreover the study endeavors to shed light on the indicators that enable the transformation of the city of Kut into a smart city and to compare these indicators with those of other cities to determine whether the city can achieve transformation across its energy services. The study uses data and reports to measure these indicators and establish a database to assess the city's performance and compare it with smart cities. Given that standards and indicators are continuously developing and are updated annually, this study uses the most commonly employed standards, ISO 37120 and ITU-T Y.4903. By comparing data with those of foreign cities like London and Arab cities like Amman, the capital of Jordan, and Riyadh, the capital of Saudi Arabia, the study concludes that energy usage in the city, including both electric and clean energy, lacks adequate attention. This conclusion is based on data showing that the per capita share is low, power outages are frequent, and renewable energy projects such as solar energy, which had been implemented in the city, are not adequately maintained due to their very high costs. Similarly, wind energy projects are only at the study phase, requiring activation by local and central governments due to their importance for the city and governorate. The key recommendations include focusing on creating alternatives to thermal energy, investing in renewable energy, and developing strategic plans and providing financial allocations to create the appropriate groundwork for these services, which would reduce pollution and increase job opportunities.

Nowadays, drug addiction is no longer limited to the use of these criminal substances, whether natural or chemical substances. Rather, modern technological development and the resulting development in all different aspects, including the criminal aspects, have created a modern pattern of drugs, as the attention of gangs and mafia has turned to Cybercriminals design a new type of drug in a digital form called (digital drugs), taking advantage of the absence of a legal text that places this digital drug in the circle of permissibility and decriminalization that helps in its spread and circulation without partial responsibility on those who trade it or use it.

The issue of basic rights is considered one of the central issues worthy of in-depth and comprehensive study, as these rights are the true measure of the degree of democracy of the political system. They express the true facade of the system and how it relates to freedom, equality, and participation in political life, and the degree of compatibility or inconsistency of democratic ideals. There is no freedom without justice, no justice without participation, and no participation without freedom, because political tyranny is the main reason for the reduction or absence of the basic rights and freedoms of the individual. Internationally and constitutionally, individuals have the right to political life.
Civil and political rights are basic rights recognized by most constitutions around the world, and their scope narrows or expands according to the degree of democracy or regime dominance. In terms of popular sovereignty, the state is not limited to including texts related to civil and political rights in its constitution, but rather strives to establish guarantees for the exercise of civil and political rights, and guarantees that prevent the waste of these rights as much as possible.
The research aimed to reveal knowledge of the concept of rights and freedoms, as well as ensuring rights and freedoms related to the human self.
To achieve the research, the researcher identified in the first section the basic elements of the research, which are the research problem, its importance, its objectives, and defining its terminology. As for the second section, it dealt with ensuring human rights and freedoms, and concluded the research with a conclusion that included the results and recommendations of the research.

There are many meanings for the word “salt” to diversify investment, which is characterized by an economic nature. However, economic schools of thought and the leader of society can do so, because the term is specific. It means “fruit,” which is a type of money, and the meaning of “invested” is growth and increase. In the general situation, it is included in money in its various forms, as well as on For example, it is suitable for most images that have a physical nature, and this term has many types.

The criminal liability of a public employee is reflected in his legal status as a public employee، whether a civil or military employee. When a criminal case is filed against him، the employer may withdraw his hand from work if the public interest requires that، or his hand may be withdrawn from work by force of law when the ruling is issued. By imprisoning him. In this last case، a portion of the imprisoned employee’s salary will be deducted، and the period of imprisonment will be counted as part of that employee’s service. This may affect the imprisoned employee’s entitlement to promotion in accordance with the controls contained in the relevant law.
The issuance of a final penal ruling convicting the employee may not result in the termination of his employment relationship، but it may be a reason for imposing a disciplinary penalty on him if the committed crime reveals the convicted employee’s violation and negligence in his job duties. This final penalty may amount to termination of service in accordance with The provisions of administrative responsibility and the authority of the employer to assess this، but the most serious impact of the penal ruling is that over which the administration does not have discretionary authority، as it will be imposed by force of law if its cause is achieved.
The research aimed to reveal the impact of the public employee’s acquittal on his disciplinary and civil responsibility and the validity of the acquittal.
To achieve the research، the student identified in the first section the basic elements of the research، which are the research problem، its importance، its objectives، and the definition of its terminology. As for the second section، it dealt with the impact of the acquittal of the public employee on his job association and the validity of the acquittal ruling. The research concluded with a conclusion that

The aim of this research is to review the perceptions of experts and practitioners of their ethics in the public relations profession and to identify the standards that support ethical behavior that leads to commitment not only to all legislation, laws, regulations and customs, but also to fair and honest competition, honest communication, and not causing harm to Institution and audience.
The problem of our research lies in answering a main question: What public relations practices do experts and practitioners consider morally acceptable or unacceptable?
The research aims to study the international ethical standards (institutional, organizational, and personal) that affect the practice of the public relations profession.
The descriptive approach was employed by the researcher through the adoption of two tools in the practical aspect :
1set is the scale tool for public relations practitioners with (30) practitioners, 2nd tool: the in-depth interview with public relations experts with (10) experts.
This research reached a conclusion that there is a significant impact of the three standards on ethical practices, as the coefficient of determination (R2) reached (96%), which means that the change in ethical practices is due to the change in the three standards by (96%), and less than (4%) as a result of other variables, also the slope of the regression line of (0.85) indicates that a change in the standards by one degree out of three degrees leads to a change of (0.85) degrees in ethical

The study aims to identify the use of artificial intelligence methods in the field of journalism and its reflection in the professional practice of Iraqi journalists. The researcher adopted the descriptive survey approach of the research community represented by the practitioners of journalistic work in Iraqi journalistic bodies. From department heads, editorial directors, editors and deputy editors, editorial secretaries and experienced journalists, in view of this, the researcher designed the formquestionnaire surveying the views of a purposive sample. (120), the results of the study showed that the use of artificial intelligence in the field of journalism is of great importance, and the technology "Management of journalistic content" is one of the most important technologies Artificial intelligence can be used in journalism. Finally, the researchers agree that the teaching courses on the applications of artificial intelligence in journalism in the facultyand media departments is one of the most important proposals supporting the use of artificial intelligence methods in journalism. The researcher also recommends the need to include artificial intelligence methods in the curricula of schools and media departments, and to train students to properly handle these modern technologies.Rephrase.

Our present study sought to determine the role of sports journalism in fostering a culture of positive encouragement among fans of sports clubs, and also to identify the importance of sports journalism in changing the wrong behavioral patterns among sports fans. The central research question was formulated as follows: What is the role of sports journalism in fostering a spirit of sound encouragement among fans of sports clubs? To address this question, the researcher employed the descriptive survey method, deemed suitable for the topic at hand. A questionnaire was distributed among a sample of 50 fans from Al-Kut Sports Club to fulfill the research objectives. The findings indicated that sports journalism plays a significant role in cultivating a spirit of sound encouragement among sports club fans, with 58% of respondents affirming this contribution. The results also reached that sports journalism contributes to developing cognitive and cultural awareness among sports club fans as the percentage of the yes category reached 48% of the total sample size.

The study aimed to identify the extent to which the International Society for Technology in Education (ISTE) standards are available among the principals of government schools in the Directorate of Education in South Hebron. A descriptive approach was used, and a questionnaire was developed based on the ISTE standards for educational leaders. The study sample consisted of 80 principals selected using simple random sampling. The results showed that the availability of ISTE standards among the principals in South Hebron's Directorate of Education was high. The System Designer domain ranked first, followed by the Visionary Planner, Empowering Leader, Equity and Citizenship, and the "Continuous Improvement and Professional Growth" domain ranked last. There were no statistically significant differences in the means of the availability of ISTE standards among the principals based on gender, educational qualification, or years of experience. The study recommended a set of recommendations.

The research aimed to study financial technology in terms of its concept, stages of development, importance, and the steps that banks follow to introduce this technology into their activities and use it in providing banking services to customers. The research also aimed to study the components of financial technology in the banking sector, its characteristics, and what are the advantages that banks achieve from using financial technology. How were banks able, through the use of technology, to provide new services to their customers.
The researcher used the descriptive and analytical approach in collecting data on financial technology in Arab countries, and the experience of Egypt and Kuwait in this field was reviewed. The study attempted to answer a set of questions related to financial technology and its impact on traditional banking services and on the type of other services provided by banks, what is the impact of this technology on the volume of banking work, and what is the reality of Arab countries in the field of financial technology. The study concluded with a set of results, the most important of which are: Modern financial technology helped develop the traditional banking services that banks provided to their customers. This technology also helped innovate new financial services that meet the needs and desires of customers and help reach the broadest segment of customers. The study also reviewed the experience of Kuwait and Egypt in this field.

This paper examines the strategies adopted in the translation of L’Engles’s: A Wrinkle in Time. The study will concentrate on the difficulty young readers face while reading the translated texts and possible solutions. Fourteen examples will be qualitatively analyzed using Mona Baker’s (1992) model for understanding the choices the translator made and how effective they were. The study analyses the use of polyglossia in literature and its effect on readers. The paper considers how the intent of the author in the novel is supported by its multilingual element. It is stressed that the effectiveness associated with a text lies in its alignment with understanding the context of the text which enhances its communicative intent and overall impact.

Culture- specific terms are problematic in translation as they are normally laden with a host of cultural associations and contextual components which render them challenging and difficult to translate. Hence, the current research attempts to identify and address this problem through a quantitative and a qualitative analysis of the research sample`s renderings of Arab headdress articles` terms (AHDATs) into English. The research sample consists of 25 4th grade translation students in translation department / Faculty of Arts / Wasit university. Each student is asked to translate sentences containing such terms in order to assess their renderings. The researcher designed a 10-item translation test and students are asked to translate them based on the knowledge and experience they have obtained. Later, the translations are collected to be scrutinized and analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively so as to identify the frequency of usage and the rate of occurrence of different renderings. This would assist in figuring out the types of problems faced and what remedies and solutions can be suggested for improving their performance. Likewise, the study attempts to figure out the erroneous translations and shortcomings in the rendering of them. It is concluded that Iraqi translation departments` students lack sufficient knowledge and practice on the topic and that this can be addressed through including sufficient material and theorization illustrating the techniques and strategies proposed by theorists in dealing with culture – specific terms as well as exposing students to texts containing this kind of terms.

The research aimed to explore the effect of the communicative approach on developing Iraqi Learners' English communication skills. Sixty-two Iraqi learners who were studying English language in the 6th preparatory class at Palistain Preparatory School, Anbar at the academic year 2022-2023, were chosen as a sample of the current research. The pre-test and post-test were utilized as an instrument of the study. A pre-test was conducted, and the sample was divided into two groups: the experimental group, which was taught the English language using the communicative approach, and the second group, which was taught the English language using the traditional method. Both groups were taught the contents of grammar for the 6th preparatory school. After the experiment, a post-test was conducted to collect data. The results revealed that the experimental group obtained better marks than the control group in post-tests for communication skills. Therefore, the research recommends that policymakers and English teachers are recommended to use the communicative approach as the best method for teaching communication skills in the new Iraqi curriculum.

The research aimed to explore the effect of the communicative approach on developing Iraqi Learners' English communication skills. Sixty-two Iraqi learners who were studying English language in the 6th preparatory class at Palistain Preparatory School, Anbar at the academic year 2022-2023, were chosen as a sample of the current research. The pre-test and post-test were utilized as an instrument of the study. A pre-test was conducted, and the sample was divided into two groups: the experimental group, which was taught the English language using the communicative approach, and the second group, which was taught the English language using the traditional method. Both groups were taught the contents of grammar for the 6th preparatory school. After the experiment, a post-test was conducted to collect data. The results revealed that the experimental group obtained better marks than the control group in post-tests for communication skills. Therefore, the research recommends that policymakers and English teachers are recommended to use the communicative approach as the best method for teaching communication skills in the new Iraqi curriculum.

The Gaza War has been significantly influenced by victimization narratives. Israel portrays itself as a victim in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, while possessing superior military might. Fake news can have a big impact on global public opinion, whether it is deliberately propagated or happens accidentally. It influences public support, impacts policy decisions, and adds to the conflict's ongoing nature. Ten Israeli storylines that were included in news articles, TV shows, and social media platforms between June 6, 2017, and February 15, 2024, were examined by the researcher using a mixed method using a frame semantic model. By identifying the frame semantics of victimization narratives, observers might lessen the likelihood of negative outcomes and better assess the objectives of reporters. Fillmore's frame semantics (1977b) has been demonstrated to be present in the Israeli victimization narrative through both qualitative and quantitative study. It's been discovered that Israeli narratives have different types of Victimization, and the most frequent types are political, terrorist, humanitarian, ethical, and religious.

The current study explores the relationship between social identity and stylistic features in the context of contemporary feminism with reference to gender, race, and class variables. Although many studies have been conducted concerning the concept of feminist language, the relationship between social identity and linguistic features has not received enough attention, which is why the present study aims to identify the specific strategies that are used to address the goals of feminism. This research seeks to fill this gap through an analysis of twenty-four contemporary Feminist texts in articles, speeches and social media posts. Employing socio-stylistic eclectic approach, the research analyses the patterns of stylistic elements in various media contexts and analyses how such elements work with the audience as well as embody different social roles. The results of the study advance the theoretical macro-socio-linguistic paradigm of socio-stylistics by identifying the link between language and social status. In addition, the study is helpful for the leaders of feminism to know how language can be utilized in a constructive manner to advance the cause of feminism.

This article aims to examine the portrait of Arab characters in Layla Halaby's Once in a Promised Land. This study focuses on the situation of the Arab Muslim protagonist of Once in Promised Land by Halaby, a postcolonial literary masterpiece addressing the topic of Muslim Arabs in the United States following the horrific terrorist assault of 9/11, the portrait that the researcher intends to show in this article. The study attempts to shed light on how Muslim Arabs were seen in America following the event. It provides insight into the main protagonists, Salwa and Jassim from Jordan, who stand in for Arab Muslims who have chased the American dream but have discovered a different kind of reality by following this dream. The study also discusses the state of Arab American literature related to the Halaby's novel Once in Promised Land and other research on the idea. The researcher endeavors to provide a lucid analysis of the Arab and Muslim characters’ portrayal in Halaby's Once in Promised Land. It is noted that the pair is not religiously inclined, yet because of their race and innate culture, the Western world has a skewed perception of them. The research findings revealed that the American novelists purposely reflected dark aspects of the Arab Muslim characters so as to show to the world that Islam is a religion that propagates oppression and violence. As a conclusion, the study proposes a framework of the portrayal of the Arab Muslim characters conceptualized by the post-colonial perspective as a method. It is recommended that future research examines the reliability and authentication of the respective American novels that have distorted the Arab Muslim identity.

In recent years, the hijab has transcended its traditional religious significance to become one of the most contentious topics in Western societies. The controversies surrounding the hijab have invoked associations with fear, terrorism, and coercion, contributing to a negative perception of Islam. This study aims to analyse the textual characteristics of references to the hijab in political discourse, focusing on the power dynamics and ideological constructs evident in political speeches. Employing a qualitative research approach, this study utilizes Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) through Fairclough’s three-dimensional framework (1989, 2001) to examine the representation of the hijab in political rhetoric. The findings indicate that politicians use varied linguistic strategies to refer to the hijab, often conveying underlying ideologies and implicit messages through specific pronouns and lexical choices, such as expressions denoting personal beliefs, hostility, or animosity. The study also reveals the strategic use of both formal and informal language, with formal language aligning with the context of official discourse, while informal language is employed to express personal viewpoints. Ideologically, the discourse is grounded in secular perspectives and reflects specific political attitudes.