Journal of International studies

The Journal of International Studies, which is issued by the Center
for Strategic and International Studies at the University of Baghdad,
is considered one of the most important scientific periodicals
specialized in political science in Iraq and the Arab World.
This is due to its long history and continuity and the diversity of
researches and articles published in it . This research attempted to
analyze the content of this Journal since its first issuance in 1995,
up to the publish No. 83, which was issued in October 2020 .

Political life in Yemen began in 1990 with the unification of
the tow parts of the country and the declaration of the Yemen
Republic in 1990 and the trend towards democracy and political
pluralism. The truth is that the beneficiaries are the only ones
without the people, as neither democracy has been practiced, nor
has unity been truly achieved.
Since the 2011, Yemen has entered into a political crisis, with
many parties at home and alliances abroad. Therefore, the study
seeks to prove that the crisis in Yemen has been complicated by
external intervention instead of solving it, and the imposition of
internal and external repercussions on the country and the region.

The study aimed to identify the phenomena of electoral
violence that accompanied Iraqi legislative elections following the
2003 events, and monitoring the influence of its findings on the
political situation in Iraq is generally. This violence has been
related to political violence, the impacts of which can be seen in
countries with low security and that are undergoing social,
economic, and political transitions. Iraq is one of the countries
where a democratic transition was accompanied with security,
social, and political difficulties, all of which influenced the process'
outcomes. One of the roots of these difficulties is electoral violence.

The Ukrainian crisis has lasted for several years, albeit
intermittently. For more than eight years, the Donbass region in
southeastern Ukraine is witnessing a violent armed conflict
between government forces and local forces backed by Russia. He
led the West to intervene to protect Ukraine from sliding towards
Russia and its aggression, as it did in the Crimea region in 2014, so
there were renewed fears of a possible Russian invasion of Ukraine,
a warning issued by Western countries represented by Europe and
the United States of America that Moscow is planning to invade
Ukraine, and this may happen At any moment, therefore, it worked
to move the military forces of NATO towards the Baltic Sea, and
this is what Moscow considered a direct threat to its national
security.
Because of the presence of NATO close to its borders with Ukrainian territory

Russian-European relations have been characterized by
tension and complexity in several areas, politically, economically
and security-wise, both of which are advanced forces in the
international system that seek to maximize their interests and search
for a more influential and effective role in international policies and
obtain safe and stable sources of energy on the one hand, and
diversify their sources or develop their extraction on the other hand.
. Accordingly, the European Union seeks not to abandon its
relationship with Russia, especially since it is a close source of
energy supply, and Russia cannot abandon the safe and insatiable
European market to dispose of its energy resources, in addition to
European technology to develop mechanisms for its extraction, and

Changing the loyalty and affiliation of a parliamentary
representative is a phenomenon witnessed by democratic countries
and for different reasons, some of which are due to personal factors
in the representative himself, and some of them are reasons related
to the nature of the party, electoral and political system. Limitations
that can limit The freedom of the parliamentarian to change his
loyalty and party affiliation, as the multiplicity of reasons that lead
to this phenomenon . There are moral restrictions and restrictions
of a contractual or treaty nature, as well as legal reasons
(constitutional and legislative), and legal restrictions (especially
constitutional ones) are among the strongest restrictions that can
limit this phenomenon.

The topic area of that’s paper dealing with controversial
importance of normalization of relations between Sudan and Israel,
according with strategic, economic, and security benefits which can
Israel get, needless to say that Sudan have great importance
strategic site for Israel, and the normalization between Sudan and
Israel have a symbolic importance, because of summit of
Khartoum declared in 1967 The impossibility of negotiating with
Israel, or declare peaceful relations with Tel Aviv.

There are main methods of scientific research, and the
scientific researcher’s choice of the appropriate methodology for
scientific research is one of the most important rules that the
scientific researcher must rely on in order to properly prepare
scientific research. scientifically accurate. This is because
scientific research is an organized search that does not come by
chance, but rather comes as a result of the activity of the mind. It
is considered theoretical because it relies on theories for the
purposes of realizing the proportions and relationships that exist
between things, and all are subjected to testing and experiment.

The policies of the occupation played a prominent role in the
failure of the project to rebuild the state in Afghanistan. At the same
time, the occupying countries bear full responsibility for some of
these policies, such as the lack of good planning for the occupation
phase and rebuilding the state. Moreover, a large part of the failure
of these policies is due to the local and regional environments. The
political and constitutional experience and the social and cultural
reality of Afghanistan also had an important impact on the ability
of Afghan society to accept democratic ideas, as the customary and
sectarian reality is the most obvious factor in the influence of the
internal environment in the process of rebuilding the state in
Afghanistan. The political elites about the project to rebuild the
state, and it also had a negative impact on the opportunity to build
a national army .

With the issuance of the Law on Local Authorities of 2018
which emphasized the principle of administrative decentralization
and the organization of the work of local councils, the local unit
councils became the practical embodiment of the application of
administrative decentralization, but the decentralization experience
in Tunisia is incomplete and is considered partial decentralization
at the municipal level. It is worth noting that this experiment needs
to provide several ways to work on its completion and advancement
and to address the imbalances that occur in it.
Therefore, our study came to clarify the obstacles to the
implementation of administrative decentralization in Tunisia
according to all the data on the ground. This study came under the
title Obstacles to the application of decentralization, which varied
between legal, political, administrative and other obstacles.

Since the collapse of the Soviet Union at the beginning of the
nineties of the last century, regional problems have threatened the
national security of the Russian Federation, because the latter is the
largest heir (as space and influence) to the collapsed Union, and it
neighbors many independent republics such as Ukraine, which has
become the focus of attention of the West and the United States of
America. After Russia began in the first decade of the century to
gradually recover by liberating itself from dependence on the West,
and the restoration of Russia’s international standing, the axis of
problems expanded and became more complex, based on the need
to protect Russian strategic interests, and not allow the former
Soviet countries to join the Western alliances hostile to it, and here
we mean an alliance The North Atlantic and the Ukrainian issue.
On the other hand, the West, led by the United States of America,
would not stop pressuring Ukraine and motivating it to provoke
neighboring Russia in order to constantly hold the latter
accountable and isolate it internationally in light of the Russian
reactions to these provocations. What we witnessed in 2014 against
the background of Russia’s annexation of the Crimea and the
repercussions of this issue, and what we are witnessing today after
the start of the Russian military campaign against Ukraine in late
February is the best proof of that .