Al-Kufa University Journal for Biology

Covid-19 caused by Cov-2 virus first reported in February 2020 in the Najaf province, Iraq. The virus infection spread from Najaf to other provinces particularly central and southern Iraq. Based on three factors including age, gender and medical history, this surveying study carried out on 600 individual among them 269 patients in Kerbala, Iraq in 2021. In this study, seven categories were included: less than 30, 31-40, 41-50, 51-60, 61-70, 70-80, and above 80 years old. The results showed that mortality rate among age categories 41-70 years for both male and female were higher than other categories. This higher rates were found to be associated mainly with people who were suffering from a previous health problems. The mortality rate was found 0.69% in people with history of other diseases compared to the counterparts with no history 0.31%. The age and gender were also considered in this investigation. The statistical analysis using Z test showed no significance difference in the mortality rate between male and female. Using Chi Square testing at (p< 0.1), the results showed significances differences in the mortality rate among the age category 51- 60 years. It is a normal consequence for these ages that might be due to previous diseases history that weakening their immune system.

Carbapenems-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa mutants are disseminating around the globe. 90%-100% of P. aeruginosa isolates became Carbapenems-resistant mutants in some countries like Thailand and Brazil respectively. Finding alternative therapeutic options instead of carbapenems is the global duty of researchers and institutions. The OprD gene mutation/s has the main role in carbapenems resistance appearance in P. aeruginosa due to the decrease in the outer membrane permeability for carbapenems. Aim: This study aims to assess the antimicrobial activity of carbapenems (imipenem, and meropenem) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from hospitalized burn patients in Al-Najaf/Iraq, and the role of OprD gene mutations in the resistance. Methods and materials: 76 samples were collected from hospitalized burn patients suffering from burn wounds infections, and the identity of each cultivated microbe was confirmed by VITEK compact system 2 and further confirmation for P. aeruginosa isolates via performing molecular identification by OprD gene detection, 10/12 carbapenems resistant isolates, 1/12 sensitive, and 1/12 intermediate resistant were submitted to OprD gene sequencing by Sanger method. Result: P. aeruginosa is the major cause of burn wound infection in the burn center of Al-Najaf city, 61/76 (80%) of samples shows positive growth, 20/61 (32%) were P. aeruginosa, 13/20 of P. aeruginosa isolates (65%) were imipenem-resistant the rest 6/20 (30%) imipenem-sensitive and 1/20 (1.5%) was imipenem-intermediate-resistant, also 17/20 of P. aeruginosa isolates (85%) were meropenem-resistant the remain 3/20 (15%) were meropenem-sensitive, all carbapenems resistant sequenced isolates contained OprD gene mutations, likely
the main factor of resistance appearance and dissemination was antibiotics misuse.

The scientific field devoted the importance of studying nanotechnology, which characterizes nanoparticles and their multi-purpose functions, especially nanomedicine techniques. The review focused on newer technologies in biomedical applications as a drug vector in cancer treatment. To occupy the center stage on most of the biological vectors of drugs for the treatment of cancer. Practically, chemical treatments have harm as they target cancerous and non-cancerous cells alike, the solubility is almost non-existent, and the inability of chemotherapy to penetrate cancerous cells, which opens the way for this technique with clear prospects for the aforementioned purpose. The ability to selectively deliver nano-drugs to targeted cancer cells in an optimal manner and to avoid non-specific interactions with healthy cells. The current review focuses on ways to improve the size, shape, and properties of nanomaterials that can be exploited in cancer therapy. The successful treatment of nanocarriers for cancer can be designed for the future as nanotherapies.

The present study involved seven species of four genera within the family Rosaceae that are available in Kurdistan Region–Iraq: Ag. eupatoria L., Al. kurdica Rothm., Al. persica Rothm., G. urbanum L., P. lasiocarpum Boiss. et Hausskn. ex Boiss., P. sanguisorba L. (involved two subspecies: P. sanguisorba subsp. sanguisorba and P. sanguisorba subsp. muricatum (Spach) Rouy et Fouc.) and P. verrucosum Ehrenb. The objective of this study was to investigate phylogenetic relationships among the studied genera, as well as in detail pollen grains study of the species. Molecular phylogenetic of the genera were studied using nrDNA ITS and 28SrRNA regions, phylogenetic analysis was performed using maximum parsimony approach as implemented in PAUP*, Bayesian method using MrBayes program for both regions. Palynological study were studied by using Light Microscope (LM) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The results from molecular study showed that three clades of both regions with the minimum differences in the locations of the species. Furthermore, pollen grains were tri-colporate, monads with different shapes. It is concluded that the genera are divided on three tribes Agrimonieae, Potentllaea and Coluriea.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is a persistent metabolic condition illness with a rapidly rising prevalence in the entire world. The management of T2DM varies greatly across the government and industry sectors in Iraq; Using this variant brought on by unequal access to treatment. The goal of this agreement is to present uniform advice about the process of treat patients with T2DM for the initial time. while taking into account regional challenges in Iraq. A group of Iraqi internists and diabetologists from throughout the nation gave their approval to these consensus statements. The recommendation was based entirely on the most recent and current level of evidence. T2DM makes up about 90% of all diabetes cases. As a result of the reduced insulin response in T2DM, This condition is referred to as insulin resistance. In this condition, To keep glycemic control, insulin is ineffectual, which is first countered by an elevation in the synthesis of insulin; however, over time, the secretion of insulin falls, which results in T2DM.

Cryopreservation is defined as the process of preserving biological materials at a temperature
below zero, such as 80 - or 196 - in which the cellular biochemical reactions responsible for
cell death are effectively limited, and the process aims mainly "to try to maintain the viability
of cells and functional activity after a period of preservation At a temperature less than zero
Celsius, cells kept at a temperature equal to -196 degrees Celsius have a halt in the phenomenon of cellular diffusion at this point, as well as a reduction in the thermal energy
required to complete chemical reactions