Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering

Permeability determination in Carbonate reservoir is a complex problem, due to
their capability to be tight and heterogeneous, also core samples are usually only
available for few wells therefore predicting permeability with low cost and reliable
accuracy is an important issue, for this reason permeability predictive models become
very desirable.
This paper will try to develop the permeability predictive model for one of Iraqi
carbonate reservoir from core and well log data using the principle of Hydraulic Flow
Units (HFUs). HFU is a function of Flow Zone Indicator (FZI) which is a good
parameter to determine (HFUs).
Histogram analysis, probability analysis and Log-Log plot of Reservoir Quality
Index (RQI) versus normalized porosity (øz) are presented to identify optimal
hydraulic flow units. Four HFUs were distinguished in this study area with good
correlation coefficient for each HFU (R2
=0.99), therefore permeability can be
predicted from porosity accurately if rock type is known.
Conventional core analysis and well log data were obtained in well 1 and 2 in one of
carbonate Iraqi oil field. The relationship between core and well log data was
determined by Artificial Neural Network (ANN) in cored wells to develop the
predictive model and then was used to develop the flow units prediction to un-cored
wells. Finally permeability can be calculated in each HFU using effective porosity
and mean FZI in these HFUs. Validation of the models evaluated in a separate cored
well (Blind-Test) which exists in the same formation. The results showed that
permeability prediction from ANN and HFU matched well with the measured
permeability from core data with R
2
=0.94 and ARE= 1.04%.

An experimental work has been conducted on wall attachment fluidics amplifiers,
one of them to study the effect of output pressure or load on the amplifier
performance. The output load has been simulated as a piston connected to the device
output and the piston can be loaded accordingly. The results shows that the output
volume flow rate increases as the supply pressure increases under different load and
the output pressure remains constant as the supply pressure increases under constant
load.

The inhibitive power of Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) was investigated toward the
corrosion of carbon steel in 0.2N H2SO4 solution in the temperature range of 30-60˚C
and PVA concentration range of 150-2000 ppm.
The corrosion rate was measured using both the weight loss and the electrochemical
techniques. The weight loss results showed that PVA could serve as a corrosion
inhibitor but its inhibition power was found to be low for the corrosion of carbon steel
in the acidic media. Electrochemical analysis of the corrosion process of carbon steel
in an electrochemical corrosion cell was investigated using 3-Electrode corrosion cell.
Polarization technique was used for carbon steel corrosion in 0.2N H2SO4 solutions in
presence and absence of the inhibitor investigated. Electrochemical runs were done in
the PVA concentrations of 150, 1000, and 2000 ppm and temperatures of 30, 40, 50,
and 60˚C.
It was shown that the inhibition efficiency for PVA decreased with increasing
temperature at a given PVA concentration. On the other hand it was shown that at
given temperature the inhibition efficiency of PVA was increased with increasing of
PVA concentration in the corrosive acid until a PVA concentration of 2000 ppm was
reached.
The Maximum inhibition efficiency reached was about 71 % at 30ºC and 2000 ppm
concentration, calculated by the weight loss technique. It was indicated also that the
corrosion of carbon steel in 0.2N H2SO4 is highly activation controlled and inhibition
action is occurring at both anodic and cathodic sites on the metal surface.

Half of the oil production of the worldwide is a result of the water flooding project.
But the main concern of this process is mobility control of the injected fluid, because
the unfavorable mobility ratio leads to fingering effect. Adding polymer to the
injection water increase the water viscosity, therefore, the displacement will be more
stable and have a greater sweep efficiency.
Using of polymer flooding has received more attention these days. Polymer has
great potential in the Middle East region, especially in reservoir with high temperature
and salinity.
The main objective of this work is to show the effect of shear rate, salinity,
temperature, polymer concentration on polymer viscosity and determine the target
viscosity to further displacement experiments. Polymer solution was prepared with
two types of water (fresh water, brine). The reason of using two types of water is the
ability of polymer to prepare by fresh water or brine.
Results from this study show that as the shear rate increases, polymer viscosity
decreases. Also, the results show that in spite of polymer viscosity decreased with
increase in temperature and salinity, polymer (SAV 10) shows that high temperatures
have less effect on its viscosity at the same shear rate and has a salinity resistant up
200000 ppm. As polymer concentration increase, polymer viscosity increase until
reach the target concentration which can be used for displacement experiments. It was
found that the target concentration with viscosity 6.99 cp is 2000 ppm, which is
closest to reservoir viscosity

A mathematical model was proposed to study the microkinetics of esterification
reaction of oleic acid with ethanol over prepared HY zeolite catalyst. The catalyst was
prepared from Iraqi kaolin source and its properties were characterized by different
techniques. The esterification was done under different temperature (40 to 70˚C) with
6:1 for molar ratio of ethanol to oleic acid and 5 % catalyst loading.
The microkinetics study was done over two period of time each period was
examined individually to calculate the reaction rate constant and activation energy.
The impact of the mass transfer resistance to the reactant was also investigated; two
different studies have been accomplished to do this purpose.
The effect of the external mass transfer resistance was studied by exploring different
stirring speed (400 to 800 rpm). The results show that, the oleic acid conversion
increase with increasing the stirring speed until reached 600 rpm, after this rpm the
conversion doesn’t increase significantly, which mean that, the effect of external mass
transfer resistance was eliminated. The activation energy for the first period is equal
to 41.84 kJ/mol while in the second period is equal to 52.03 kJ/mol. The Thiele
modulus calculation results show that there is no effect of mass transfer on the
reaction inside the catalyst pores.

The inhibition of mild steel corrosion in 1.0M HCl by 1-propanol and the
synergistic effect of potassium iodide (KI) was investigated using weight loss and
polarization techniques in he e e e ge 3 5 matrix of Doelhert to
three factors was used as the experimental design, adopting weight loss results as it
permits the use of the response surface methodology which exploited in determination
of the synergistic effect as inhibition on the mild steel. The results were confirmed
using electrochemical polarization measurements. Experimental results showed that
the inhibition efficiency (IE%) increases with increase in concentration of inhibitor
and with increasing of temperature. The addition iodide ions to alcohol (inhibitor)
enhanced the inhibition efficiency due to synergistic effect. Potentiodynamic
polarization studies showed that the studied compound is mixed-type inhibitor
causing blocking of active sites on the mild steel surface .The adsorption of the
inhibitor and its combination with iodide ions on mild steel surface followed
Langmuir adsorption isotherm via physisorption mechanism, which was proposed
based on values of adsorption Gibbs free energy difference ΔGads. Statistically, the
multi-variable regression equation describes the behavior of the corrosion inhibition
process with high accuracy (correlation coefficient R2
between 0.974 and 1).

Nanocrystalline micro-mesoporous ZSM/MCM-41 composite was synthesized
using alkaline treatment method and two step of crystallization in poly
tetraflouroethylene (PTFE) lined autoclave. The synthesized zeolites was
characterized by X-Ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM),
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fourier
transport infrared (FTIR), and N2 adsorption-desorption (BET). It was approved that
the best results for alkaline leaching can be got with 1.5M NaOH solution. High
surface (BET) area of 630 m2
/g with pore volume of 0.55 cm3
/g has been got. AFM
reports showed a nano-level size for average particle size of 50nm

Room temperature ionic liquids show potential as an alternative to conventional
organic membrane solvents mainly due to their properties of low vapour pressure, low
volatility and they are often stable. In the present work, the technical feasibilities of
room temperature ionic liquids as bulk liquid membranes for phenol removal were
investigated experimentally. In this research several hydrophobic ionic liquids were
synthesized at laboratory. These ionic liquids include (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium
bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide[Bmim][NTf2], 1-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bis
(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide[Hmim][NTf2], 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium bis
(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide[Omim][NTf2],1‐butyl‐1‐methylimidazoliumhexafluor
ophosphate[Bmim][PF6],
1‐hexyl‐1‐methylimidazoliumhexafluorophosphate[Hmim][PF6], 1-butyl-1-
methylpyrrolidinium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide[Bmpyr][NTf2], and 1-octyl3-methyl imidazolium tetra fluoroborate[Omim][BF4].
The distribution coefficients for phenol in these ionic liquids were measured at
different pH values and found to be much larger than those in conventional solvents.
Through the values of the distribution coefficients and the experiments that were
conducted on bulk liquid membrane applying various types of prepared ionic liquids,
1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide was selected as the
best ionic liquid which gave the highest extraction and stripping efficiencies.
The effect of several parameters, namely, feed phase pH(2-12), feed
concentration(100-1000 ppm), NaOH concentration(0-0.5M), temperature (20-50oC),
feed to membrane volume ratio (200-400ml/80ml ionic liquid) and stirring speeds(75-
125 rpm) on the performance of the choosen ionic liquid membrane were also studied.
The preliminary study showed that high phenol extraction and stripping efficiencies
of 97% and 95% respectively were achieved by ionic liquid membrane with a
minimum membrane loss which offers a better choice to organic membrane solvents.

This research presents a new study in kinetics under reactive distillation by using
consecutive two – step reaction : the saponification reaction of diethyl adipate with
sodium hydroxide solution . The distillation process takes the role of withdrawing the
intermediate product (sodium monoethyladipate SMA) which otherwise converts to
the final product of low purity.The effect of three parameters were studied through a
design of experiments applying 23
factorial design. These parameters were : the mole
ratio of DA to NaOH solution (0.1 and 1) , NaOH solution concentration (3 N and 8
N) , and batch time (1.5 hr. and 3.5 hr.) . The conversion of DA to sodium
monoethyladipate(SMA)(intermediate product) was the effect of these parameters
which was detected .The results showed that increasing mole ratio of DA to
NaOHsolution increases the conversionto a maximum value within the range of
study.The effect of NaOH solution concentration decreases the conversion to a
specified value within the range of study . The effect of batch time on conversion was
decreasing the conversion to a specified value within the range of study . The
maximum attainable conversion within the studied range of parameters was eighteen
fold of thebase case.Reaction rate constant k and the order of reaction n of first
reaction weredetrminedusing the differential method . The study attempted to
determine n and k under the maximum conversion condition obtained in this system
which corresponds to : feed mole ratio of diethyl adipateDA to NaOH solution of
0.3,NaOH solution concentration of3 Nandtime of1.5 hr.The study showed that the
reaction order was 1.5and reaction rate constant was 0.8m
3
/kmol.s at a temperature of
100°C