Journal of Kufa legal and political science

Countries differ in how they manage their territory due to several factors that differ from one country to another: political, historical, economic and social factors. There are countries that want to strengthen the central authority and make the administrative function in its hands, due to the political ideology of the authority or because of fears of dividing the state that includes different minorities. There are countries that want to grant some independence to parts of the state's territory and enable the local population to manage their affairs themselves. This is due to political reasons in the first place, in addition to administrative reasons related to the good management of public facilities, as well as economic and social reasons that play a role in this.

The subject of conflict of laws is one of the most important subjects of private international law, and it is the core of this law, and other subjects are only attached to it and complementary to it. Determining the jurisdiction of the court that considers the dispute regarding the legal relationship that includes a foreign element, or what is called international judicial jurisdiction, is the first stage in the process of conflict of laws, and it has an effective impact on all stages of this process. This matter requires clarifying the aspects of this impact in the various stages, and before it, we present the nature of conflict of laws and international judicial jurisdiction in the first section, while the second section is devoted to the effect of international judicial jurisdiction on conflict of laws

The legal responsibility and its effects arising from negligence were not only the product of the adoptions of Islamic law - in origin and effect - but they are also synchronous with ancient laws, whether they are Iraqi, Egyptian, Greek and Roman, or the Christian and modern laws in their heavenly aspect, and the same is the case in modern and comparative positive legislations such as Egyptian and Lebanese in their penal laws, and modern Iraqi legislations. With this hint, we can explore the importance of (1) in the Ottoman or Baghdadi penal code - in terms of attention, theory and application - in a way that deserves a comprehensive study of it.

What appears at first glance is that positive law preceded Islamic law in theory and application - in terms of ruling, conditions and impediments - and the fact is that the resources of generalities and absolutes, especially on the statement that the law includes all the actions of those charged directly, or even on, so it is Covering the materials in a manner other than (2) imposing delivery as agreed upon

Administrative and financial corruption is a disease in the body of society, as it hinders development efforts and limits investment from the economic side, and also affects the political side, i.e. it weakens democracy and the transfer of power in the absence of transparency. How many countries have failed to achieve economic and social growth due to the spread of corruption in the wheels of power, despite the availability of the elements of growth sometimes, such as natural resources? It also harms institutions and establishments that play a fundamental role in the development of various economic sectors due to the absence of fair competition and absolute transparency in transactions and the lack of equality. Corruption occurs when the public sector deals with the private sector, whenever the official has the authority to distribute a benefit or cost to the private sector. Bribery incentives are generated based on the size of the benefits and costs under the control of officials. In return, individuals and private companies are willing to pay in order to obtain these benefits or avoid costs. The research topic will address the concept of corruption, the causes of corruption and its repercussions, the overall effects of corruption, the comprehensive challenges of corruption, and the reality of corruption in Iraq.

It is accepted that crime has been committed since ancient times, as it began with the beginning of humanity, and when crimes are committed, they are committed for multiple reasons, and this is what scientists have tried to explain by developing theories that explain the perpetrator's decision to commit crimes. These theories explain the factors that led to the emergence of the criminal phenomenon and attribute them to either biological reasons, such as the "Lombroso" theory, which distinguishes the criminal with his special characteristics that differ from others in terms of his physical appearance (such as the irregularity of his skull, the density of hair on his head, his narrow forehead, the size of his jaw, etc.), and from a psychological perspective (such as his weak sense of pain and his lack of feeling of shame). According to this theory, the criminal is a criminal, and other theories, such as the "Basse", "Tournet" and "Dele" theories, which (1) by nature, i.e. since birth, attribute the cause of violent crime to an organic defect in the base of the brain, which is concentrated There are many reasons for this: (1) psychological and biological processes, and its separation from the advanced centers of the cerebral cortex. (2) Social, such as the theory of "social disintegration" by the American scientist "Thorsten Sellin", which states that the criminal phenomenon increases in civilized societies where social ties are weakened, and the theory of factors (3) and the difficulty of life that an individual lives in the city compared to rural life. (4) Economic, which explains the criminal phenomenon by linking the prevailing economic conditions with criminal behavior. One of the most prominent pioneers of this theory is the Dutch scientist "William Adrian Bunge", who tended to explain the criminal phenomenon on the basis that it is a social phenomenon, linked to certain economic factors, and he went like the rest of the supporters of this trend. (5) To the fact that the capitalist system is the factor causing criminal behavior.