Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences

An experimental study on a passive solar distiller in the Tikrit city on (latitude line"34 36o
north, longitude line "45 43o east), and purpose of that study to raise the efficiency and
productivity of the solar distiller. And then design the monoclinic solar distiller and add reflector
plate and a solar concentrate. The Practical tests were conducted at a rate of every half-hour
from the beginning of February to the beginning of the month of June. The study began by
comparing the solar distiller that contain the concentrates and without contain it. Then study the
influence of adding coal and chemical solutions, like blue Thymol solution and blue
bromophenol solution to see the additions effect on the productivity and efficiency of distiller,
and also The study was conducted to see the effect of the water depth on the productivity of
distiller with take four water depths within the basin are (2,1.5,1,0.5) cm of water. The tests were
conducted in weather conditions close. and the results of the study, That distilled added his
concentrates improved its productivity by 46% and efficiency increases 43% with non-use of
concentrates, and coal increased efficiency by 36% and productivity improved up to 38%, the
addition of blue Thymol solution increases the efficiency by 19% and productivity by 16%, as
well as bromophenol solution increase productivity by 23% and improve efficiency by 25%,
when comparing the additions found that the best one is coal. Through the study of the depth of
the water show that increases productivity and efficiency by reducing the depth of the water in
the basin distiller.

This research reviews a statistical study to check the conformity of aggregates (Coarse
and Fine) was used in Kirkuk city to the requirements of the Iraqi specifications. The data of
sieve analysis (215 samples) of aggregates being obtained from of National Central
Construction Laboratory and Technical College Construction Laboratory in Kirkuk city have
analyzed using the statistical program SAS. The results showed that 5%, 17%, and 18% of fine
aggregate samples are passing sieve sizes 10 mm, 4.75 mm, and 2.36 mm, respectively, which
were less than the minimum limit allowed by the Iraqi specifications for each sieve. The
percentages passing sieve sizes 1.18mm, 600micrometers, and 300micrometers were more
than the upper limit of specification by 5%, 20%, and 30% respectively. The samples were
passing sieve sizes 1.18mm, and 600micrometers less than the minimum limit of specification
by 17%, and 4%, respectively. The results showed that the deviation in a sieve size of 150
micrometers for the upper limit of the specification performs 2% of the total number of samples.
For Coarse aggregate, the samples passing sieves size 37.5mm and 20mm were comforting
the Iraqi specifications by 100% and 83% respectively, it has found that the samples were
passing sieve sizes 10mm was 5% was more than the higher limit of Iraqi specifications, and
27% of these samples were less than the minimum limit, whereas sample passing sieve size
5mm was 1% which is more than the upper limit of the Iraqi specification. As a result of
statistical analysis of data for fine aggregate, it has found that the samples were passing sieve
sizes 10mm, 2.36mm, 1.18mm and 150micrometers conforming from statistical point of view the
Iraqi specifications, whereas the samples were passing sieve sizes 4.75mm, 600micrometers
and 300 micrometers didn’t conform. Statistical analysis of the results of the coarse aggregates
also showed that conforming to sieve sizes of 37.5mm and 20mm and didn’t conform for sieve
sizes 10mm and 5mm.

Copper metal has excellent thermal and electrical properties. It is suitable to use in many
applications but it possesses relatively high friction and wear rate, So this research aimed to
improve the behavior of the wear and reduce friction as well as mechanical and physical
properties through the preparation of composite material with a copper as a metal matrix
reinforced with graphite who works solid lubricant for the purpose of use in many applications
such as electric brushes, mechanical sliding bearings, and other applications that require
excellent thermal and electrical conductivity as well as low wear behavior.
Adoption of powder metallurgy technique used copper as the metal matrix with 99.7%
purity and ( ≤ 63 μm) particle size reinforcing with graphite 99.8% purity and (≤ 63 μm) particle
size to prepare the (Cu-10% graphite) composite, Since they were mixing the percentages of
the samples in the mechanical blender for 30 min. and then pressed the mixing in cold uniaxial
pressing at different pressure of (600,700,800,900,1000) MPa and sintering at 900 oC for one
hour.
The result has shown that both bulk and apparent density increasing with increase the
amount of pressure. The true and apparent porosity decreasing with increasing the pressure.
This study found that the water absorption proportional with porosity and ranged between
0.711% and 0.28%. Also this result appeared the composite hardness proportional with
increases the pressure Which in working to reduce wear rate. The microstructures used to
promote and interpret the results.

Formation and movement of sand dunes could be considered the most important problems that
safer and destroy agricultural lands, domestic and industrial buildings. These dunes finally form
a desertification state. The hard climate as high temperature and reduction in rainfall are the
main factors affecting on this formation. This practical study is a trial to solve this problem
through addition and covering the dunes by local material. Hydrated lime was used in this work,
the lime was mixed with water in different ratios and covered a hills of sand. Three ratios of lime
were selected to cover three sand hills with diameter 100 cm and height 50cm. The thickness of
the lime layer is 6cm and covered all the hill. The hills were lifted for a year under the natural
circumstances of sun shine, winds, rainfall and temperature. Results indicated that the hills were
fixed and no sand were blown from dunes. Furthermore, some natural plants have been grown
over them.

Study the possibility of utilization of waste tires rubber ash (WTRA) as a low-cost
adsorbent and are available as a type of solid waste for the removal of copper ions from
industrial wastewater. Depending on batch adsorption experiments, the effect of different
parameters including pH, adsorbent dosage WTRA, contact time, initial concentration of the ion
and shacking speed were studied. Results showed that the highest removal Cu+2 ions was
97.8% at pH equal to 6, 120 min contact time, dose WTRA 1.5 g/L, shacking speed 150 rpm.
The experimental data were analyzed using the Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models
showed great compatibility with Langmuir model (R2=0.923). Adsorption kinetics was studied
and the data was showed agree with Pseudo-first-order equation where the value of
(kt=0.5115/min). The study also showed the possibility of using WTRA efficiently as adsorbent
and low cost in the removal of copper ions from industrial waste water.

In this research, we studied the effect of hydrodynamic action in peristaltic pump of blood
gases analyzer ABL 555 which made by (Radiometer-Copenhagen), by using theories of
tribology and Reynolds equation on performance of blood film convergence area, we analyzing
the influence of theoretical model for peristaltic pump (consist of steeper motor and 4 cylindrical
bearings distributed on circular disc) rotating around capillary tube, by using (MATLAB R 2012b)
programing with numerical solution of finite difference method in 5 nodes element , we fined the
blood film thickness and the pressure on contact area grid ( consist from annual and axial lines)
, then influence of viscosity of blood on pressure generated in limited temperature of ambient
and velocity of motor , and flow rate of blood in tube.
The important conclusions appear that the rotating sliding movement of motor cause low
pressure (positive) while the rolling cylindrical rollers of bearings cause high pressure (negative)
which lead to push the blood in tube, that mean the direction of rotating blood opposite the direction of rotating motor of peristaltic pump, also the viscosity of blood effect on velocity of
flow and the speed of motor with bearings, and the effect of blood film thickness effect on
pressure generated in tube.

This paper deals with reusing commercially pure aluminum scrap 1100 by converting it to
aluminum-based composite reinforced material by using Iraqi silica sand. The sand is prepared
and added in weight percentage of 1% and 2%. It is grain size ranges between 50 -75 um.
Wettability of the mixture was increased by adding 2gm of pure magnesium. A special electric
mixer was used to disperse silica sand grains to support aluminum scrap melt (matrix).
Then the composite pieces were cut to samples suitable for tension, compression,
hardness, wear, impact, corrosion resistance (in sea water) and microstructure inspection. The
tests have shown that the composite has more resistance to tension, compression, hardness,
and wear than the base alloy. This is because sand particles are dispersed uniformly (uniformly
distributed throughout the cast) which hinder the movement of the dislocations slip plane. On
the other hand, the resistance to impact and corrosion (in sea water for one month) decreased
slightly. In wear resistance test, pin-on-desk was used where load, sliding speed, and slide
distance were kept constant. Microstructure inspection on the base alloy and the composite
materials were made before and after corrosion for comparison between them.

The research dealt with studying path technology to manufacture of concrete cubes
according to specification design of Iraq to the degree of concrete C20 No. 52 of 1984, and in
which sample was cubic shape and the dimensions (150 × 150 × 150) mm for each dimensions
and the proportion of mixing of the concrete is (1:2:4) using in the casting floor. For concrete
resistance required that achieve the degree of confidence of 100%, were examined
compressive strength 40 samples of concrete cubes of age 28 days in the Labs section of Civil
Department – Technical Institute of Babylon, all made from the same mixing concrete. Where,
these samples classified within the acceptable tests were adopted in the implementation of
investment projects in the construction sector. The research aims first, to measure the
compressive strength of concrete cubes because the decrease or increase the compressive
strength from specification design contributes to the failure of investment projects in the
construction sector therefore, test was classified units that produced within damaged units.
Second, to study an improvement the quality of compressive strength of concrete cubes.
Results show that the proportion of damaged cubes are 0.00685, compressive strength was
achieve confidence level 99.5% and producing of concrete cubes within the acceptable level of
quality (3 Sigma). The quality of compressive strength was improved to good level use
advanced sigma levels.

This study deals with the ability of noise isolation for some type of concrete block used in
Iraq. These materials are divided into groups and the noise isolation of these materials is tested
by a device made locally. The results of these materials are compared and the following
conclusions are reached: the sound isolation increases generally with the increase of the
frequency, the increase is not linear but vibrated and a relative decrease in the sound insolation
is noticed for the frequencies from 2000 Hz to 4000 Hz. The sound isolation increases with the
increase of density of the material and vice versa. The sound isolation increases with the
increase of the thickness if the density is stable. The sound isolation increases with the increase
of the thickness of gap between two layers of a material and the highest value of the loss of
sound transition corresponds a highest value of reducing of noise level. The lowest value of the
noise reduction index corresponds to the lowest value of reducing of noise level. The most
effective materials in reducing noise of the materials tested in this research are the solid
concrete block to which a layer of Sandwich panel is added. The error percentage was less than
10%, particularly at the frequencies less than 1000 Hz.

This study aimed to prepare a mixture of binary polymer composed of Epoxy resin and
Polyurethane Liquid Rubber, by ordinary mixing. Then, studying the mechanical properties
which are hardness, tensile strength, compressive strength, fluxral strength and finally impact
strength and also studying physical properties which are water absorption and thermal
conductivity for the mixture before and after submerging it with distilled water for different
durations. The base material was the epoxy resin (Quick Mast 105), with a hardener ratio of
(1:3), while the additive was the Polyurethane Liquid Rubber and a hardener ratio of (1:3), as
well. Furthermore, the weight ratio of the Polyurethane Liquid Rubber to the epoxy was 15% wt.
The results showed that the tensile and impact strengths and thermal conductivity, are
directly related with submerging duration from (0–28) day where it increase by 37.65%,
241.67%, 29.5% respectively, on the contrary to the hardness of the mixture, which decreases
by 7.35% with the duration length. The bending strength increases by 125% with the increase of the duration till it reaches a duration of 14 days, then it drops again with increase the duration of
28 days. It was found that the percentage of water absorption increased with increasing duration
of immersion (0–5) day even up to 1.65%. It was also found that the toughness of the dry
mixture is higher than the toughness of the mixture submerged with distilled water.

An experimental study on a passive solar distiller in the Tikrit city on (latitude line"34 36o
The problem of solid waste in Mosul city is one of the most important daily problems that faces
the municipal and other institutions, because it consists eight sectors and those of varied in the
people preparation, economic conditions and area, This study aimed to identify the spatial
variation of solid waste as well as the geographical distribution of bins numbers and spatial
analysis using geographic information systems. The study produced many maps of the bins
number distribution geographically using buffer tools that used to determine the area served by
a single bin, as well as the maps of the spatial analysis by Theissen polygons and IDW
methods. The study results proved the efficiency of IDW compared to Theissen polygons
method, because the analysis by polygons Theissen methods show only the capacity and
efficiency of the bin to accommodate the solid waste at the same location, as well as of the
generality and comprehensiveness at the area expense in the spatial description process unlike
the first type.

Hydroplaning is one the most dangerous phenomena which effect on the safety of driving cars on wet roads, then, the critical speed of slipping cars is an important parameter in the hydroplaning ,and depends on the properties of the following three parameters: tires, water layer and road surface. The road texture is the main property of road specifications which affect directly on the critical speed of the vehicle.
In the present work, the properties of road roughness and influence of surface texture on critical speed of vehicle are studied with variation of the following parameters: thickness and dynamic viscosity of water on the road surface and the vehicle load. The results showed that increasing the road surface roughness and the vehicle load both has a appositive influence on the critical speed (increase)of the vehicle, while increasing the dynamic viscosity and thickness of the water layer on the road surface has a negative influence on the critical speed (decrease) of the vehicle.