Al-Kufa University Journal for Biology

The aim of this reference study on the spread and distribution of various parasites was to aid in the control and treatment of these parasites and save researchers time and effort by providing them with essential and valuable information. This systematic review includes articles related to the detection of Leishmania species through molecular diagnostic methods published in Arabic and English from 2009 to 2021. From five international and local databases Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus and Iraqi Academic Journals, we extracted 35 papers that satisfied the inclusion criteria and were eligible for systematic review and meta-analysis. This systematic review attempted to answer the following question: Did Leishmania species follow a specific pattern in its geographical distribution in Iraq? The systematic review results show that Leishmania major is distributed from the northern provinces (the least prevalent) to the southern provinces (the highest prevalence). On the other hand, L. tropica follows a heterogeneous distribution pattern, which is the highest in the northern and the lowest in the southern regions. The meta-analysis shows the presence of L.major in 1226/2542 (48.23%; 95%CI 09.60-101.21) and L.tropica in 1313/2542 (51.65%; 95%CI 29.87-119.56). As a diagnostic method, most articles reported the use of conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or nested-PCR. Most of these used ITS-1 and KDNA as genetic markers. In conclusion, However, the movement of populations (immigration and displacement) among different governorates can sometimes change this distribution curve. The distribution of Leishmania species follows a specific pattern influenced by the presence of the parasite vector and climatic conditions. This pattern maintains L.tropica prevalence in the northern regions and L.major superiority in the southern regions.

Glycolipids are essential components in the most living systems cells. They can playing different roles and activities inside and outside the bilayer membrane that surrounding the cells. They consider as biosurfactants because their structure that is contain polar head groups and the other accompany part the non-polar long-chain alcohols. In this context, these bio-surfactants can found in different phases in lyotropic liquid crystalline properties and therefore, many actions that related to these phases can offer a wide-range of roles like antibacterial, antifungal anti-cancer and antenna for most recognition of the materials that affected the cell membranes

Aim: Staphylococcus aureus wound infections are the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in patients around the world, Animal models is standard tools for studying a wide range of traumatic wound infections. The present paper is aim to study the effect of Staphylococcus aureus (SA) in wound and how the innate immune system interacts with the infection , by Measure TGF-β cytokine , and there’s roles on recovery of wound. Methodology : 51 female albino Rats were used at the age of ( 6-9) week , the animals were divided in to three group (17 animal in the group) the healthy control (Group I), wound control group(Group II), and infection contamination group with SA (Group III), , To mimic clinically occurring infections caused by SA infection , excision wound were made on dorsal side of the animals , and SA 2 × 108 (CFU)/mL were inoculated on the wound site in infection contamination group , The blood collected after 24hours post infection for three days (24, 48, 72 hours) , histopathological examination with ELISA tecinque was made for Measure TGF-β. Result :Immunological assay results of this study showed that the serum level for TGF-beta were statistical significant between different values at different time when (P ≤ 0.02).
Conclusion: TGF-β is a potent immunomodulatory that initiates and terminates tissue repair. It is released in wound areas after tissue damage by the inflammatory cell .

Tetraethyl lead TEL is an organometallic component that is added to gasoline to improve engine performance. This material is also called an anti-knock because it reduces the knocking of the engine. The engine starts to throttle if the oil in its pistons burns quickly or after a short period of time from entering it. In this study, a sensitive, simple, economical, fast and accurate, an indirect spectral analytical method has been developed using Eriochrome Black T as chelating agent without use of separation and isolation to estimate the amount of lead in the gasoline by using UV-Visible spectrophotometer instrument. The accuracy and sensitivity of the method were 99.9067 ± 0.09 and 0.0338 while the limits of detection (LOD) and qualification (LOQ) were 0.0721 and 0.2186 μg ml-1 respectively. The developed method can be applied to water, biological, environmental and fuel sample.

Recently, corrosion-inhibiting compounds have been discovered in a number of medications. In the past, corrosion inhibitors were used by researchers. Corrosion is a significant issue since it is difficult to eradicate completely. When metals interact with their surroundings, their chemical composition and physical properties change. Non-toxic antioxidants, such as organic and inorganic inhibitors, have been prohibited from use in corrosion prevention due to environmental concerns. Drugs can be utilized as corrosion inhibitors due to their minimal toxicity and impact on the environment. Corrosion inhibitors have been evaluated with a wide range of materials, including mild steel, carbon steel, and aluminum (melatonin, cephapirin and tramadol among them). By developing on the surface of mild steel, an insoluble compound has been discovered to inhibit corrosion. Because mass and charge transfer are blocked by the adsorption of modified dapsone medicine on mild steel, corrosion is inhibited. The corrosion inhibition was investigated using EFM, linear polarization resistance, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. XRD, SEM, and AFM techniques were utilized to evaluate the Metal surface morphology before to and following drug addition. Researchers discovered that expired Dapsone can be used to make a new corrosion inhibitor. According to an EIS investigation, during the inhibition phase, a charge transfer mechanism is at action. As the inhibitor concentration grew, so did the corrosion rate. Researchers used weight loss and electrochemical technologies to study the effect of cephapirin medications on carbon steel corrosion (CS). Density functional theory simulations revealed that cephapirin is an excellent carbon steel corrosion inhibitor (DFT).