AL-ADAB JOURNAL

The present study is concerned with English intensifiers as a linguistic means of intensification as a complex phenomenon. This complexity is related to the definition and classification of intensifiers. The current study has been conducted to find a very comprehensive classification of intensifiers to analyze them pragmatically in a systematic framework and get a general picture of the pragmatic functions of the intensifiers in this interview. These pragmatic functions are determined by the modification of both illocutionary force and speech acts, besides showing the effect of intensifiers on the other pragmatic functions. The purpose behind the combination of all the above models is to analyze intensifiers pragmatically in a systematic way in the present study. The aims of the study are the following;(i) investigating the frequent use of intensifiers in this political interview, (ii) investigating the pragmatic function of intensifiers, and (iii) examining how the politicians function/use the intensifiers in this political interview. According to these aims, it is hypothesized that;(i) politicians in their interviews frequently use intensifiers, (ii) investigating that English intensifiers have pragmatic functions, and (iii) they use intensifiers in their political interviews for a specific intended meaning as a way, for instance, to express the degree of their feelings, beliefs, and attitudes of persuasion, agreement or any other pragmatic functions. To achieve the aims and the hypotheses of this study, the researcher has selected Boris Johnson’s political interview to analyze pragmatically the intensifiers used by him. The intensifiers are identified depending on the classification of Quirk et al.’s (1985). Two models are adopted for the analysis of the pragmatic functions of these intensifiers to conduct a systematic pragmatic analysis. They are: (a) Bazzanella et al. (1991), Cacchiani (2009) & Holmes (1984) for the analysis of modification for; (i)illocutionary force(ii) speech acts, and (b) Urbanova (2003) for Boosting and Attenuating other pragmatic functions. According to data analysis and discussions, the study finds that interlocutors have used different types of intensifiers for various purposes. It has found that intensifiers that express the modal meaning, and those used in the content/discourse oriented are higher in frequency than other tendencies. Moreover, it has also found that the intensifiers of both types, amplifiers and downtoners, have been used to modify the dimensions of the illocutionary force of speech acts. According to the aims and the analysis models, the study is qualitatively designed based on the qualitative content analysis procedure. It was only quantitative to identify the individual and the total use of intensifiers in the interview. According to the discussion and the findings of the data analysis, the study has arrived at the following conclusions:1-The intensifiers are not only used to show the mechanism of modification, but they are also used to show the interpersonal functions such as conveying the speaker’s commitment or attitude toward the propositional content or the addressee. 2- The interlocutors use most of the intensifiers to convey the modal meaning. The modal meaning is only used to boost or attenuate the speech acts by both the speaker or the addressee. 3- Using a small number of intensifiers to convey the affective meaning by the politician is due to the fact that they cannot speak about their own private life. Their speech is actually authorized by their party and their coalition.

Studying the five sections of the pragmatic denotations - according to Levinson - It is evident that it did not include what refers to the meaning of their expressions, we proceeded to hold this study to be a sixth and complementary section to those sections, so we called it (Denotations of Meaning). The speaker’s attitude towards these meanings, and after setting the controls and limits of this new section, te researcher study it in the Qur’anic discourse, choosing (that) and its appendices as a model, indicating that this use of (that) is included in its figurative uses; Because it refers to the intangible (meanings), and the research concluded that the indicative manifestations of alienation in (that) differ according to the verbal context in which it is located; Sometimes the speaker wants to glorify, intending to urge and incite, or remind and threaten, or encourage and advise, and other times he wants to emphasize in a way of exaggeration, and another by which he wants to belittle, intending to warn, and he also concluded that its coming is identical to the addressee is meant to distance and address. Together for a deliberative intent, either to include the addressees alike, or to honor them, or to increase alertness to them as well as to others, or to include every recipient in every time and place

The city of Mosul represents the place from which Nawzat Shamdin found his characters. The novelist attempted a direct, clear, and sharp description of places and its variations. The identity of the place was the topic that the novelist dealt with as he tried to give the most accurate details about the blades, relying on the description and his extensive memory of his city. He was able to paint with his words the difficult condition that Mosul was subjected to over time.

While the significance of Abstract Expressionism in Frank O’Hara’s poetry has been widely discussed in academic research, this paper aims at exploring the role of popular culture in his poetry and the significance of Pop Art in shaping his poetic production. The paper argues that O’Hara’s employment of topics, consumer and mundane objects, and images taken from popular culture and mass media was the very means to create an unorthodox art. Such an art challenged and opposed the American elitism of high culture and good taste, the very standards by which the artistic value of a piece of art was measured.

Arabic rhetoric is divided into three parts: meanings, expression and novelty. In each of them, the strategies of presenting the speech according to the needs of the listener, the method of presenting the speech and how the arrangement of the speech is stated, respectively. Great scholars have given speeches and theories in this regard. In this research, we intend to discuss his views and theories about Safi al-Din Halli, one of the scholars of rhetoric, through descriptive-analytical methods by exploring the verses of Divan. Therefore, we will first introduce each of the rhetorical topics that this great scholar has referred to in his educational verses and then we explain Safiyya al-Din's views on it and make it clear that the purpose of this precious world in these verses is to provide opinions on each of the topics of Arabic rhetoric and education to the listener. Finally, we compare the views of other scholars of this science with him in each of the issues he has raised, who have usually offered concurrent theories, but it seems that Safiyuddin's scope of view in some cases, including the characteristics of the speaker, is wider. It is another rhetoric.

the United States of America, on the poetry of the Latin American poet, Victor Hernandez Cruz (1949 - ). The study begins with a cultural background about the Puerto Rican indigenous culture and the Puerto Rican diaspora in the City of New York. The study, then, discusses one of Cruz’s poems focusing on the ideas of alienation, nostalgia, consciousness, and bilingualism tracing his cultural adaptation throughout the process. It is concluded with the fact whether Cruz culturally adapted to the U.S. literary mainstream or not.

The research deals with the study of knowledge and its contextual significance, setting Surat Yusuf as a model, by analyzing the connotations of the knowledge contained in the surat, with an indication of the appropriate conclusions for each information according to the place in which it was mentioned.

The research deals with the study of knowledge and its contextual significance, setting Surat Yusuf as a model, by analyzing the connotations of the knowledge contained in the surat, with an indication of the appropriate conclusions for each information according to the place in which it was mentioned.

The article is critical study within the framework of the comparative method. It is an attempt to clarify the linguistic, verbal and practical meaning of the words "hajj, ibadah, hijra, zakat / zakat, voodoo, khutba, azan" in association with the rites of worship in Russian in comparison with Arabic language. It emphasizes their role in the Russian lexicon and its interaction with the rest of other foreign words in the Russian language on the material of the National Corpus of the Russian Language.

Phonemic persuasion is considered one of the methods used by poets to create persuasion in the mind of the recipient; When in their khajjat full disclosure, the poets employed the phonemic level in various aspects such as repetition, accent and others, which formed a painting that has its presence in Sicilian poetry.
The research in the field of phonological lessons requires us to delve into the midst of Sicilian poetry, which carries the climate of diversity. As a result of the conditions that surrounded it in terms of climate and nature, as well as the multiplicity of its rulers and the ages that it went through, in addition to that, the phonemic level carries many dimensions, deep in terms of objective diversity, and the overlap between its data that appear among the poets, especially the employment of repetition, or the nature of the tone, or The characteristics of intonation, or even sounds in terms of loud and whisper, and other phonemic aspects, and as such we will talk about this research in light of two papers, the first topic came under the title (repetition and its effect on persuasion), while the second topic was called (intentionality of concentration and its effect) In persuasion.

This article is devoted to identify and describe functional patterns in the Russian language. The work will present a stylistic characteristic of borrowed vocabulary, which in some cases replace the original Russian words, which in return can lead to a lack of understanding of the meaning of speech, its euphemism, in addition, it can fill some specific stylistic cliches formed by structural changes in the system of styles of the Russian language. Loanwords can contain features of literary and colloquial language.

One of the most important contemporary approaches that has a clear impact on the analysis of artistic works is the pragmatic approach; a linguistic approach that studies the relationship between linguistic activity and its users, the forms and methods of using linguistic signs and the different contexts in which the speech is made, since language is one of the most powerful tools that the sender uses to communicate his intentions to the recipient and influence him according to these purposes and to look for the factors that make the speech a clear and successful communicative message. Pragmatics has been applied in the Koran, short story, novel, poetry and theater, and in our opinion, there is no text that embodies pragmatics more than the theatrical text, due to the predominance of its dialogical nature and the fact that language is used to communicate ideas and ideologies.
In this research we ask a series of questions among which are the following:
- What is pragmatics?
- What is the nature of the relationship between the theatrical text and pragmatics?
-Are the works subject to deliberative analysis?
- How is the play analyzed according to the pragmatic approach?
-Is it possible to talk about pragmatics in theatrical discourse? Or, can pragmatics be used as a means in the study of theatrical discourse?
Pragmatics has opened new horizons for the researcher to allow him to investigate, analyze, and accurately understand language and discourse, and therefore the choice of this research, marked with: "The pragmatic aspects and their relation to theatrical discourse", for reasons that include: pragmatics is an important science, and the interest in the theatrical pragmatic dimension is modern, which aroused the desire to know it more in the field of theatrical analysis.

The purpose of this research is to study the strategies of intertextuality found in the Diwan of Wild Lilies by Yahya Al-Samawi, and to clarify its sources and forms, and differentiate between the two types of intertextuality. The direct intertextuality strategy which also includes two branches: The direct internal intertextuality, and the external direct one. The internal one means the intertextuality of phrases, structures and forms of the quatrains verses themselves whilst the external intertextuality strategy means the consistency of phrases and structures in the whole Diwan or it sometimes means the obvious influence of another poetic structure of another poet on these phrases and forms. The other type of intertextual strategies is the indirect one which means the intertextuality of ideas and meanings, templates and techniques. This type denotes the consistency of title, lines, numbers, quadrilateral templates with the text, and even the intertextuality of the used language itself.
This research leads us to an end that intertextuality is an important element of composing the quatrains in the Diwan of Wild Lilies and also of maintaining its consistency and its coherent parts. We can also conclude out of this research, that these quatrains found in Wild Lilies have derived some of its intertextual strategies from The Holy Quran, which has increased its aesthetics even more. The strategy of templates and technical intertextuality is considered as one of the most common types of intertextuality used in the quatrains of Wild Lilies, and that’s due to the deep connection existing between the textual units and their own harmonic connotations.
The language of the poet Yahya al-Samawi in his quatrains he used in Wild Lilies is considered as a highly elevated and refined language because he used rhetorical and eloquent techniques such as simile, metaphor, and metonymy. Also, it’s considered a very creative language because he used poetic tools such as counterparts, alliteration, assonance, puns and more… He used the classical language, which is a language nearer to the inimitable simplicity mixed with eloquence and full of poetic imagination, void of verbal complexity and emphasizing on the use of soft speech, and furthermore, avoiding as much as possible the use of dictionary words without allowing any linguistic displacement to take place.

The reason for presenting this work can be summarized in the following points:
1. To draw attention to the linguistic variations that make the Arabic language a richly expressive language.
2. To exhibit a sufficient amount of the differences in linguistic value and the differences in expressing a sentence in the Iraqi Arabic dialect of a literary work, written in the same dialect, under the name Frankenstein in Baghdad (FB), translated into the Spanish language .
3. To focus the light on translation errors. We will explain the reasons for this type of error and how to analyze it in the following pages. It is a common mistake that translators make, particularly when relating to an Arabic proverb or a saying of ethnic or religious origin. The opposite for parts of the classical Arabic language. Since the exact and natural meaning is found when transferring a value from standard Arabic to Castilian Spanish. It is known how to equate the term (in God we trust بمشيئة الله او توكلنا على الله) to Spanish because it is a shared factor, rather a common linguistic aspect.
4. To know why errors occur in transferring information in places where Spanish is a pure language and Arabic is a language of multiple diversities, due to historical changes in meaning. That is why it happens that care is not taken in translating the cultural part and the origin of a locution is not sought.
5. This type of analysis would be very beneficial to us and enables us to avoid any futuristic error by following the steps of the contrastive analysis of cultural aspects.
We personally believe that the difference in the way the Arabic language is formed from that of Spanish and the transfer of meaning between using the slang of the Iraqi dialect would be less if we had found an equivalent in the Spanish slang.

Syria’s first attempts to apply a parliamentary system was during the late twenties of the last century, specifically during the French Mandate era (1920-1946). As soon as Syria became independent, it was trapped under the rain of the military coups (1949-1954), which controlled the elected parliaments with iron and fire, according to their interests, without considering the interests of the helpless Syrian people.
Syria witnessed a new phase of parliamentary life after the 1954 elections, following the fall of the military coups rule and the resignation of Adib al-Shishakli and his departure from the country. Various Syrian parties and independent personalities participated in the elections and the army did not interfere in state affairs, in a dangerous precedent, which led to a natural and free counting of votes. For the first time, therefore, the Syrian Parliament elections in 1954 can be counted as one of the fairest and most mature elections in the Arab countries at that time, which demonstrated the ability of the Syrians to choose their true representatives whenever the appropriate environment is available without the blatant interference of the influential authorities.

The study of museums is one of the most important qualitative studies dealt with by many researchers in societies. It aims at measuring the service quality of virtual museums from the viewpoint of visitors to museums and the impact on visitor’s satisfaction. The study uses a set of dimensions to measure the quality of museums by default: website, interaction, reliability, privacy, safety, effectiveness, empathy, response. The study used a questionnaire, which was distributed to (375) visitors, the study concluded that the quality of museum services affects visitor satisfaction, and study showed the importance of visitors' trust in museum technology, and its role in encouraging visitors to visit the virtual

Child labor is work that deprives a child of his childhood and negatively affects his life. It is a global phenomenon that exists in several countries. In Iraq, this phenomenon is widespread in all cities. This study aims to build a scale of university students’ attitudes towards child labor, measure these trends, and identify the differences in university students’ attitudes towards child labor according to the gender variable and the academic specialization variable. The research sample consisted of (100) male and female students from the scientific and humanitarian specialization. The researcher built a scale of university students' attitudes towards child labor. The results of the research showed that university students have negative attitudes towards child labor, and that there are no significant differences in university students’ attitudes towards child labor according to the gender variable. The results also showed the presence of statistically significant differences in the attitudes of university students towards child labor according to the non-scholastic specialization and in favor of students with a scientific specialization. The researcher reached a set of recommendations and suggestions in the light of the research results.

Purple Economy is one of the economic types that is considered a basic pillar of the economic development of all countries. Its name refers to the economy that is integrated with culture, and purple color is the symbol of creativity. It appeared for the first time in France from which interest started to rise in this type until it reached Saudi Arabia as it is a country of oil and a growing economy that attempts to be open and expand to all economic development and growth. It was observed that the cultural sector contributes to 3% of Gross Domestic Product as well as Saudi Arabia has 16 cultural branches directed by 11 offices that facilitate these branches' work.

The study of spatial variance of the medium industries region in Iraq sheds light on the establishments of medium industries and knowledge of their characteristics, distribution and spatial variance among the governorates of Iraq. Its ranks and characteristics in terms of the number of establishments, the number of workers, and the value of each of production and supplies. It found out that the governorates of the Kurdistan Region (Sulaymaniyah, Dohuk, and Erbil) as well as the governorates of Baghdad and Diyala occupy advanced levels often, while the activity of medium industries is absent in the governorates (Al-Qadisiyah, Muthanna, and Maysan), and the governorates (Karbala, Wasit, and Dhi Qar) often occupied low levels. When applying some industrial indicators, the most prominent results appeared in the application of the degree of industrialization criterion, where the highest value was recorded in (Dohuk Governorate) and reached (83.4%), while (Karbala Governorate) recorded the lowest value, which amounted to (23.0%). This is an indicator in favor of the latter, as the lower the degree of industrialization, the higher the volume of production compared to the value of the inputs used in it.

The research aims to analyze the reality of traffic accidents in the province of Baghdad, through the distribution of the number of traffic accidents over the districts of the province of Baghdad, and the total for the year (2020) (871) accidents, and there are multiple factors that contributed to the rise in traffic accidents, including the nature of the traffic accident (coup, run over, collision), as the collision accidents ranked first with (39.7%) accidents, and the road category contributed as an influencing factor in traffic accidents. The largest percentage of (51.5%) accidents, while the traffic accidents factor according to their type and severity, the accidents accompanying the injured only constituted the highest percentage of (587) accidents. Because of the import of cars without controls that specify the conditions of durability and safety, and the traffic accident factor, according to the causes of the accident, which causes are attributed to the driver in the first place, amounted to (611) accidents, due to driving vehicles without a driving license. In particular, run-over accidents amounted to (417) accidents and (81) accidents for males and females, while the traffic accidents factor ranked according to the main causes of their occurrence on a high percentage, represented by high speed in the first ranks with a total of (585) accidents, and traffic accidents focused on the District level, according to a factor, as a result of accidents in the Rusafa and Karkh districts in the first and second place, respectively, by (242) accidents, (154) accidents, and cars topped the type of traffic accident salon according to the vehicle type factor, by (480) accidents, and the standard degree of traffic accidents at the level of districts was higher The ratio in the districts of Rusafa and Karkh, respectively, by (2.4) accidents and (1.2) accidents, and the ratios of the number of traffic accidents to the number of deaths were (0.3) (accident / death), while the results of the ratio of injuries to the number of accidents were (0.8) (accident / injury). Finally, the percentages of the number of deaths for every (10) injuries came at a rate of (0.3) (dead/ injured (

Studying the location of the research area and identifying the main problem, the research tries to evaluate the demographic aspect and its impact on ground and surface water from the aspect of consumption and investment, and then the agricultural aspect by showing the agricultural density in the region, the cultivated areas, its water needs, classification of water and its suitability for drinking and irrigation. Then the research dealt with the aspect of animal consumption for drinking water, the need of aquatic animals for each year, the investment of water for fisheries, and finally the industrial aspect, which clarified the needs of each type of industries for water and touched upon the industries in the study area.

The research aims to reveal the proportions of land cover changes and land uses in Al-Rusafa district for the period (1985-2020) through the integration between remote sensing techniques and geographic information systems and by using geographical analysis of natural and human factors and their temporal and spatial relationship and the resulting positive and negative changes that reflected their impact on the nature of And the trend of those changes, especially with regard to climatic elements and population increase, which led to urban sprawl on agricultural lands and other uses, and disruption of the environmental and planning balance of the study area in the absence of legal deterrence in it. The process of predicting the future of these changes was carried out on the basis of the Markov chain (CA-MARCOV). And for the year 2030, and in light of the nature and direction of the past and present changes, which resulted in negative changes in the percentage of water cover and agricultural use in favor of open and residential areas, and an increase in the rates of their future positive changes.

Valleys in dry areas lack further studies and research that enable decision makers to identify their different aspects and characteristics in preparation for their exploitation and development of water sources and development projects in areas where hydrological plants are not available to measure runoff, as guesswork is relied upon to estimate runoff, so models will be used Hydrological Model (HEC – HMS) It is one of the best and most accurate ways to prove the relationship between rain and runoff, where the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers developed this method to measure rainfall and taken from special tables, which is one of the most important factors in the preparation of the map of hydrological aggregates of the soil of the Basin of Al-Sharhani and its secondary basins.

Childhood is a world that requires us to stand, contemplate, understand and study extensively, not to clarify what childhood is in general for society and define it in particular for the family and the mother, but rather to transcend errors in education and focus on modifying and modernizing the behavioral system of the child, to raise a generation that leans on tradition, a creative generation developed with its ideas that transcends racism and sectarianism Children are the future, they are the next social structure. Taking care of them and reflecting on their concerns means building a healthy, healthy, and healthy social pyramid that can move forward in development and progress. It seeks to reject extremism and tends to embrace the difference. Our societies have become fragile in terms of moral and social aspects. We surround ourselves with that false framework to hide The gravity of our mistakes. Our return to education is the basis of social construction, and benefiting from the experiences of others in building their societies is the first correct step.

Societies’ quest to take care of their universities, create more of them, and provide them with the means of strength and development, is an option that takes priority and takes precedence, as higher education represents the top of the educational system, the crown of the academic path, and the ultimate educational and formal end for students and scholars. It also constitutes the cornerstone of the development process of society and the main indicator of people’s progress and prosperity. In order for universities to contribute to preparing students in an efficient manner to meet the requirements of life and its future developments, they must work seriously on developing methods and methods of teaching and training in them and benefit from the latest developments in the field of modern educational technologies and their independence.
The research reached the following most important results:
1- Student activities constitute an important aspect of the educational process.
2- The university administration in universities plays the role of the organizing mediator that helps to develop the personality of the individual.
3- The development of curricula in line with the developments and challenges of the times has become the ideal key to development in all areas of practical and scientific life.
4- Teaching strategies represent a plan that includes organized procedures carried out by the teacher (the professor) and his students to achieve a set of educational goals necessary to implement the educational situation through a group of teaching methods, which express the methods, means and procedures used to organize the interaction of students in educational situations to gain the desired educational and educational experiences.

This study aimed at describing and studying the role of public relations during crises and how to manage them in institutions and knowing the role of public relations in crisis management, based on the scientific literature concerned in this regard. This is a descriptive Study, and used the Survey Method (documentary) the study concluded
- That public relation has a fundamental role in the life of institutions, especially when facing crises.
- Crises are a common phenomenon in all developed and developing countries of the world and can affect Successful institutions.
- Traditional and new media are very important and necessary in crisis management