Al-Kufa University Journal for Biology

Ten from molecular marker ISSRs, (Inter, - Simple, Sequence, Repeats.) were used to find genetic, diversity, genetic* relationship, and DNA* fingerprint* of nine Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) genotypes. Primers varied among them in giving unique DNA fingerprints, primers (UBC-809, HB12, and HBS10) gave a unique fingerprint for one genotype of okra, while primers (844A, UBC808) give unique fingerprint for four genotypes. High genetic distance was (0.722) between Egypt and Hasnawia while low genetic distance was (0.074) between Hasnawia and Lahluba. Cluster analysis (Phylogenetic tree) grouped studied genotypes in to two main cluster, the first large one included six genotype(Mosulia , Houseagrl, Khnisiraa ,Hasnawia ,Lahluba and Batra) and other small one includes three genotype (Soutl,Egypt and Zasco seed).ISSR marker could reveal genetic relationship in studied genotypes according to their origin, thus it gave an excellent tool to breeding programs help breeders .

The results of present study conducted on the Laboratory of advance entomology \ Department of biology \ Faculty of Education for Girls \ University of Kufa, during the years 2018-2019 for evaluating The efficiency of Nanotechnology and biological control and the effect of two plant extracts on the different immature stages of the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyrallidae). eggs, first and fourth larval instars. The cold aqueous extract of castor Ricinus communis and Nerium oleander leaves ,from which different concentrations ( 1,2,3 and 4) mg \ ml were prepared in the Laboratory. The experiments include the enhancement of these plant extracts of toxic nature with chemically prepared particles, silver nanoparticles, and conducting multiple experiments for the same instars of the insect, which was treated with aqueous plant extracts .The statistical results as well as the observation during different stages of the experiments were superior of these nanoextracts over plant extracts in the mortality of eggs and first and fourth latval instars. Experiments indicated that the mortality percentages when treated with aqueous leaves extract of castor were (76, 91, 96) % respectively while the same instars were treated with nano extract of castor was(83.3 ,92.3 ,98.6 )% respectivly . The leaves extract of N.oleander was (86.6%, 96.6%, 99.4%) compared with (93.3, 100, 100) % respectively of the nanoparticle of the eggs and larvae of the first and fourth phases at 4 mg / ml. It also proved that the first instar was the most sensitive to the extract of the fourth instar, where the highest mortality percentages was (96.6, 100) % compared with (86.6, 93.3)% respectively of the first and fourth larval instars when treated with and nano of N. oleander and R.communis respectively.

The current study is aimed to test the incidence of infection at injection mice with protoscolices and evaluate the effectiveness of the effective compound derived from the algae Cladophora crispate and plant Annona squamosa L and compare it with albendazole at the infected with hydatid cysts.
The results of the current study show that there is a decrease in the average weight of infected mice and treatment with active substances alkaloids without or with albendazole compared to the positive control group as the effect of the mixed drug (algae , plant and albendazole) .Concentrate (0.6 mg / ml ) had given a therapeutic efficacy amount (82.35% ) and gave a percentage of cystic fibers ( 80.0 %) compared with the rest of the concentration the active ingredient drug.
This study found that the combination of both types of alkaloids algae Cladophora crispate and plant Annona squamosa L wih albendazole had the greatest effect in reducing weights of infected mice with hydatid cysts.

Adiponectin is a cytokine released from adipose tissue and may have an influence on many metabolic pathways, including insulin resistance and T2DM.
Aim: To find the relationship between adiponectin and IR and its effect on glucose level in T2DM patients in Iraqi population.
Method: This study has a two hundred participants (control) and another two hundred T2DM patients. The affirming of T2DM was introduced following criteria of WHO. FBG and HOMA-IR were also measured.
Results: A significant correlation between IR and T2DM with a significant reciprocal relationship between adiponectin level HOMA-IR.
Conclusion: The present study clarifies that T2DM patients have a significant low level of adiponectin. Adiponectin has a glucose and IR lowering effect as low level of adiponectin is associated with increased IR and hyperglycemia

The normal female life cycle is associated with a number of hormonal milestones: menarche, pregnancy, contraceptive use, menopause, and the use of replacement sex hormones. The menstrual cycle is the result of a carefully orchestrated sequence of interactions among the hypothalamus, pituitary, ovary glands, and endometrium, with the sex hormones acting as modulators and effectors at each level. Gingivitis is Inflammation of the gingiva as a response to bacterial plaque on adjacent teeth; characterized by erythema, edema, and fibrous enlargement of the gingiva without resorption of the underlying alveolar bone. The gingiva is a target tissue for the actions of steroid hormones, clinical changes in the tissues of the periodontium have been identified during periods of hormonal fluctuation’ Women have lower flow rates and seem to have more variation in salivary pH than men. Hormonal fluctuations during events like puberty, menstruation, pregnancy and menopause could explain those differences.
the aim of this study is to find the relationship between plaque accumulation, gingival inflammation, and salivary pH with the female hormone level during menstruation. The study includes 25 volunteer young female with regular menstrual cycle, all the volunteers underwent periodontal examination by record plaque index (PLI) and gingival index (Gl) and measurement of salivary pH in the 2nd day of menstrual cycle (first reading) and in the 201' day of menstruation (second reading) then we analyze the differences among the two readings.
Results of this study revealed that the plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation increase significantly with increasing level of female hormones and decrease when these hormones decline. As well as the salivary pH decrease slightly during increase level of female hormones and the saliva become more alkaline when the level of hormones decreased.