Journal of International studies

The United states entered the Middle East during the
nineteenth and twentieth centuries through religious, charitable
and academic organization .Conflict and competition was the
main feature that distinguished the colonial states in the Arab
Gulf region, on the grounds that the survival of the strongest and
best. Britain sought to link the Gulf sheikhdoms with treaties and
agreements that give them the right to impose protection on
them, to ensure non- interference on the part of other European
countries, and to block the way for any competitor that could
affect the British presence within the region by virtue of its
effective and strong naval power. Oil has formed the core of
American interest since the thirties of the twentieth century, when
American oil monopolies obtained important concessions in Saudi
Arabia, and the end of world war 11 highlighted the importance
of Saudi oil for the United States, not only for economic
considerations, but also for political and strategic
considerations,especially since Saudi Arabia has big oil reserves.

This paper tries to shed light on the crisis of “nation state” in
Arabic spring countries. The Arabic revolution come as a result
of failure of nation state that was established after independence,
the vital problem that should be explained is whether the
revolutionary power has a project and any approach to build a
new “nation state” or it does not have an idea about it.
It seem that the political powers- both Islamism and nationalism
powers- that have toppled numbers of political regimes miss a
specific ideology for building a new “nation state”, and without
any attempt to overcome that problem the result of the
revolutionary change was limited on regimes change rather than
total change or create a new “nation state”.
The state as institutions still suffers from numbers of crisis,
because of the absence any idea or project to rebuild a new
“nation state”, however democratic transition do not have magical
stick that could build new democratic nation state. The political
systems that are formed after the revolution still not capable to
contain both the elites of previous regimes that lost its privilege
or to contain continued political turmoil, exception Tunisia which
could be a good model for success.
In sum, after five years of starting Arabic spring we could find
three models of states, first states going toward democracy, and
second, states going toward reproduce a “crisis state”, and the
last model is a failure state that going towered disintegration and
falling.

The study provides an analytical vision of the role of
geopolitical variables in predicting the future of the Political
Unit (state), or foreseeing any geopolitical phenomenon or
event. Therefore, it requires first: defining a conceptual
framework for geopolitics and future studies, as any
scientific phenomenon requires the presentation of various
concepts that revolve in the focus of research or study, and
then clarifying them accurately as a basis from which to
enter the
(Applied perspective) to understand the relationship between
the dependent and independent variables .
Second: an analysis of the frameworks of practical ( applied)
link between geopolitics and Futurology. Thirdly, it required
the submission of applied models to clarify the role of
geopolitical variables in forecasting the future and in light of
the data provided, the research concluded that the structural
dynamic nature ( mobility and change) of geopolitics gave it
a major role in attempts to foresee the political future, which
makes geopolitics at the heart of futurology, as future
studies cannot be characterized objectively if geopolitics

and its potential variables are neglected, as the research
provided many examples indicating the possibility of
expressing the future by absorbing geopolitics and playing
on the possibilities of its orientations the futu

The electoral system is rarely chosen in a conscious
manner, and the choice is often made accidentally, as a result of
exceptional, historical and social circumstances that are reflected
directly or indirectly on the decisions of political actors in
determining the form of the prospective electoral system, which
are inevitably affected by political considerations and the relative
restrictions that impede the list of system options electoral.

The research discusses the modernization experience in
Germany, beginning in 1871, when the German politician and
the great leader (Otto von Bismarck) was able to unite Prussia
after it was separate and conflicting emirates, to turn it into a
single state with European leadership tendency, and with great
economic and military power. The research also discusses the
modernization experience in West Germany after the Second
World War and how Germany was able to become an important
economic power in Europe and globally, and even one of the
largest of the seven economies at the global level, and what
capabilities were available to the Germans and what kind of
leadership that exploited those capabilities to advance the
German economy and to record one of the most successful
modernization experiments Europe and globally.
Germany emerged from the war as a broken state, as
factories and infrastructure were destroyed, and Germany was
divided into two parts, east and west, and the capital Berlin was
also divided into two parts, East Berlin and West Berlin, which
was reflected in the economic, political and social situation, and
Germany needed an industrial economic revolution. In order to
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rebuild and move towards economic development, which is what
actually happened, as the German modernization experience
was considered a unique experience in its results, due to which
the German economy moved from a broken economy to one of
the largest economies in Europe.
key words :Modernization, the Prussian experience, Bismarck,
German unity, Hitler, industry, European Union leadership

The Tigray ethnicity, whose population does not exceed 6%, has
dominated power in Ethiopia since 1991 under the domination of
the Revolutionary Democratic Front for the Peoples of Ethiopia
led by the Popular Front for the Liberation of Tigray, and after
(Abi Ahmed) came to power in 2018, he carried out political
reforms, but the essence of Those reforms are targeting the
Tigray ethnicity, so he excluded and marginalized them in civil
and military institutions, established a new party in the name of
prosperity and adopted the project of national integration instead
of ethnic federalism, which led to the objection of the Popular
Front for the Liberation of Tigray and considered it
unconstitutional and withdrew from the government and
demanded secession, especially after the elections were
postponed Federal parliament, and refused to implement the
decisions of the central government, which entered the two sides
in a civil war that affected political stability.

Terrorism represents a global phenomenon linked to the
human being, regardless of his faith, sect or ideological
orientation, and it is a phenomenon that obstructs the
development of peoples and their development. All the countries
of the world, especially the countries that have been ravaged by

terrorism, have taken the responsibility of paying attention to this
phenomenon after realizing the extent of its danger and its direct
and indirect impact on the development of these countries
The emergence of globalization and the information and
revolution it produced and the positive and negative results that
followed that contributed to the development and development of
peoples’ lives at times and at other times threatened their lives
and the stability of their countries. This type of terrorism
represents a threat that differs from the traditional type of
terrorism that was prevalent, and if kinetic means were used
such as (explosive devices, suicide bombers, fear and
intimidation of the population and civilians), and terrorism
(techno-information) became one of the most important means
that came through pressure on countries and governments from
In order to force her to follow a certain policy or abstain from it

Constitutions differ with regard to the status of the presidential
position vacancy from one country to another depending on the
nature of its government and its political system. The organization
of the presidential position vacancy is linked to the nature of the
approved constitutional system, and the evolution of the
constitutional rules related to the presidential vacancy can be
understood in the light of political practice. By adopting the
historical-descriptive approach, as the research deals with the
approved constitutional regulation of the state of vacancy in the
pre-crisis period, then reviews the recorded practices in order to
try to evaluate their impact on the constitutional texts intended
later. Improving the vacancy system, especially under the
presidential system, is an imperative to avoid severe political
crises. The American Constitution, after it embodies and expresses
the presidential system, is among the constitutions that clarified
this issue in some clear detail. A country whose constitution is
rigid and complicated in doing so.

The Arab Gulf countries suffer from identity instability, which was
directly reflected in the stability of the societies in them. The
economic shift caused by the discovery of oil moved the Gulf

countries to a new stage different from the previous life, and
societies moved to stability and civility, in addition to the
migrations of various nationalities that they witnessed. The Gulf
countries led to the entry of various cultures into these societies,
which affected the societal values in them.

Abstract
Every country in the world in which the external political decision
is formulated according to two visions, the first is what the leader
determines according to the study of the environmental and
psychological factors for him after the person of the leader is
subjected to the study to know the trends, coordination and belief
of this leader, and the second is done through the decisionmaking unit or the team that helps the leader formulate the
decision And making it and preparing it for implementation
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according to certain tools that play a role in implementing it and
taking it out in the best way to interact with the events and face
the challenges with it and what the national and national interest
of the country requires, but this does not mean that the decisionmaking process is not affected by the factors that some consider
essential and others secondary. Decides the fate of the state,
whether factors related to geographical location, economy,
diplomacy and international public opinion, They affect directly,
which makes the state determine its orientations according to the
external activity that takes place or even if it is a reaction to an
important issue that everyone considers to be at the heart of the
national security of the state, and the internal factors (social
factors) that some see as factors directed through the social
engines that play A role in the formulation of the decision or have
a role in making the decision-making unit within the state
dependent on the reactions of these drivers by measuring the
cases of rejection and acceptance of important issues related to
the state, its interests and objectives, Therefore, the process of
calculating the levels of influence for these factors includes a
kind of stress and complexity by calculating the developments in
the global system and the process of modernization in the
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degrees of participation and interaction between political systems
and society, and therefore they are parties involved in the
decision-making process after it has been analyzed and the
extents of difficulty surrounding it. decision making within
countries.

The issue of state building is one of the important topics in the
field of political studies, which reflects a multi-dimensional
manifestation of the desired principle of trust between the ruler
and the ruled. For a long time,states have been trying to achieve
their political development and search for the elements of political
rationalization of their institutional and functional capabilities in
order to strengthen the foundations of integration and integration
between the political society and civil society.
John Rawls started his concept of building the contemporary
state from building a just society. Justice is the basis of the
structure of social institutions, in which all legislative, political,
economic and intellectual procedures should proceed in
accordance with the principles of justice, in a way that leads to
achieving political and economic stability and then increasing
social cohesion and strengthening the societal fabric, in the
words Another is that a just society or based on the principles of

justice is the one that will lead to building the state and achieving
political stability according to the Rawlsian concept.

The international regime's interaction framework is no longer
just between states and international organizations. But beyond
this, there are many other dimensions and patterns, and there
are active forces that are using different strategies to change it.
Activities that controlled by the government or transnational
boundaries. There are non-governmental organisations (NGOs),
transitional corporations, violent groups, and digital actors. Digital
actors have become the key to the hard and soft dominance of
international units, and NGOs and multinational partners have
used them to take these actions. They are the most important
factor in international relations.
The resounding breakthrough that multinational partners have
made at the borders of states and their growing number and

activity as the main producers of goods and services in
international trade are clear signs that these partners have
become a major and influential player in today's international
system and are helping to change it, developing the
characteristics and mechanisms of the new global economic
order and emphasising its universality. Particularly when
considering the political, economic, social, and technological
strategies employed by these partners, which have made them
an important part of modern wars. This is especially true since
the beginning of the 21st century, when economic and
technological changes in international relations have been
happening faster than their strategic military and geopolitical
counterparts.

ا
The study focuses on analyzing the dimensions of the regional
approach to the responsibility to protect and evaluating its results
in light of the experience of the African Union, by answering
basic questions: Is there a regional approach to the responsibility
to protect? Is it possible to talk about an African approach in light
of the specifics of the African experience?. Has this experience
succeeded in effectively implementing the responsibility to
protect? In this context, the study analyzes the role of regional
organizations in implementing the responsibility to protect, It
reviews the structures developed within the framework of the
African Union to respond to crises on the continent, and analyzes
the main characteristics of the African approach to the
responsibility to protect in light of the peculiarities of African
culture, Finally, an assessment of the implementation of the
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responsibility to protect in the African framework, the study
discusses a number of alternatives based on African local
specificities, as well as suggestions for dialogue between the
various levels of regional arrangements, or between the latter
and the United Nations.

Abstract
Kirkuk governorate is of great importance, which needs an
academic policy, as History and civilization is still, because they
have on its territory, their first diverse human settlements,
religious and gentle, and this diversity is a beautiful plate Her
presence elsewhere, which has had the impact on the diversity of
its cultural and intellectual and intellectual capacity, he was
named in Iraq, Kirkuk province has seen several administrative
shifts and is the most important transformation of decentralization
in management and governance based on The Constitutional and
Legal Foundations, the aim of research was to determine the
liability of the local government there is the trend of the protection
of the various components within the province, and the
implications of the conflict on their administration under the laws
and regulations, despite the legislation of many laws after 2008
The issue of conflict has not been addressed by the Governorate of
Kirkuk. There has been a vacuum area behind these laws, as well
as conflict these laws with some of them and opposes them with
constitutional materials for the Permanent Constitution of Iraq

2005 on the other, and as a result The search for monitoring the
most important and ways to enhance the effectiveness of the
Government of Kirkuk local in the management of diversity as an
administrative decentralization and the most important strategies
of diversity in Iraq.

Public opinion greatly affects the formation of citizens' social and
political attitudes and the extent to which they adopt certain ideas
over others. Public opinion is formed by the language that
individuals speak and the religion they profess, The two actors
(language and religion) largely shape the values and customs of
the individuals of one country and the extent of their interaction
with the values and customs of societies in other countries. The

set of foreign values and the extent of their adoption by the
country's leaders threaten the system of laws and legislation
proposed and enforced in that country. This is reflected in the
formulation of public opinion and the political orientations of
citizens. The study presents what are the most important
foundations for the formation of Russian public opinion in
Shishkov's political thought, and whether it had an impact at the
time of crises and wars that the Russian state faced in his era.
The study assumes that Shishkov focused on two important
foundations for the formation of Russian public opinion in his
time, which are language and religion, indicating the impact that
each of them had on the formation of public opinion at the time
of crises and wars that the Russian state faced during his reign
and the birth of national identity from them to confront ideas and
values coming from European civilization, especially French
ones. In conclusion, the study concluded: The power of language
and religion to shape public opinion and formulate the political
orientations of the people of one state, and they are among the
necessary needs of the age. There is an urgent need to awaken
interest in the extent of the role that language and religion play in
shaping public opinion and the broad influence on the creation of

the national spirit in the hearts of citizens. As a result of the
impact of the values and customs coming through contemporary
technology.

This study dealt with the issue of protecting children and women
in international armed conflicts. The study also dealt with the
most important violations that children and women are exposed
to at the time of those conflicts. The research touched on the
most prominent international and regional efforts in the past
years, which led to the signing of agreements on the protection
of the rights of children and women in times of conflict. The
mechanisms for protecting children and women during armed
conflicts were also discussed by highlighting the role of the
United Nations as well as specialized international organizations,
especially the International Committee of the Red Cross, the High
Commissioner for Refugees and the International Criminal Court.
The study also reached a set of recommendations, the most
prominent of which was the need to activate the role of
organizations Specialized as an executive tool to impose
punishment on the perpetrator of the crime of armed conflict.

Desire, vision and ability are among the important things that
require their availability in the government that works to achieve
the goals, aspirations and advancement of its people, which
requires the application of the principles of good governance,
which works to achieve the people’s main demands of
sustainable development, freedom, human dignity, living in peace
and social justice. The things that came within the United
Nations' demands for all countries to strive to achieve. The
concept of good governance is also a modern concept in the field
of administrative and political studies, which seeks to achieve
justice, equality and sustainable development The concept of
sustainable development is also a relatively recent and most
comprehensive concept in the field of development and its
studies, and good governance is the sound tool for achieving

comprehensive and sustainable development. The two concepts
are organically linked, and there is no inevitable for man to live in
prosperity, progress and security. This study seeks to research
the two concepts (the concept of sustainable development and
good governance) and the precise definition of each of them and
to explore the existing and mutual relationship between them by
linking the mechanisms of good governance and their role in
achieving sustainable development.

ABSTRACT
The study aimed to identify the impact of the Corona crisis
on the group of BRICS countries, which represent one of the
emerging international powers. The study found that the most
important negative effects of the Corona crisis on the BRICS
group were represented by the preoccupation of each of the
group’s countries with building relations with other economic
blocs, such as Russia, which headed to the seven major economic
countries, in addition to the low rates of transparency in all the
countries of the group. Which led to inequality, in addition to a
state of disintegration in many emerging economies in general,
huge human losses in India and Brazil, and the rest of the group’s
countries, and the lack of coordination among the group’s
countries regarding the production of Covid-19 vaccines.

Throughout history, civilized nations have been racing for the
advancement of their people and the stability of their conditions
after they became certain, through the bitter experiences they
went through, that their position among nations cannot be
achieved without the presence of sound and effective legislation
in terms of content and wording, as the sober legislative drafting
represents a product of the transformations in the history of
mankind that have taken place. It is based on achieving the
goals sought by legislation, which are based on achieving
stability, social security, development and justice. Here, the term
“Making of Legislation” shows us the process by which prevailing
values in society are transformed into applicable legal rules. And
Dr. (Salim Harb) goes on to say (that the term legislative process
differs from the term legislative industry, since the first refers to a
series of works that are integrated with each other, starting from
the idea of the need for a legislative text on a subject, up to the

approval of the legislative text, while the second refers to
legislative production system in general).