ADAB AL-BASRAH

This study addressed argumentation in the poem (The Guard of the Elephant (lima raat binti anni muzmi), in which it is clearly evident. The poem discusses the theme of departure, which is a type of discourse that allows for differing opinions. This type of discourse aligns with rhetoric, which thrives in topics open to disagreement. The poem is a discourse of complaint and plea, both of which employ argumentation to achieve the speakers goal. The study was divided into two parts: a theoretical section and an analytical section. In the theoretical section, the study discussed the concept of Ainiyyah (poems of a particular meter) in classical literature and why it has been marginalized. The section also provided an overview of the life of the Guard of the Elephant and explored the central themes of the poem, namely complaint and plea. The analytical section focused on identifying the rhetorical techniques, connections, and tools employed by the poet to achieve his objective in constructing the discourse. The study concluded with several key findings, the most important of which are: the Ainiyyah of the Guard of the Elephant is one of the marginalized discourses in our ancient Arab heritage, and it is one of the first speeches built around a single scene, that of farewell. This structure resulted in a unified thematic and emotional composition. The study also concluded that while the poets daughter emotionally influenced him, she was unable to persuade him to stay; he prioritized the collective good over his personal desires.

This study is qualitative, it illustrates H.G. Wells\\'s The Time Machine through the scientific and social framework of the Victorian Era. Wells\\'s portrayal of future societies examines the rapid technological progress and social changes of the 19th century. The analysis scrutinizes the division between the Eloi and the Morlocks, tracing the consequences of social division. To meet the objective of the study, Victorian frame of mind is utilized to examine the class struggle that is symbolized by the Eloi and the Morlocks. The analysis highlights the economic and social effects of industrialization and how Wells examines the capitalist system and its impact on human relationships and class division. The study also utilizes concepts from Darwinism to explore how Wells responded to these scientific ideas in his novel. By examining Wells within this historical and intellectual context, the study helps reveal his skepticism towards progress and his prophecy of human degeneration caused by uncontrolled technological and social evolution. The study also considers the narrative structure, characters, and symbolic elements in the novel to uncover Wells\\'s broader criticism of the nature of human progress and the modern age.

Exploring rhetoric is a defining feature of contemporary research and a distinctive aspect of modern scientific thinking. It contributes to understanding the mechanisms of expressive patterns and the interpretation of texts, based on a perspective shaped by the process of transition and the recognition of an alternative approach to traditional linguistic theory. This traditional theory often begins with the question: Where do sounds fit within the framework of expressive research? Such an inquiry naturally leads to an understanding of the phonetic values inherent in performance through the methodological shifts in Arab linguistic heritage, with Ibn Sinan Al-Khafaji (446 AH) being a key figure in his theory of eloquence

This paper endeavours to give a feminist analysis of Gilbert’s novel Eat, Pray, Love (2006), which is based on the issue of women’s identity. Thus, the selected novel first explains the crisis of identity and the factors that make women feel ambivalent about their own real identity. That is why the study benefited from feminist psychoanalysis and captured it as an approach for analysing the texts along with Marxist feminism. It focuses on the sufferings of women in their remorseful lives, in which they live under the atrocity of patriarchy. It aims to illustrate the obstacles preventing women from discovering their identities. The selected novel proposes and argues that the bitterness through which women pass frequently in their lives implanted misandry and resentment of being inside them, and the upshot is that they lost their identity. Besides, it affects them psychologically. The presented study entitled “Female Self-Creation and Re-Defining Self in Gilbert’s Eat, Pray, Love: A Feminist Study” studies the themes of the rebirth of women after they had dismantled and melted under the hegemony and the suppression of patriarchal ideology. Hence, the problem of the study is the retrieval of a unique identity for women.

The purpose of the current research is to analyses critically the English language curricula in the Iraqi secondary schools with a view of establishing areas of weakness for improvement in the future. Employing a cross sectional, random technique, fifty English teachers out of the targeted group of teachers from the different economic classes in various districts of the Misan Governorate were selected from different public and private schools. Both questionnaires used closed-end questions to elicit teachers’ perceptions of current curricula, instructional practices, and innovations. The analysis was quantitative employing survey analytical tools enabled by SPSS used also quick statistics/ surveys including means, standard deviation, T- test for opinions difference between groups. Main areas of concern that emerged from the results include: the poor balance or distribution of languages; and a call for improved sources and teaching methods. So, the findings of the research suggest that that curriculum should be made more interactive and reflect on cultural diversity, teacher training programs should be improved, and learning resources should be also be bettered. Therefore, the research seeks to enhance the quality of teaching and learning English in Iraq and attain the goal of preparing learners for challenges of the modern world and demands of the particular region.

Rebellion against the Khalili meter at the beginning of the 20th century was not a novel occurrence. During the Abbasid era, there was already a movement of rebellion against traditional poetic forms, as poets encountered new cultures and ideas. With the zenith of Arab civilization, poets, exposed to various luxuries, became dissatisfied with the established poetic forms and sought to innovate, developing new practices for rhythm and rhyme.In the modern era, a fresh wave of rebellion emerged against everything old, culminating in a revolution that sought to break all forms of political, social, and artistic constraints. This study specifically explores the rebellion against the traditional rules of the Khalili meter, arguing that these conventions were limiting for poets, unable to fully express their new themes and emotions. The study aims to challenge these revolutionary claims by proposing that the Khalili meter is, in fact, flexible enough to encompass contemporary poetic experiences, thanks to its diverse rhythmic and musical elements.To explore this idea, the research utilized the rhythmic phonetic approach suggested by Dr. Said Al-Bahrawi in his book Al-\'Arud wa Iqaa\' al-Shi\'r al-Arabi (Prosody and Rhythm in Arabic Poetry), which was applied to two poems: Lani Gharib and Gharib Ala Al-Khalij by Badr Shakir Al-Sayyab. This approach is built on various components, including the syllabic patterns of the poetic line, stress, intonation, sound qualities, and rhyme rhythm. However, it is important to note the limitations of this approach, such as its failure to differentiate between open and closed syllables, neglecting syllabic changes due to shortening or elongation, and not addressing the connection between sound characteristics and rhythm—issues that this research seeks to address.In this study, we examined selected poetic excerpts with varying themes and emotions, drawn from poems using the Kamil meter, which was also employed by Abu Al-Qasim Al-Shabi in several of his works, to support our hypothesis. We focused on analyzing the rhythm in successive excerpts from each poem.

This study aims to analyze the concept of learning English at the university level and its impact on Iraqi cultural identity. It strives to understand students\' views and the strategies that they may choose to deal with the forces of change. It studies how English language learners utilize this language at the expense of their native language, as well as the impact of learning the English language on cultural identity of the individual. To fulfill the declared purpose, two research questions were posed to conduct the study, and an electronic questionnaire sent to undergraduate students at the Department of English Language - College of Arts / University of Basra was employed as a data collection method. The results indicated that undergraduate students have a full understanding of how studying English impacts their cultural identity. Moreover, the results of study provided additional insights into the orientations required to sustain Iraqi cultural identity. Some proposals were made to illustrate effective methods for teaching English while maintaining Iraqi cultural identity.

This study is concerned with the particle mā in the holy Qur'an and how it is translated into English. The study might seem to be easy to deal with when viewed in terms of the face value of mā i.e. being a small word of just two letters, while it is much more complex than that. This is first because of its categorization i.e. being a two-category word: a particle and a noun; second, because each of its categories is of several different meanings. This of course aggravates the process of its translation, but at the same time it creates suspense in the reader to find out how it is translated. This is exactly the objective of this work that aims at finding out how mā is translated in the light of its complexities. The methodology adopted to attain this objective includes selecting three approved versions of translation of the holy Qur'an then comparing them in terms of how mā is translated. It has been detected through examining these three versions that mā is translated differently depending on its category and its meaning in the ayah. These complexities with which mā is characterized have in turned impacted its occurrence in the Qur'an i.e. making it occurred or repeated in almost every chapter of it. This has led to detect as well the significance of mā in the Qur'anic usage despite its simple form.

This study explores the role of probability in the Restoration adaptations of Shakespeare. It addresses how the observance of probability was the basis for some adaptations of Shakespeare during the period. The study argues, firstly, that Restoration playwrights attempted to address the lack of probability in Shakespeare’s plays. Secondly, it argues that, despite their professed goals, these playwrights did not produce adaptations that are more probable than Shakespeare’s plays. It argues, thirdly, that the adherence to probability was not the sole motive for these adaptations, but that they were also driven by political and commercial factors. The study sets out to prove these points by closely analyzing two prominent Shakespeare adaptations of the period: John Dryden’s All for Love; or, the World Well Lost (1677) and Nahum Tate’s The History of King Lear (1681).

The Kingdom of Mitanni was one of the most prominent powers in the Ancient Near East during the second millennium BC, alongside the neighboring Hittite Kingdom and the distant Egyptian Kingdom. Its primary conflict was with the Hittites, due to their geographical proximity and mutual expansionist ambitions. This rivalry persisted until the final decades before the collapse of Mitanni in the mid-13th century BC, followed shortly by the fall of the Hittite kingdom. The Hittites were known for their expansionist policies, their focus on occupying northern Syria, pushing southward, and their desire to control the eastern Mediterranean coast. They had a large, well-trained army to pursue these objectives. Despite this, the Kingdom of Mitanni successfully resisted Hittite incursions, defended its territories, and even expanded westward beyond its core regions, reaching the western Euphrates and the Gulf of Iskenderun on the northern coast of the eastern Mediterranean. The Mitanni-Egyptian alliance, combined with internal crises and economic instability in the Hittite kingdom, were key factors in the Mitanni’s ability to achieve these goals.

Since the success of its revolution in 1959, the Cuban government developed a unique relationship with African countries seeking liberation from imperialist colonization, which elevated Cuba's standing in its foreign policy. This was demonstrated through Cuba's support and solidarity with national liberation movements and its opposition to apartheid in Africa. The peak of this support occurred between 1975 and 1991 in Angola, where more than 30,000 Cuban soldiers served, with over 2,000 losing their lives, in efforts to end African colonialism and apartheid policies. This stance aligned with Cuba's identity, rooted in its Black immigrant population, as it viewed itself as part of the African world. The pivotal role Cuba played in the process leading to the collapse of apartheid in South Africa is a significant chapter in the broader African struggle for freedom

Human beings, by nature, are not held accountable for the actions of others; they are only responsible for their own actions. This principle is supported by both legal and religious texts. However, as an exception to this rule, and under specific conditions, civil laws have recognized a type of responsibility known as "responsibility for the actions of others." The purpose behind this exception is to explore the basis of this responsibility, which we will examine through a descriptive, analytical, and comparative approach between civil law and Ja'fari jurisprudence.Responsibility for the actions of others, as an exception to the general rules of civil liability, is divided into two categories: the responsibility of the guardian for those under his care and the responsibility of the employer for the actions of his employee. The responsibility of the employer for the actions of his employee means that the employer bears the liability for harmful actions committed by the employee while performing tasks on behalf of the employer, provided that the actions cause harm to others.The rationale behind holding the employer liable for the employee's actions is that the employer is generally more financially capable than the employee, making it easier for the harmed party to obtain compensation. This is the primary goal of establishing this responsibility. Additionally, the employer, after paying the compensation to the harmed party, can seek reimbursement from the employee.Given the importance of the employer's responsibility for the actions of the employee, a question arises regarding the basis of this responsibility. Scholars disagree on a single basis for the employer's liability due to the nature of this responsibility. Some who view it as a personal responsibility adopt a personal approach based on the concept of fault in liability, while others who consider it an objective responsibility adopt an objective approach based on the concept of damage in liability. Accordingly, various theories have been proposed as the basis for the employer's responsibility.Based on the results of this study, we believe that the most appropriate theory to serve as the basis for the employer's responsibility for the actions of the employee is the Theory of Guarantee. This theory is currently the most widely accepted, as it encompasses the previous theories. It provides the greatest assurance for obtaining the right of the harmed party from the stronger party in the case, which is the employer. Additionally, it is more aligned with Islamic jurisprudence on the issue of responsibility for the actions of others.

This research aims to explore Syria\\'s role in securing the release of the American hostages on board the hijacked World Airways Boeing 727, and its efforts to resolve the crisis between June 14 and June 30, 1985. The plane, which was hijacked by the Lebanese Hezbollah in Athens, was en route to Rome with 153 passengers onboard. The hijacking resulted in the assassination of an American Navy soldier during this period. In response, the United States attempted to open diplomatic channels with influential regional powers to facilitate the release of the hostages by contacting President Hafez al-Assad, who had significant influence over the major Shiite faction in Lebanon, the Amal Movement, and could serve as a mediator in the negotiations. Additionally, President Assad was able to exert pressure on Iran, which had strong ties with Syria, to influence its ally, Hezbollah, in Lebanon. These efforts ultimately led to the resolution of the crisis, the release of the hostages, and improved relations with the United States, which had previously viewed Syria as a state sponsor of terrorism. The research is divided into two sections: the first discusses Syria’s stance on the hijacked plane hostage crisis between June 16 and 25, 1985, while the second examines the role of the Syrian government’s mediation and its impact on the hostages’ release, along with the reactions to these efforts between June 26 and 30, 1985.

The aim of the research was to explore the artificial intelligence (AI) techniques used to support scientific research and improve information retrieval methods, as well as to understand the current state of these techniques in writing scientific papers among the research sample. The study also sought to identify the challenges and obstacles facing the use of AI applications in scientific research fields. The study employed a descriptive-analytical methodology, with a sample of 50 researchers and professors. A questionnaire was used to collect the research data, and the researchers applied several statistical methods to process and analyze the data, including percentages, the three-point Likert scale for distributing response scores, and various statistical measures such as weighted means, standard deviations, relative importance, and the coefficient of variation. The research reached several conclusions, the most important of which include: the use of AI techniques in the scientific research process, due to their flexibility and ability to enhance scientific research and improve information services by speeding up the research process and saving time and effort, thereby accelerating the completion of scientific papers. The study also provided several recommendations: AI techniques are continuously evolving, and researchers and users should stay updated and follow the latest developments in key applications and programs that help them complete scientific research with minimal effort and in less time.

The Habbaniyah and Tharthar lakes are among the most significant water control
and storage projects, playing a vital role in feeding the Tigris and Euphrates rivers
during dry periods. These lakes are key to the spatial development of the study
area, covering a water surface area of 2,819.53 km². As part of the study, the
natural characteristics of the area were analyzed, including geological formations
such as the Euphrates, Al-Fatha, Injana, and Nfayil formations, along with
Quaternary sediments. These geological features have contributed to the addition
of salts to the lakes' waters through the dissolution of limestone and gypsum rocks.
Furthermore, the valleys that flow into the lakes have a negative impact, as they
deposit sediments into the water. Human activities, such as the discharge of
industrial, health, and household waste along the lakes' shores, have also led to
water pollution. Analysis of climate data from the Ramadi station (1991-2022)
revealed that the study area has a semi-arid climate, with annual rainfall averaging
136.7 mm. The high temperatures and increased evaporation have led to the
concentration of salts in the lakes' waters. The study also assessed the water quality
of the lakes by analyzing samples from various locations. Results showed lower
levels of dissolved salts, electrical conductivity, turbidity, total hardness, and other
elements at the lakes' entrances due to the mixing of lake water with river water.
However, these values were higher in the middle and end sections of the lakes due
to the dissolution of rocks and soil, elevated temperatures, increased evaporation,
and the impact of human activities. This led to higher salt concentrations and
increased electrical conductivity. When compared to Iraqi and international water
quality standards, the lakes' water was found to be suitable for various uses. It falls
within the permissible limits for drinking, is acceptable for livestock and poultry
consumption, and meets low to moderate restriction levels for irrigation purposes.

The research aims to study the Roman-Sassanian rivalry and its impact on Mesopotamia. It consists of three sections: The first section provides a historical introduction to the Roman and Sassanian empires, including the geography of Iran, the origins of the Sasanians, and the geographical location and origins of the Romans. The second section addresses the Roman-Sassanian competition, focusing on the ongoing conflict between the Sassanian and Roman empires, which was characterized by frequent wars. The section highlights that this conflict persisted due to historical and geographical factors, especially territorial disputes. It also discusses the religious and economic factors that fueled the rivalry. The third section explores the impact of the Roman-Sassanian rivalry on Mesopotamia. Finally, the conclusion presents the key findings of the research.

The Karkheh River Basin, situated in the arid and semi-arid regions of western Iran, faces significant water scarcity challenges. Approximately 87% of the basin’s water is allocated for agricultural purposes, with water demand rising from 3.9 km³ per year in the 1990s to 7.416 km³ per year in 2021. Over 70% of the rainfall in the basin evaporates, with annual evaporation rates ranging from approximately 2,000 mm in the north to 3,600 mm in the south. During the 2002–2003 hydrological year, total evaporation was recorded at about 16,680 mm. Average annual rainfall across the basin is roughly 450 mm, with significant spatial variation, ranging from 150 mm in the southern areas to 1,000 mm in the northern regions. For the 2002–2003 year, total rainfall was approximately 18,507 mm. Temperature patterns also show notable differences, with average annual temperatures of around 16°C in the north and 26°C in the south during the same period, reflecting a 62.5% variation. Groundwater resources play a critical role in supplementing the basin’s water needs, with total usage reaching approximately 4.0 km³ annually. Analysis of flow volumes indicates that Q50, representing the median flow, occurs about 50% of the time, while Q5, the least frequent flow, happens roughly once every 20 years. In 2002–2003, the external water contribution to the basin was estimated at just 7.8% of the total rainfall, underscoring the limited availability of water resources in the region. The findings emphasize the growing demand for water across multiple sectors and highlight the urgent need for a comprehensive strategic plan to manage water resources effectively in the Karkheh River Basin.

The study of demographic dimensions is an essential area of geo-medical research. This research examined the demographic aspects of individuals diagnosed with the most common types of cancer in Basra Governorate, aiming to identify the demographic trends of these diseases based on health statistics from the local health department. The findings indicated that the cancers studied affect both genders, except for breast cancer, which is exclusive to females. For diseases such as leukemia, lung cancer, bladder cancer, and colon cancer, the likelihood of being affected is similar for both genders, though the number of male patients is significantly higher than that of females. Statistically, there are significant differences between males and females in terms of cancer prevalence. Regarding the age distribution of cancer patients, the study revealed that the age group of 45 years and older had a notably higher number of cancer cases compared to the younger age groups (14 years and under, and 15-44 years). This age group was found to be the most susceptible to the cancers under study, with the Chi-square value showing significant differences between the age groups.

The aim of this research is to study and analyze the density of freight vehicle traffic on the western main roads in Al-Qurna District, in order to identify the variation in traffic density and the main reasons behind this variation. This traffic is considered a measure of the road\'s efficiency in meeting the various needs of its users. The study employs the traffic counting method, which is one of the best techniques for measuring traffic density on main road networks. This method allows for determining the number of vehicles passing through each road in the study area by manually counting the vehicles and identifying clear observation points for monitoring in both directions (entrance and exit). These points are reliable for most transportation movement studies, including peak times. Therefore, specific observation sites with clear landmarks were designated, and monitoring was conducted on two days: a regular day and a holiday.

This study aims to trace the role of the socialist organization in Israel,Matzpen with a focus on its key positions and means of support for anti-Zionist Jewish organizations. It also highlights its support for Arab organizations that struggled against Zionism on various fronts, including intellectual, political, media, and global levels, in order to achieve Palestinian freedom. The study also demonstrates the deep sympathy shown by Matzpen toward the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), which is considered the legitimate heir of the Palestinian cause both locally and internationally. Additionally, the study emphasizes Matzpen;s active role in opposing the Zionist movement by exposing its true nature and rejecting the laws, regulations, and traditions it imposed