AL-AMEED JOURNAL

A generalized conversational implicature (GCI) is an inference
generated by a violation of a maxim, a failure to perform a maxim,
particularly the first maxim of Quantity on the one hand, and by
indirectness conditions, especially those indicative conditionals or
disjunctives with non-truth functional grounds on the other (Grice,
1989: 38, 61).
As for the generalized conversational implicature, two models,
Grice›s and that of الجرجاني , are to be considered for the purpose
of comparison between English and Arabic religious texts in the
present study. GCI in Arabic is mainly embodied in « المجاز المرسل »
(transformational allegory) which الجرجاني propounds under « اللفظ
و النظم » (utterance and syntagm).
This research aims at:
1. Tracing similarities and differences between English and
Arabic as far as the notion of GCI is concerned.
2. Finding a common criterion for the pragmatic analysis of GCI
in English and Arabic religious texts.
3. Identifying the indication of GCI in selected religious texts in
English and Arabic.
It is hypothesized that:
1. Points of accord can be observed between Grice and الجرجاني
in their propounding of the generalized conversational
implicature.
2. Religious texts carrying generalized conversational implicatures are exposed to be more economic and more
effective.
3. Generalized conversational implicatures can lead to purposes
of either faviourable or unfaviourable implications.
The following are the steps to be followed in the study:
1. Surveying the notion of GCI in English and Arabic.
2. Describing English and Arabic data of generalized
conversational implicature, using the models which yield
descriptions of either language.
3. Applying the notion of GCI to English and Arabic religious
texts selected from The New Testament and the Glorious
Qur›an.
4. Investigating the aspects of similarity and difference of this
notion in both English and Arabic.
The findings of the investigation validate the above hypotheses.

Having reviewed the sacred prophetic chronicle the wise coined
in the past or the present day and observed the history of the great
prophet (Peace be upon him and his progeny) through the rhythm
of existence, one takes cognizance of the fact that Mohammed
(Peace be upon him and his progeny) comes as the greatest reformer
worldwide and takes seizure of the fact that the more time proceeds,
the more such a portrait emerges. When mentioning the scientists,
he is to be the greatest; when mentioning the messengers and
prophets , he is to be the vanguard and the seal. In each niche of his
honest life are there morality and sapience, guidance and mercy. So
it is time for us to rectify our nation and salvage our people in light of
his guidance and reformation:
Has not the time arrived
For the believers that
Their hearts in all humility
Should engage in the remembrance
Of Allah and the Truth
What has been revealed to them. (Hadid Sura, [Iron], Iyat ,16).
In the present paper, we do endeavour to reconnoiter all the
distinguished qualifications of the prophet to highlight the morality
of such traits to be light for us and a minaret people adheres at day
and night.

Delving into the speeches of the blessed messenger (Peace be
upon him and his progeny) is of sublimity; a believing Muslim , who
adores Allah and His messenger and follows suit of his companions
( May Allah be pleased with them) , exerts himself to have such a
target. Chiefly, the speeches manipulate science and learning : it
is the messenger of Allah who erects the cornerstones of science,
strikes the conditions of learning and sets bounds to both the teacher
and disciple at many sacred texts of his speeches.
It is to declare that we, without measure, exploit the acts of
reading the speeches of our benevolent prophet (Peace be upon him
and his progeny) in science and learning to the extent each ploughs
a path in line with his near future process of learning at the will of
Him.
The study is bifurcated into two chapters ; the first is entitled
as Importance of Learning and Education in Islam in which we
tackle the ideology of Islam, the niche of Mohammed (Peace be
upon him and his progeny), the importance of the sacred speeches
[Hadeeth], the rung of science and scientists in Islam and deduction
methodology of the Islamic pioneers. Also briefly we do take hold of
the most important institutes of education in Islam. Finally we come
across both ethics and function of the teacher and the disciple.
The second chapter , entitled as Prophetic Speeches about
Science and Learning, consists of two sections; the first deals with
the advantages of science and learning, the second focuses upon the
speeches concerning with the blight of science and scientists of evil.
Last but not least , the research paper terminates in a conclusion and
recommendation.

Though having brilliant vantage points in the personality of the
Prophet Mohammed (Peace be upon him and his progeny), yet it
is to find some past and modern recommendation endeavouring,
intentionally or unintentionally, to expose some vantage points
inequitable to his blessing personality, so the paper takes hold of
an important issue in the Mohammedan chronicle ; illiteracy of
the blessed messenger Mohammed (Peace be upon him and his
progeny) and its reflections on some syndromes of the Quranic text
as memorization, recording and orality [unwritten acts] and the way
of its delineation.
It is to delve into the chronicles , history and some studies for
the orientalists to meet the requirements of the study.

The research paper has presented a reading in the speeches
of knowledge based on six components; encyclopedia, rhythm,
composition, imagery, construction and content. The reading
mechanisms are to present the characteristics of the stylistic
performance in revealing the prophetic content and its expressions.
The reading exerts itself in exposing deductive fields the dictionaries
used, the speech mechanisms transpire the content depending
mainly upon the imagery. The importance of the construction in the
language of communication is related to the expressive prophetic
content and the acts of resemblance to have the content without
referring explicitly to it.
Speech erecting, vertically and horizontally, appertains to the
content , a heap of intellectual, emotional and spiritual results coined
at a prophetic declaration promulgating universal prophetic content
in a poetic poem not delimited to time or place, being universally
humanitarian, not addressing a denomination or a nationality,
expressing life and how to develop it as it is regarded as more
permanent prosperous facts, so the present study takes hold of both
the speech policy and how to perform the expressive content.

The study is based on the study of the views of some orientalists
and their standpoints about the sacred prophetic chronicle via
their writings that scrutinize the Glorious Quran and the prophetic
chronicle. As a result, the Islamic library grows richer in research
papers, workbooks and dictionaries, since there is widespread
orientalism paying heed to Arabics and the Islamic studies. Such
an act touches the forte points and weak ones in their opinions
begetting an unbalanced, sometimes, amalgam that casts dissention
among their targets, religiously missionary, devoid of doctrines and
concepts. In time , such acts of disparity lead to artworks tantamount
to their competence, the competent and the incompetent, or the
obstinate and the feeble and the fair objective one.

The term "globality" results from the last technological
development; nowadays it is defined as the age of globalization
presaging a new era of information that gives people a database
not available in the past. So a bit of information has been not
monopolized to a certain front. Man, with the simplest means, could
obtain information about any field at the least time one might expect.
The term of globality has been employed to designate certain
senses; it surpasses the frontier of locality; the borders of the
country and nationality, religion, internationality, as observed by
other countries with their evident political parts in the most universal
orbit; the world. So globality is a trait one who incarnates becomes a
source of benefit to humanity in all respects.
The paper exerts itself to pinpoint such great humanitarian
aspects our prophet Mohammed (Peace be upon him and his
progeny) comes through. Consequently, it is of possibility for such
globality of the meant personality altogether with the globality of
Islam to be a substitute for the American one, as they both incarnate
all the sublime doctrines in dealing with all Islamic and non-Islamic
nations in respect of all peculiarities and identifications.
Such an age renders man into being omnipresent, as it provides
him and others with information, so a bit of information tends to
be as an industry more than as a product. Such an industry lurks
in the American mind whose ambitions are not buried in terms of
the fact that America desires to merge culturally, intellectually and
principally the whole world into one community emulating the
model of such a community and administration with its capitalist strategy and ideology calling for repression, terrorism and violation
to the international law and antishemism.
Being erected as substitute for globalization, the globality of
the messenger (Peace be upon him and his progeny) should receive
magnificent efforts, it is to market such a personality to the extremes
of the world; in time there should be foundations stemming from
the Islamic Mohammedan ideology to buttress such a personality in
manifesting all the multidimensional advantages mankind gains when
adopting such an ideology and in making it obtainable. Furthermore,
it is not to yoke such a personality that takes the brunt of the pains
of the miserable and shepherd them to freedom incarnated in utter
worship to Allah the Greatest with what circumstances we do endure
substantiated the state of deficiency of the adherents in striking
a global portrait for the great prophet. In time, they determine to
praise such globality devoid of a significant effect on the parts of
the world with its trends. Perhaps we do find that they could not
confront a violent salvo of the Western accusations and the acts of
distortion to the humanitarian niche of the Messenger (Peace be
upon him and his progeny).

The belief and thought leaders take a great part in influencing
other to have certain ideas and to guide them to the meant targets.
Such leaders, usually, take the initiative in accepting or inclining
the new ideas before the adherents do. Essentially, the process of
thoughts and principles promulgating depends mainly upon the
belief and thought leaders. The masses, by some means or other ,
are more influenced by them than other knowledge sources and the
means of republic communication, they are coordinators between
such sources and people. They participate in having, directing and
dominating the public opinion in their local community. In part,
they vary in the levels intellectual, social and influential , they are as
clergymen, orators , preachers , media men, imams, writers and so
forth .
Yet the leaders of the Islamic thought invade spiritual priority in
the heart of the masses and represent a sacred state in their heart.
The power of the influence for such leaders depends mainly upon
certain factors the paper is to tackle in light of the important role
of them. As they are considered as a media duty in our present day
to define the doctrines of the Mohammedan message in terms of
internet and social communication as a model. The research paper
consists of certain viewpoints; first , a general introduction, second,
historical background to the phenomena of belief leadership, third,
the factors of influencing the Islamic belief leaders, in particular, for
the procedures the belief and thought leaders take in dealing with
Mohammedan announcement, five, the role of Internet in defining
the Mohammedan doctrines, six, the conclusion, the results,
bibliography and references.

The current paper stems from the fact that the style of the
prophet (Peace be upon him and his progeny) oration gives much
shrifts to the level of intellectuality ranging from a personality with
propensity for logics, another for emotion and other for argument
and sophistry. In part, the study takes hold of the impact of the
variety of the linguistic style on convincing the mind of the listener,
and changing his satisfaction in light of the sapience of the Prophet
(Peace be upon him and his progeny) in his oration and how he
convinces the listener.
Accordingly, the paper is divided into three sections: the first
is entitled as sapience and its evidences between language and the
Quranic context to manifest the meaning of the utterance "sapience"
in the linguistic dictionaries, and then in the Quranic context. The
second is entitled as styles and sapience of the Prophet (Peace be
upon him and his progeny) in convincing the listener of tracing the
styles the prophet (Peace be upon him and his progeny) employs to
deal with the listeners as they vary and differ from one to another;
dialogue style, lenience style, style of the mitigating circumstances
of the listener. The last section comes as variety of oration styles and
taking care of the listeners in the language of the Prophet (Peace be
upon him and his progeny) to clarify the style of oration, mindful,
emotional, psychological, argumentative and remonstrative and
how the variety of the styles influences the listener in matter of
satisfaction.
Ultimately, the conclusion terminates in the results and there
come the bibliography and the references the paper exploits.

Orientalism has been a part of civilization conflict between two
worlds; the Islamic world in the orbit of religion, values and civilization,
and the western world in the orbit of secularity, materiality and
modernity. In light of the great impact of Orientalism on the acts
of shaping the European standpoints concerning Islam, the western
viewpoints come into fore.
The personality of the prophet Mohammed (Peace be upon
him and his progeny) has been considered as rich soil for orientalist
writings since the rise of orientalism in European Medieval age.
Thus the current paper intends to pinpoint such a vantage point of
their artworks depending upon a scientific objective procedure and
focusing upon the honest prophetic chronicle viewed in thoughts ,
opinions and sayings of the orientalists. So it is divided into three
sections with an introduction and a preface.
In the preface there are famous sayings of the orientalists
concerning the early years of the life of the prophet (Peace be upon
him and his progeny). Then it tackles the sayings of the Orientalists
concerning the foster–mother, Haleema Al-Sa`adeia, of the prophet
(Peace be upon him and his progeny) and the incident of the chest
cleavage of the prophet (Peace be upon him and his progeny).
The third section manipulates the impression of the orientalists
concerning the fact that the prophet Mohammed (Peace be upon
him and his progeny) and his uncle repair to Al-Sham and the fact
that Baheiri, a priest, leaks his presence. Ultimately, the conclusion
reckons the most important results, bibliography and the references.