Iraqi Journal For Economic Sciences

The research aims to clarify the reasons for the high tourism returns and economic growth in Turkey for the period 2001-2020, and then to show the causal relationship between the two variables. The research followed the modern standard quantitative analysis method using the co-integration method, and the research reached several results, including:
1- We conclude that tourism revenues increased during the research period due to the development of non-traditional tourism patterns, the adoption of encouraging policies for tourism, the faltering of tourism in neighboring countries, especially in Syria, Lebanon, and Israel, and the spread of Turkish drama encouraged many families to take tourist trips to Turkey and a great development in Turkish airlines.
2- The research found that tourism returns lead to a one-way causality in the growth of the Turkish economy during the period (2001-2020).
3- The research showed that there is a causal relationship between the two variables in one direction at a moral level of 10%, that is, the tourism returns variable caused economic growth and therefore it can be said that tourism leads the Turkish economic growth.
4- The research found that there is at least one integration relationship between the two research variables, according to the Trace test and the Maximum Eigenvalue test.
The research concluded by presenting several proposals, including:
1-The Iraqi Ministry of Transport and Communications must work on developing, renewing, and expanding Iraqi Airways to compete with the airlines of neighboring countries.
2- It is the responsibility of the Investment Commission in Iraq and the region to work on facilitating and encouraging the flow of foreign investment into the tourism sector, to promote growth in Iraq.
3-It is the responsibility of the Central Bank of Iraq to work on the establishment of the tourist bank, like the rest of the economic sectors, represented by the real estate, industrial and agricultural banks.

Consensus is almost complete among economists that consumption is the ultimate goal of economic activity, without it there is no incentive to production, diversification of outputs and renewal of its sources, and accordingly consumption is the essential variable of double characteristic, it is a dependent variable on the one hand for changes in personal income, and independent depends on the expansion of its circle GDP growth rates on the other hand, and this study comes to measure the impact of sudden changes that have occurred on the purchasing power of Iraqi society due to the wars, the blockade and the security disturbances, i.e. consumer capacity, on the paths of economic growth in Iraq for the period from 1990-2014, based on the premise that the deterioration of consumption rates and the distortion of the structure of the consumer basket of the Iraqi individual necessarily led to a clear decline in the rates of economic growth, which was not compensated by the increase in production rates in the commodity sectors even with the exclusion of the “oil component” from the national income accounts, and they were correct. This hypothesis, but with one reservation, is that it was not inevitable if the development paths were changed from the "rentier" approach to a strategy to satisfy basic needs and self-reliance. We have distributed our study on three axes, the first came in theory, and the second in descriptive monitoring of the development of consumption phenomenon in Iraq, while the third axis is concerned with measuring the relationship between the two main variables, gross domestic product, and consumption.

The research aims to clarify the importance of the developmental role of food industries by identifying the capabilities, strengths, weaknesses, and challenges facing the food industries sector and identifying the location of food industries in the Arab and regional countries, highlighting both the experience of Egypt and the experience of Turkey as one of the important countries in the field of food industries from In order to compare the situation of that industry with the conditions of this sector in Iraq, in order to analyze the structure of the food industries and indicate the elements of strength, weakness, obstacles, and challenges facing these industries in Iraq.
The research was divided into five axes dealing with the first axis: the definition of food industries and their economic importance and their relationship to the agricultural sector. The second axis focused on studying the role of food industries in the Arab countries, and the third axis dealt with the experience of food industries in Egypt, and the fourth axis included the experience of food industries in Turkey and focused The fifth axis is on the study of the importance of the food industries in the Iraqi economy, and the study concluded by analyzing the relative contributions of the activities of the food industry in Iraq for the period 2005-2018, that the productive activity of this sector is limited to the flour and bakery industry, which dominated the main contribution in this sector at a rate of 47.63% on average during the period 2005-2018, the beverage industries ranked second with an average contribution of 15.73%, while the third rank was achieved by the other food products industry, which is the group of handicraft, handicraft and household industries with an average contribution of about 10% and these three industries constituted about 75% of the total contribution of the food industry sector , which confirms that the food industries in Iraq are still weak industries in terms of transformational stages It depends on weak technical activities that follow traditional methods of production

Most of the systems of establishments or companies suffer from a state of (uncertainty) in the data, where the supply chain faces the problem of (uncertainty) in various fields of demand, its components, safety, and costs, such as the costs of manufacturing, in the form of costs. ...etc.
The research aims to build a fortified mathematical model for multi-objective and multi-production supply chain optimization. It was formulated by programming mixed integer numbers to solve the problem (uncertainty) that the Baghdad Company suffers from. Soft drinks are related to the quantities of demand and the changing costs of production, transportation, storage, and obtaining. The optimal solution is through reducing these costs (production costs, transportation costs, and storage costs) and reduce the level of expected deficits and overpayments.

The research paid increasing attention to the issue of the industrial economic surplus as one of the components of industrial growth and its mechanisms, especially in developing countries, and that the behavior of the industrial surplus, whether in developed or developing countries, would give an important economic indicator about the direction of economic development in them, so the research aimed to study the value of the industrial economic surplus in Iraq to address many Among the challenges are dependence on oil revenues and the decline in its prices, with the aim of diversifying the sources of national income in Iraq, and for the advancement of the industrial sector, and to determine the effects that the industrial economic surplus can have on the economic growth rate of Iraq, which was chosen for the period 2004-2018. Through the research, a result was reached. The effect that the conditions of the industry in Iraq are modest to a large extent, due to the lack of interest in the industrial sector and the neglect of the element of technological change, which reduces the calculated industrial surplus, and the traditional industry is working to reduce the collection of capital, which results in a decline in its revenues, which leads to the leakage of the economic surplus away. for industrial growth endeavors.

This research aims to analyze the electricity consumption gap (demand) and the fragility of economic policy in Iraq for the period (2004-2019). The methodology adopted in this research is to adopt the descriptive analytical method, based on the available data from the variables in this research. It was found through the analysis of these data that there is a demand gap represented by the required consumption rate (the required load) of (MW15,322), while the actual consumption rate (the equipped load) was (MW7,356), meaning that there is a consumption gap of (MW7, 966) during the period (2004-2019). The reason for this is due to the crises that Iraq has experienced, the fragility of the economic policy followed, and the failure to adopt alternative or renewable energy policies. The study recommends the need to address the aspect of excessive consumption outside of controls and to bridge the gap between production and consumption by relying on policies that limit dependence on fossil fuels and move towards renewable energy.
مقدمة

Many countries are witnessing high levels of poverty, so economic policies are trying to alleviate it due to its economic, social, and political effects on societies. Financial inclusion is one of those policies through which financial services can be accessed in a flexible and easy way to empower the poor and take them into their hands and lift them out of poverty. Bangladesh is one of the pioneering countries that have used the policy of financial inclusion through the experience of Grameen Bank, which is one of the most successful experiments in the world and has contributed significantly to reducing poverty in Bangladesh. The founder of the idea of establishing Grameen Bank, Dr. Muhammad Yunus, was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2006. This research aimed to study the case of Grameen Bank and its role in reducing poverty and improving living standards in Bangladesh. Bangladesh However, the Grameen Bank experience is considered a distinct experience that has contributed significantly to alleviating poverty and providing a continuous source of income for the poor.

This research aims to introduce corporate governance and know its role in achieving corporate creditworthiness, and since there is no agreement on the concept of corporate governance, there is agreement that its application enhances the efficiency of the performance of any company that applies it and supports its ability to face any financial crisis that may encounter it. The importance of corporate governance emerged as a tool for effective control in companies through several internal and external mechanisms. The board of directors is considered the most important mechanism of corporate governance because it is one of the regulatory authorities within the administration where it monitors managers, supervises them, and evaluates their work, and its decisions have a significant impact on the performance of the company. This study also aims to know the role of governance mechanisms in achieving the creditworthiness of companies to become abler to optimize the use of available resources and thus raise the performance of the company in addition to the great role of governance in the face of corruption and nepotism as well as predicting the continuation or failure of companies in the long term, especially their financial performance

The slowdown in monetary policy has an influential role in the effectiveness of the monetary policy. The longer the slowdown is, the change in monetary policy may not be as strong as the influence and effectiveness in monetary and real variables, which makes the impact on economic growth in front of major challenges that monetary policy should overcome, and the research started from the objective (Identifying the slowdown of monetary policy and the factors affecting it and measuring and analyzing the impact of the slowdown of monetary policy on economic growth), and that the research methodology has been based on the deductive method and the quantitative method to study and analyze the phenomena and facts about the problem under study.
The research concluded (that the effect of the slowdown of monetary policy on economic growth in Iraq was very weak in light of the weak effectiveness of monetary policy and channels of monetary transmission), while the research recommended (the importance of activating the role of monetary and financial markets, restoring confidence in the banking system, and following up on the implementation of the Central Bank’s initiatives Iraq's aim to increase the rate of economic growth).

One of the important pillars in the economies of developed and even developing countries is the banking sector, so the aim of the research is to know the repercussions or effects left by the Corona pandemic on banking activity during the period from (2019-2020), as the Corona virus has proven that it is not controllable, as it is spreading in In all parts of the world, and it affected all financial institutions, including the banking sector in particular, and for the purpose of achieving the goal of the research, a hypothesis was built for the research that determines the nature of the relationship between the independent variable represented by the Corona pandemic, and the dependent variable that is represented by banking activity and is represented by financial indicators (cash and what is In its judgment, net cash credit, net pledge credit, customer deposits, net profit), the research relied on a set of main hypotheses that can be identified by which to identify the nature of the relationship between the research variables, and the research sample consisted of three private Iraqi commercial banks which are (Credit Bank Al-Iraqi, Ashur International Investment Bank, Trans-Iraq Investment Bank) and the financial data were obtained from the annual reports (2019-2020) from the Iraq Stock Exchange, and I used descriptive analysis and financial analysis Horizontal in conducting the practical aspect, and as the research reached the conclusion that (there are negative repercussions of the Corona pandemic in the banking activity of the research sample), and in the conclusion, the researcher made many important recommendations that are important in banking.

The two researchers aimed to identify the impact of the dimensions of banking service quality represented by (dependency, responsiveness, empathy, safety, and tangibility) on the profitability of Islamic banks, expressed as (return on assets index (ROA) and return on equity (ROE)). The research answered several questions, including: Is there an effect of the dimensions of banking service quality on profitability? To identify the nature of the relationship between the variables, the research adopted a set of hypotheses, including (there is a significant statistically significant effect of the dimensions of banking service quality on profitability). A sample of Islamic banks to obtain the necessary information through the annual reports of the banks, the research sample for the period (2010-2019) and a questionnaire form distributed to a sample consisting of two banks, and the number of members of the sample amounted to (164) clients. The research adopted a set of standards, methods, and statistical tools to reach the results related to the research objectives, using the statistical program (SPSSv24) and the program (EXCEL2016) in preparation for testing the research hypotheses.

Bank credit is one of the most prominent and attractive investments for banks. The current research aimed to identify the volume of bank credit for the Middle East Bank and analyze its indicators. Therefore, the research attempts to analyze the reality of bank credit, evaluate its indicators, and show its impact on the Middle East Bank.
This research stems from a hypothesis that seeks to prove its validity or rejection, which is the lack of development of banking activity in the Middle East Investment Bank using financial indicators to assess credit activity in it, based on a time series of fifteen years (2005-2019).
The research used the analytical method, and reached a set of conclusions, most notably the existence of a discrepancy in the bank credit granted by the bank, the research sample clearly, especially before 2014, and the reason for this is that it

The research is based on the basic idea that companies today are heading in a new direction towards protecting the environment associated with the increasing awareness of the pollution damage caused by these companies as a result of their operations and activities in the environment, which necessitated the need for business companies to adapt themselves in response to developments, as companies moved from the sole economic responsibility of business to social responsibility by emphasizing the socially responsible profit, and the research problem crystallized in the workers’ weak knowledge of modern productive concepts represented by green leaf operations and waste management, and the importance of research stems from As it deals with methods that would preserve the natural environment represented by green litter operations in order to enhance its competitive position and preserve the environment, the research sample consisted of (208) individuals working in Kirkuk Cement Factory, who have know-how in their field of work, and the research hypothesis was tested using analysis Statistical (SPSS) and the use of correlation and variance analysis to diagnose the correlation and effect relationships between the variables investigated, and the research concluded with a set of results, the most important of which is “that the workers in the research organization pay great attention to green litter operations for the sustainable management of waste, as well as presenting a set of recommendations, the most important of which is the need to focus laboratory management documenting complaints received from employees that revolve around the negative effects of work production mechanisms in which environmental standards are not applied in manufacturing processes.

The Corona pandemic has cast a shadow over various aspects of economic, social, health, and environmental life in the world in a short period since the outbreak of the epidemic in late December 2019. The size of the impact depends on various determinants, including the availability of health, economic and social infrastructure, Iraq’s prior preparedness to confront crises, the speed of response to them, and the strength of health and economic systems capable of absorbing sudden shocks. In the face of achieving the goals and objectives of sustainable development, expectations about the impact of the pandemic indicate the possibility of a decline in the chances of achieving the goals of the global sustainable development plan by 2030, with the exacerbation of the size of the losses that afflicted Iraq’s economy.