Adab AL Rafidayn

The dictionary of Tahtheeb AL-Lugha by Abi-Mansour AL-Azhari (370H.) has received a great attention by the old and contemporary researchers and scholars. Many researches and studies were written about this dictionary. What is obvious in these researches and studies is that the comments of AL-Azhari were the centre of many of them. Commentaries here mean those texts in which AL-Azhari starts with "I said" which usually comes after mentioning the narrations of the scholars from whom he has qouated or those from whom he has heard or talked to، from the speakers of standard Arabic.     

This research studies the narration of pre-islamic poets and their lives and the occations of their poems reported by narrators .It deals with the authenticity of these news and their narrators based on Al-Hadith science showing what was earlier and what was later.Therefore,the researcher discussed the famous and recurrent narrations of pre-islamic poets and poetry as in Mua`allaqat,the role of Quraish in judging which was good or bad poetry,the story of Antar and Ablaa,the devils of poets and some news about Umru` al-Qays ,al-Nabegha,al-A`asha,Zuhair,Tarafa and others.Hence ,these narrations were used as a basis on which we rely to study poems and their authenticity affects the analysis of these poems revealing their meanings,ideas and signification.

Armenian occupies a privileged position in relation to the Arab Islamic state, as it is located on the outskirts of the Levant and the Jazira, and that this location secures these regions from the attacks of the Byzantines, especially after their liberation, and he is the one who pushed the Arabs to liberate this region from Sasanian and Byzantine control and that was in the year 31 AH / 653 m. This region continued under Arab sovereignty until the middle of the third century AH.
Historical studies have appeared on the liberation of Arabs for this region, and some historians have studied the administrative, economic and social conditions of its inhabitants. However, no one touched upon studying its financial resources that constitute the income of the house of money during the aforementioned period, and it did not receive the necessary attention to it, and this is what prompted me to Addressing and researching the topic.
What should be noted here is that the Arab sources provided only brief information about the region’s financial resources, and most of them were reported incidentally while talking about the Arabs ’liberation of it. This information is represented in the covenants and agreements that Arab leaders concluded with its princes and indicated in its body financial matters related to freedom And the abscess and other matters branching from it. These documents have been carefully examined and taken from them related to the research and studied by a historical study based on analysis and conclusion to form a clear and complete picture of the research.
The multiple narratives provided by the Arabic references are not sufficient to build the research, and they contain a lot of missing information that forms a great void, so I have sought help from some studies of Armenian historians, including, for example, Groset and Basler Magian.
. Djan and others, to form a picture on this subject, but I found that these sources reflect a purely constructed viewpoint, and for this I tried to subject the Armenian texts to analysis and discuss the notes contained in them and compare that with what we provide from other sources?
As for the other issues about which Arab and Armenian historians do not provide clear information, I referred to the most important matters that we relate to through the many questions that the researcher can answer.
 

The present study is not mainly concerned with the functions of a poetic image , its types and all classifications. Also it would not rely on a specific approach according to its concrete , conceptual , emotional  or mental connotations. Views and images of researchers about the image as a decorative feature or an artistic –aesthetic value have not been considered. This study is not engaged in the balance between critical approaches to specify the concept of image. However, it investigates the kinetics of image in Othman Al-Mosulily's poetry as  an applicable orientation with a critical vision collocated with environmental effects , timing , cultural and heritage categories , aesthetics , interaction of personality and topic in the content and structure , and the efficiency of Al-mosily , who is concerned with kinetics of image to convey his intention to the recipient and he is so keen  to make the text communicatively acceptable in the subject structure with pragmatic scheme , revealing the effective factors in its formation , specifying the sources of experience and content, expressing an argumentative connection between self and subject , and presupposing a harmony between kinetics of image and  its realistic and conceptual input. The aesthetic value lies in the objectivity of kinetics as a formation loaded with interactive images , having the ability of realizing excitement and motivating mind by signs recognized by the recipient and considered by the study as an essential element for forming poetry and an open horizon loaded poetic components including images syntactically interrelated which do not subject to mathematic relations in logical

History and reality are considered as the basic aspects of the narrative works Emaduddin Khalil done well in employing artistically not as historian or as social researcher but he was a novelist of obvious vision of the world in his novel Al-seif Al-kalima that has been evaluated to be additional novel. These characters were samples of real people in Islamic society.    

Ibn AL-Taqtaq's is one of the scholars and men of letters who try to adapt themselves to the new situation represented in the Mongol's occupation of many Islamic lands and the fall of the Islamic Abbassid Caliphate in Baghdad (656AH-1258AD). The political and ideological changes imposed by the Mongol especially in the ruling and administrative systems have greatly affected the political vision of Ibn AL-Taqtaq's in his book (Al- Fakhri fi al-Ădāb al- Sultāniya wal- Duwal al- Islāmia). (lit. The Honorary in the Sultanic Ethics and Islamic States). The vision turns out harmonious  with the new changes. It crystallizes Ibn al-Taktaki's attitude toward that rule. Ibn AL-Taqtaq's political vision is basically characterized by three characters. The first lies in establishing juristic bases for the Mongol rule. Ibn AL-Taqtaq's state that for a rule to be juristic it must exhibit the ten characteristics of reason, justice, knowledge, piety, forgiveness, generosity, solemnity, policy, fidelity, and the ability to fathom mysterious matters. The second base, however, is providing the advice and instruction that help rulers in general and Mongol rulers in particular keep to their rule through emphasizing the importance of justice, knowledge, autocracy, consultation and forgiveness. As for the third base, it encourages the ruler to treat his subjects with kindness, mercy and justice to maintain  security and stability and consequently stable authority.

This research attempts to highlight about English Lady lived in the East about twenty nine years in search for effective political role.
Lady Hester Stanhope played a role in the imperialism  division plans in the Arab East
         The aim of this research is exposure about the historical important to political activity of Lady H. Stanhope in Syria , especially Mount of Lebanon.
The research was divided in to three sides; first deals with Lady H. Stanhope rise and her political creating. Second tackles  her journey and political activity in the East. Third deals with settling in Mount of Lebanon and her activity there.

sociology of folk markets generally can be looked at from perspectives: one is constructional while the othe is civil markets, however combine both aspects. They are constructional economically and civil with respect to shoppers being member in social culture. Some sciences tend to see folk market of economical significance, other of historical or ecological ones. Each science _ including sociology_ is rightful in its claim because this topic cam be tackled from various perspectives.
This reason motivated the researcher to tackle folk market _Mbeing a filed of sociology _ from know ledge  and civil sociology perspectives.
The research provides evidences that affirm this fact. It provides a frame work within individual and group social acts get activated in folk pattern.
The researcher found that the most suitable methodology for this research is that of knowledge sociology and ethno methodology because these two methodologies are rich with term and concepts that stem form the daily life of folk market.
The research is divided into two axes knowledge sociology, social phenomenon’s knowledge sociology, deity life, sociological folk and knowledge ethno methodology.
The second, however, tackles the sociological civil knowledge of mosuli markets. It ends with a brief summary  of the research results 

The study aims at identifying the present status at the Collage Of Pharmacy University Of Mosul, as Academic library, Its types of services, collections and  acquisitions, and technical services followed in it. It is based on case study method and collecting data through interviews with persons responsible for the library.
The study comes out with some conclusions, the most important of Which is the need for professional library staff specialized in the field of ibrarianship and information science.
The study also presents some recommendations, among which is to improve the intrenet and serving sufficient computer devices to use them in the library.

This text was engraved on a cylindrical stone made of white lime with length 10. 2 c. m. and 5. 2 c. m. of thickness. On the surface of this stone 17 lines were inscribted in the shape of framed circle. This text belongs to E. NINNU temple. What is sight catching in this is that the writer distributed the syllables of a single word in more than one line, i. e. some syllables in the above line and its completion in the line below, although there are some similar texts to this type of text that are inscribted on door sockets, baked cones and bricks. This way of inscription is very unique, rare, and unprecedented in cuneiform texts during the historical periods as far as the researcher

Grape form economic perspective had a great significance in Mesopotamia. It had been mentioned repeatedly in the cuneiform texts referring to its fame and cultivation in Mesopotamia. Grape is a climbing tree and its leave fall soon. Its flowers are in the shape of smaller or bigger clusters with yellowish colour. Moreover, its fruits may differ in shape and size. Grapes are eaten in fresh shape and in dried one as a raisin. Assyrians extended from the environment in which were living elements of unique decoration. This study sheds light on the decorations made Assyrian on grape leaf on reliefs and landscapes.

The study of translation strategy  allows us to study the way translation works. It clarifies which option the translator has chosen to carry out the translation, i. e. , which plan or  method has been chosen, and  how s/he has solved. How has the translator solved the problems that have emerged during the translation process, i. e. , which strategies have been chosen? In this sense, a strategy is carried out through a process which consists of a sequence of decisions and executive processes. The ultimate goal of the translator is to come up with  a desirable target language (TL)  text interpretable to the reader. This goal may be  realized by  choosing the best  strategy, amongst several alternatives,  adopted by the translator. The question then arises as to what strategy a translator can choose to encode the information presented in the source language  (SL) and capture something of the legal register which primarily aims at readability and secondarily, at retaining a close fidelity to the tenor and tone of the original to make the target text (TT) comprehensible and intelligible. In legal texts, the main interest of the present study, for instance, translators can not provide an accurate translation of certain notions  unless they have a clear understanding of the overall institutional system to which they belong. Many concepts used in various disciplines  are shared internationally, but the law of the country can not be separated from its culture (Selmi and Tronille, 1999:2). The legal translator has to resort to  cultural transposition  when confronted with foreign concepts  that do not exist in the (TL). Since most legal concepts are the product of a national  legal system, the terminology of the different system  is "conceptually incongruent"(Sarcevic 1997: 232). In legal  translation, due to the systemic differences in law, many legal terms  in one language do not find ready equivalents in another, causing both linguistic and legal complications.

The study of race in poetry is, in my view, a new genre which, to date, has not received widespread critical attention, though it is increasingly being noted in contemporary studies. To describe it as simply racial is neither adequate nor apt. At the same time, the staunch racial aspect cannot be ignored because of the reality it reflects. Studies about race and racism can be traced back to the early part of the twentieth century, at least in relation to the United States of America.

An effective foreign language teaching  (henceforth FLT)  process usually caters for the development of a set of competences, namely grammatical competence, communicative competence, pragmatic competence, and cultural competence on the part of learners. Cultural competence outlines foreign language (FL) learners' ability to identify themselves with the way of life of the speakers of the FL, i.e. their conventions, customs, beliefs, values, ways of living, etc.. Accordingly, Yang (2005: 28) maintains that the pioneering language teaching theorists Lado, Brooks, Rivers and Chastain have heavily emphasized that understanding the foreign culture should be a demanding aspect of the process of language teaching and learning in general, and that of FLT in particular. Such a viewpoint highlights the fact that language and culture are two complementary elements so intricately interwoven to the extent that one cannot separate the two without losing the significance of either language or culture. In other words, the learning of syntactic structures or new vocabulary and expressions does not suffice unless the FLT process incorporates some cultural elements that are intertwined with language itself (Brown, 2000: 177).