Adab AL Rafidayn

This paper sets out to investigate the translations of the Quranic scientific verses in the light of modern science. It tries to provide evidence for the hypothesis that the translations of Quranic scientific verses are assailable from a modern scientific point of view. It is found that the translations are incompatible with the Quranic verses as far as modern science is concerned. The errors committed by the translators may be explained by the fact that modern translations often resume, rather uncritically, the interpretations given by older commentators. Hence, the revision of translations and commentaries in the light of modern science is recommended.

This research is not for the purpose of studying of its subjects. To put differently, it can not be covered by several pages, but, instead of that, this subject that are comparable to this research.
This paper reveals the aspects of using the plural and revealing its consistency with the speech context , and the speaker purpose , especially , those in Holy Quran verses to unveil its rhetorical miraculous.
The significance of this study is owing to many considerations; one of whibh is that the rules are based upon speech according to the type of plural.
By this work , the way might have been paved to other scholars to complete what this paper has started with.

The present study aims at investigating the various Quranic recitations whose narrators were women.
This paper contains an introduction and two chapters.
First one deals with the study of these recitations. The second deals with the different texts the documentation and arrangements of them.

Bertolt Brecht’s aggressive political idealism and determination in using art to pose challenging questions about the conflicts between society and morality generated intense controversy throughout his lifetime. Technically, by his late twenties, Brecht had begun to envision a new theatrical system that would serve his political and artistic sensibility. He saw the stage as an ideological forum for leftist causes and wanted to create theater that depicted human experience with the brutality and intensity of a boxing match. He rejected the conventions of stage realism and Aristotelian drama, which offer empathetic identification with a hero and emotional catharsis. Brecht did not want his audience to feel, but rather to be shocked, intellectually stimulated, and motivated to take action against an unjust society and to awaken them to social responsibility. (Brecht: 1957, 78) The Threepenny Opera (1928) is an early example of his “epic theater,” consisting of theatrical innovations designed to sharpen the spectator’s critical ability and to shake him out of his complacency and expect more from the theater than entertainment. (Cardullo: 2008, 75) Epic theater uses “alienating” devices, such as placards, asides to the audience, projected images, discordant music and lighting, and disconnected episodes to frustrate the viewer’s expectations for simple entertainment.

This research is extended from a previous one which was entitled as"Disease Field in Ibn Al-Sekkeet(233 H.): A study in synonymy and symptoms". Both of the two researches fall in the same stream, and both are related to the same semantic field which is: Disease field in Ibn Al Sekkeet.
This study is concerned with the names of diseases and the recovery from them. The study, then, falls in two parts. We named the first one as"names of diseases"and the second one as"terms of recovery". The number of the term in both parts was identical: ten for each one. We mentioned in the first part the purpose of naming each disease. Some of these names were derived from the infected organ or the reason or the cause or the effect left by that disease.
As for the second part, which is named as"terms of recovery". We did not call it healing, for example, because the latter may mean the disappearance of the symptoms but not the end of the disease. This is so because the meaning of recovery is the complete healing of the disease.

The term "text" has witnessed a great concern in contemporary western and Arabic studies. Many studies tackled this topic in various scientific fields such as social, psychological, literary studiesetc up to the time that this topic had its own scientific term called (The Science of Text). This science has dealt with studies tackling the conception of this text, the method of learning it, its fields and common related terminologies.
This research will tackle the study of the book entitled (The concept of the text: A study in Quraُnic Sciences by Nasr Hamed Abu Zeid). This book was one of the contemporary Arabic writings which applied the western critical methods taking into considerations their concepts, terminologies, and backgrounds. It aims at studying the Quraُnic text.
The research will deal with the followings:
First: Nasr Abu Zeid's conception of the text, particularly the Quranic text.
Second: How did Abu Zaid read the Quraُnic text?
Third: Criticizing his concept and method.

This paper investigates the ability of first year students in the College of Physical Education to construct English sentences. This is done by testing them during the lectures to write down all kinds of sentences correctly in order to help them to overcome the difficulties which they face when constructing such kind of sentences .
The aim of this study is to discover the ability of the students in constructing sentences.
The hypothesis of this paper is that the students do not have the ability to construct sentences. Therefore, they must know fundamental basic rules of grammar and be introduced to the elements of the sentences which are very necessary to make sentences.

The study aims at showing the impact of the title and its references in the Iraqi novel as a semantic structure. It carries an intellectual reference as a part of the text strategy that invokes the receiver to enter the world of the text.
The study includes analyzing the novel " There is no hope for Gilgamesh", written by the Iraqi novelist Khudayyer AbdulAmeer, whose novel is classified as one of the novels that embodies the heroic action in history. The novelist employed Gilgamesh epic, the odyssey of ancient Iraq. The novel deals with man struggle whose aim is to gain the spell of eternity, that we find the contextual relationship between the text of the epic and the novel text. Behind this the writer's goal hides in making a suggestive relationship between past – with all its references – and the vivid present, which represents the challenge to ward off the danger of extinction which is a normal result of the human's life.

The present paper studies the problems translators encounter in rendering Qur'anic texts into English. It focuses on the translation of Ayaas "Verses" describing the conditions of mountains on the "Doomsday" and the horrific scenes and events occurring then. The paper aims at studying the linguistic structures of expressions describing the conditions of mountains on the Day of Judgment in the SL Arabic Qur'anic texts. It analyzes the renderings of those texts into English by four translators showing the differences between their renderings and the areas of their success and/or failure.
It is hypothesized that there is no one to one correspondence between the SL Qur'anic texts and their renderings into English. Therefore, communicative translation is better suited to translating those texts.
The findings of this paper reveal that communicative translation is the best method adopted in rendering Qur'anic texts.

The issue of women is a modern topic that has been addressed by many writers and presented their point of view and explained the image of women with complete freedom. The research deals with the image of women in the nineteenth century by the great French writer Balzac in his novel (Eugene Grande) from the rhetorical point of view, where it includes (comparison, analogy, borrowing ...). The woman in Balzac is a victim of the traditions and customs of society and a victim of love and passion. Whether she gave it or got it, but happiness is not the inevitable result of this love because it was the source of her pain and misery.

In this study ,We tried to examine closely the place in the Arabian Nights by Najeeb Mahfuz. He presents real (world in many sides and in an odd atmosphere which forms as a symbol of human being movement between material and spirit. There is destruction of barriers between tenses and places specially he utilized the originality of place in the tales in its beautiful places. Also the oddness that we see that he could succeed to creat an imaginay and charmed atmosphere that it has fascination as well as the amazement of the past we see him creating the secondary re-prepare after forming. Trying to forma machinism of connection between past and present events with textural relation, within this place, he presentsa fact and many things from his community that he is'nt able to express about, those places with their characters.The writer melts borders between reality and imagination in order to try to arrive to an ideal place. Similarlyit also found in (shahraiar) to get rid of life contraries to compensate psychologically from successive frustration inside the limited space .

The present paper tries to analyse the correlation between the clause type of an utterance and the intonational features associated to it. The main objectives of this study are to describe and analyse the intonation patterns in Modern Standard Arabic (henceforth MSA) and Standard English (henceforth SE) depending on grammatical bases in a contrastive way. It is hypothesized that the two languages (henceforth MSA and SE) differ from each other in terms of both the clause structure and the intonational features associated to it. It is found that the intonational differences are more effective than the syntactic ones. It is also found that MSA and SE use almost all the types of tones established by Halliday (1970), and that the choice of intonation patterns is mainly and fundamentally determined by grammatical factors

Autobiography is a recent literary trend in comparison with other literary trends. It is a full account of important literary figures.
It contains their experiences whether pleasant or not as well as important lessons or messages to the reader presented in an interesting influential style.
This research tackles the "Autobiography" as a literary type distinct from biography and other related litrary types.Then، a Light is shed on the devlopment of autopigraohy in both western and Arabic literature.

Speech morphology in Arabic language is a very useful science because it deals with word structure morphologically. It also deals with language derivation, its tenses, and what is added to words in letters, accent besides the affixes.
Ibn Jinni, the Arab linguist, says: this type of science, the inflection is much needed by the linguists because the nature of Arabic speech is known especially in affixes and derivation can not be distinguishes of without it( (.
Thus intended this terminology of Al-Fara together with the subject of Al-Quran's meaning terminology.
Al-Fara in this research is not the only one who dealt with morphological terms and the Kufis, but his terms are rather of Basrhi ones. So I divided such terms in this following way: verb inflection, noun inflection, the joint inflection between them.

Historically the Mongolian period is considered as one of the most horrible one, and the most painful. It has destroyed regions such as China, Middle Asia Iran, Iraq and Eastern Europe. All of these regions, in turn, constituted the Mongolian Empire.
The subject of this Empire is an important one in the Arabian and Islamic history. It is not less than the study of the Crusades. In that part of Arabian and Islamic history related to this Empire beginning from the fall of the Khawarizm State and Abbaside Caliphate and the effectiveness of the this conversion on their relations with Islamic powers, especially the Mamluk state in Egypt and Syria.
This conreetion made the ultimate understanding of the different aspects of this Empire which in turn urged the researcher to study one of these aspects, i.e to study subject entitled (The Ruling Dynasty Conflict on the Succession of Power in Mongolian Empire) .
This study consist of introduction and four chapters. The introduction tackles the Mongol's early history where the researcher explained who are the Mongol, their migration and struggle to servive, as well as the roughly time for the appearance of Mongol term, and the historical narratives which studied their origins and political conflicts.
The first chapter entitled "Temojen and the establishment of his Empire". It also includes the studying of the significant tribes in Mongolia, Temojen's growth, his political conflicts, how it comes to him to unify Mongolia and establish his Empire and then, divided the Empire amongst his four sons.
The second chapter entitled "The Ruling Royal Dynasty Conflict on the Post of Al-khan Adham", deals with the political conflicts happened amongst Chingiz Khan's sons and grandsons about the post of al-khan al-A'dham, and what has witnessed of associated wars in addition to insurrection movements beginning from the conflict about succession of Ogadai Khan, and ending with the collapse of Qublai Khan in China.

The Research tackles Goldzehers View of the Islamic sects in his book Dogma and Sharia in Islam. It begins with a brief account of Goldzehers life. Among his famous books is Dogma and Sharia in Islam in which he dealt with the most important dogmatic and legislative issues in Islam. from the appearance of the Prophet Mohammed (Peace and blessings upon him). He also discussed the dogmatic divisions. Hence this research aims at explaining Kharrijities view of Islamic sect, and their dogmatic opinions. Although he devoted a section to talk about these sects , he confined himself to talk about Shia and Kharrijities. The rest of the sects is discussed in the section assigned to the dogmatic difference in which he gave a sufficient account of the Islamic dogma from the perspective of alul Sunna then moved to handle heresies that came from some sects like Almurjia Aljabryia, Almushabbiha, Almujassima and Almutazila Furtherouore, he presented the opinions of Alashaira and Almaturedyia Finally, the research sheds light on the mistakes committed by Goldzeher reviewing the most valuable results obtained from his analysis of the opinion and beliefs of Islamic sects.

The Europeans were greatly interested in Africa south of Sahara. So many books were written about the history of Islam in general and in Africa in particular. Some of these writings were fair, whereas others were unjust. One of those writers is the orientalist Thomas Arnold through his book "Call to Islam". In this book Arnold tackles spreading of Islam in various places, particularly in Africa.
The writer tackles African history into two chapters out of thirteen chapters of the book. He discussed in the first chapter the matter of spreading Islam among the Christians of Africa especially after the gradual declination of the Christian Church and the arrival of Muslims to "Nuba" (now Republic of Sudan). He discussed that history up to the 18th and 19th centuries. In the other chapter, the writer explains how Islam reached east and west coasts of Africa concentrating on the methods adopted by the Muslim propagandists to spread Islam.
Arnold's view about the stages of spreading Islam in Africa, south of Sahara, is tackled and the texts which assure the peaceful spread of Islam are shown. Then the mistakes which the writer fell into are shown and corrected. True historical evidence is scientifically used to criticize and correct his narrations.

Often the region of Caucuses has been a conflict field. The main reason is the contradiction of nationality and religion. During history of region there were secessionist trends, independence movements and the supremacy attempts of majority over coexisting minority. The most of violence and victims is in: South Ossetia, Abkhazia, Nagorno- Karabakh.The important character of these problems is the freezing from round to another, as the belligerent parties have not come to a harmonious solution that guarantees the interests of all who see that time is the desired solution, besides, international attitude is not active. The secessionist affairs were used in Caucuses as pressures in political bargaining among concerned world powers.

Social knowledge is formed in the light of the variables of civilization, past, present, future, cultural contact, production power and philosophy.
All these variables work together to form a cultural pattern that distinguishes the behavior of the society it stems from. However , it is not necessary that all these variables work together or have equal role in knowledge formation . One variable may has priority over others for one reason or another.
Undoubtedly, Iraq accupation on April 4th 2003 caused an extreme change in the political map. There also followed plans to change the social and demographic structure. All these variables come
with a change in the social knowledge. This was reflected on the social structure of the Iraqi society. To show this social change, the study came out in three sections . The first represents the theoretical background of the research. It includes the research problem, its importance, aim, samples, methodology, tools and fields.
As for the second section, it includes a theoretical approach to the methodology of knowledge sociology and social change in the Iraqi society.
The third section, however, tackles the axes of the Iraqi social structure and social change at the onset of American invasion of Iraq.
Each of the axis of the social structure ends up with a summary of the most important results it comes up with. The research ends up with a conclusion that includes a comment on Ocobron theory and the reasons behind social change in its light.

Islam is a religion attempts to invest all of the human phenomena as well as to employ them adorationally , psychologically ,socially and economically in aaway to be useful for all the member of the society. Islam has restricted an accurate method for the muslem to hold the rein of the initiative in his daily life in order not to hase his time and to overcome all the tendencies of laziness and the aspects of the humanweakness. By deriving its justifications from the human nature Islam has dealt with the human nature and worked to clear it up applying its effectiveness to all the details of life as well as all the feature of manners.
Throrghout the social system of Islam , it has restricted an accura mechanism in order to renew the vitality of man and to reiforce his activity in a dynamic way. Then, Islam has restricted the general frame work of the social interation process. Thus it restricted the common features of social behaviour and depended on the mechanism of favoriting the passive reward to reinforce the process of obedience and observing the requirements of the social system as well as keeping its dignity.

The development needs to qualified human resources ,these cadres slice graduates, including graduates of the Department of Sociology. from here We research came to trying to identify the contribution graduates of sociology at the development. Our research has included four themes dealt with the first axis the methodological framework for research, while addressing, the second axis, the foundations that qualify the individual to enter the development sectors ,The third focused on the future prospects for the entry of sociology graduates to development sectors and The fourth axis the most important findings and recommendations.

There is an interactive and controversial relaionship that could be described as a direct on between the city as a fact characterized by urbanism on one hand and the demographic and urban increase on the other. When the relatives of the crowdedness decrease the degree of the urbanism becomes weak. It is found out that the demographic development and the centering of the services in the cities and capitals of the developing countries to which there will be migration, all these matlers will lead to increase the crowdedness.
It is also noticed that there is a kind of diflerence between the advanced country that was able to face the urban challenges the main one among them is the crowdedness and the developing countries, among them the Arab countries which suffer from problems of crowdedness on the social and healthy services while on the level of the entire crowdedness and its containment it is found out that it is comprehensive in the advanced countries while it is reltive in the developing countries because it mostly prevailed the advanced countries and decreased in the developing countries in some of its main cities namely the capital ones.

The importance of our research is a simple attempt to discover the characteristics of mosuli and Baghdadi character from humanity the study attampt to produce the relationship between the perspective individuals and the sociological environment. Similarly, we try to know the aspeds of similarity and difference between two characters through the comparison between them.
The research contains two sides the first side represents the theoretical side which takes the importance of research and its aim and conception and the nature of mosuli and Baghdadi societies. As for the field part, it presents information which specify the sample of research that consiots of (50) individuals.

King Hamurrabi is one of the distinguished kings in Mesopotamia for the great achievements he accomplished during his reign one of which was his achievement in the field of Babylonian Jurisdiction. He started a radical change in the administration of Judicial affairs and the appointment of judges. He is considered the supreme judge of the state who looked into the various legal cases. He was keen on issuing decrees which helped a lot in the development of the Babylonian Jurisdiction. Before the end of his reign, he issued a Famous law which is considered as one of the most important legal documents in the ancient near East.

Temples and their rights was of great responsibility towards kings, governors and peoples. Any neglect of offering, building or rebuilding was reflected in the Assyrian inscription and corresponding. Their duty and the responsibility towards those who may not respect these religious places.
This research is regarded as one of the most important religious subjects because it reflects an aspect of the religious fact which the Assyrian society lived through the New Assyrian period via studying the temples and their prestige in the New Assyrian kingdom. So, the Assyrian kings took care seriously of the religious affairs that reflected clearly on their royal titles, and descriptions. Subsequently , the worshipping centers, i.e.(the temples) favored with great interest by them in terms of sanctity and holiness but that hallo of importance was subject occasionally to certain kinds of encroachments and sacrileges by the public and some official characters.
According , this research sheds light on the range of care taken by the Assyrian kings as to the sanctity of those temples, binding to their controls on one hand. The study also tries know to the nature of those encroachments and what was the measures adopted by the kings about this point on the other hand.

Agriculture formed a vital element for human beings during Neolithic. It changed his life to a new phase, after he was moving from place to place looking for animal hunt, collecting fruits and living in caves, he turned due to practicing agriculture into a stable life in settled Villages getting his food in a permanent way. Agriculture was a civil, economic and social revolution. Iraqi people contributed heavily in this vital change for they were living in one of the most important place in the near East Witnessed the beginning of that change which also helped him to have a mental realization and give a big value to the incentives represented by agriculture. This led to worship agriculture for his existence was highly connected with what land gave people of fruits. Moreover, man expressed his worship in religious concept which was the early and first in history expressing land as a mud figures of a women with an exaggerate feminity. Thay made a functional relationship between land and women in artistic and social representation revealed by excavations in several agricultural sites in Iraq and Near East. Furthermore, this relationship showed a civilization unity among those sites through the worship of that mud figures.

This study is aiming at introducing some Arabic electronic periodicals in the field of information and Library science and identifying the concept , types and characteristics of electronic periodicals. The attitude of the teaching staff at the two departments of library and Information science at the University of Mosul and the Mosul Technical Institute were studied through searching their opinions . A questionnaire was distributed to a sample of 17 teaching staff members for that purpose.
As a conclusion The study shows that:
1- 100% of the teaching staff members included in the study prefer using Internet as an access to the electronic periodicals and 17-23 of them also use other means in addition to the Internet.
2- 100% of the teaching staff members also prefer to use free of charge electronic periodicals rather than the paid ones.
3- 70% of them prefer to use printed copies of electronic periodicals when available rather than the electronic copies.
4- 88% of them mentioned that the electronic periodicals are more update than printed periodicals

The researcher analyzes the reference citations of the doctoral dissertations of the department of statistics at the University of Mosul for the period(1995-2006) which mounted to(668) reference citations. The research offered a good evaluation of the information sources used by Ph.D students. The researcher used some statistical method and the statistical program (Minitab 13). The most important conclusion is that the ratio of using foreign reference citations which mounted to(83,532%) is greater than the ratio of Arabic reference citations which mounted to (%16.467). The reason of this difference is attributed to the rarity of the Arabic information sources in statistics and the high prices of most of them.

This paper entitled "Ibn Rushed political philosophy" aims at reviewing and analyzing Ibn rushed political thought which depends on philosophy in most of its aspects .It involves a comprehensive study of his philosophy in this respects .The choice of this topic is due to many considerations of which the pivotal status of Ibn Rushed in the Islamic thought as he talked about many issues including managing politics and types of governments as well as theorizing for the virtuous city " utopia ". In this respect, Ibn rushed has surpassed Plato's idealistic theory, proving the possibility of establishing a virtuous city through the succession of governments involving virtuous people in a given country that maintaing justice and stability as well as reformation and renewal .This paper reveals many facts concerning this topic and ends up with important findings that are valuable for both readers and researchers .Considering the various political views for the possibility of creating a good city " utopia " , and analyzing the factors of creating such utopia or a theoretical level .And if the main concept of the research is to consider the theoretical and practical aim which Ibn Rushed intended in his research in the field of politics as a philosophical research. The researcher divides the paper in to four parts. The first seetion has two aims :a/The subject of politics and its relation with other science.b/ The concept of Ibn Rushed concerning justice and its connection with the state and ruling .And the second section has two aims :a/ Between the policy of cities and types of rule .b/The application of the policy of cities within the philosophy of utopia.

Praise be to Allah, Lord of the Worlds, prayer and peace upon our Prophet Muhammad and his family and gluten either Miami yet ... , Each nation is proud of and proud of it and that if the Arabs who Atsoa language and notorious Bblagthm and Vsaanhm and preserved their language even more to keep away from the melody, it should be noted that the Arabs did not hunker in places isolated away from the others, but opened up to the regions to several factors, including religious, political and economic Here The close contact and mixing with other tribes and the impact of language in the languages of other nations did not prevent this from that affected much of the terms as a result of their dealings to the income Arabic dialect a lot of words of foreign, including Persian of the factors that I mentioned in the above and this would normally because life is based on give and take in everything, including the language, have been found and I live in the cities of Mosul, that there is a lot of words Persian that are open to people do not know their origins and their implications are quite accurate understanding of it, here was my idea in this research to extend the service of a modest yard specialist and highlight many of the vocabulary with which we deal in our daily lives as it entered us by virtue of contiguity and visits and Altsahr and by virtue of religion and trade, politics and wars have been arranged are collecting items according to the alphabet, taking advantage of language dictionaries Persian and Arabic Ooah all of the words of explanation and illustration, and this aims to do research to increase cultural awareness..
And God help you ....

This paper investigates the translation of the names of doomsday in the glorious Quran into English .(یوم ألقیامة) is the common and main name of doomsday ،and it is mentioned in the Glorious Quran in seventy verses،whereas other properties are not mentioned except in a few verses like (ألتغابن)،which is mentioned only in one verse. Dictionaries indicate that " Doomsday" is the base of (یقوم ،قوما ،و قیاما ،و قیامة قام ) .Doomsday alone doe not need further interpretation ،while many names of the Doomsday mentioned in the Glorious Quran such as (یوم ألفصل ،یوم ألقضاء،یوم ألجمع ،یوم ألدین ،یوم ألحساب) ،do need interpretation due to the connotations they imply.