Adab AL Rafidayn

Speaker's/ writer's attitude plays an essential role in assigning meaning to any stretch of language. An attitudinal meaning expresses the degree of commitment of the speaker to the truth of what is being said (cf. Palmer, 1981: 153). Attitude, however, is not a unanimously agreed upon term. Some scholars restrict it to evaluative judgements constructed on the spot (Schwarz, 2006:19), hence denying its existence. Traditionalists, however, look at it as a hypothetical construct that psychologists invented to explain phenomena of interest (Schwarz, 2007:1). It is activated by retrieval and expressed with some degree of favour or disfavour. Constructionalists, however, deny the existence of these hypothetical constructs. For them, attitudes are tendencies to form judgement about a certain attitude object. From this perspective, attitudes are highly context-sensitive. Metacognitivists, on the other hand, emphasize the role of retrieval and construction in forming attitudes (cf. Petty et al, 2007:3). According to them, people can retrieve evaluations associated with attitude object and modify them as befits the relevant situation.

The paper of- Artor Shada- deals with the views of Sybawayhi about phonetics and the views of modern phonetians in the same field. The study tries to give a brief account of sybawyhs life, and the method of his stady and its goals , followed by Shadas biography and his interest in Arabic studies.

This study which is entitled "Intonation in English-Arabic Consecutive Interpreting" aims at investigating the transfer of intonation patterns in consecutive interpreting from English into Arabic. It Hypothesizes that both languages use almost similar tones.
The data comprise spontaneous English recordings and their Arabic interpreting by five graduate students from the Translation Department, University of Mosul. They are analyzed auditorily following the intonation system by P. Roach, 2000.
The findings reveal that success in transferring intonation patterns leads to success in transferring expressive and natural spoken discourse and that the simple tones are transferred more correctly than the complex ones.

Among the most interesting and effective innovations in second language education during the last three decades have been the immersion programs developed in Canada. The rationale of such programs is based upon the belief that one learns a second language by actually communicating through it. Immersion learning is a method of second language instruction in which the second language is the major vehicle for integrating language instruction, content instruction, and communication. It can be brought about by developing a variable repertoire of instructional approaches, techniques, strategies, and activities via which teachers can help students understand both the second language and its content. The main purpose of immersion learning is to develop students' second language acquisition and the learning of academic content and cultural situations. Hence, students should be able to communicate and interact competently with more people in more places in an increasingly independent world community.

This paper deals with the works of Daif’s in renewing the Arabic grammar, and look at the advantages and disadvantages of his method; in addition to revaluing of his references in this field.

This paper tackles the idea of toil in some of Robert Frost's poems (1874-1963), with special reference to two relatively important poems: "Mowing" and "Birches". How and why does the union of fact, dream and toil interfere to result in graceful revelations of truth and knowledge?
Frost's particular thoughts on the role of metaphor in the making of poetry help in answering such questions, stating that truth and imagination can give a clear image of life. In applying statements from Frost's essays to these two poems, I build in part on some critics' opinions on toil and vision in order to emphasize the ability of Frost's poetry in connecting between imaginative vision and physical toil. Consequently, the discussion will extend the bond between the demanding daily reality and the mythical and metaphorical properties of poem diction

The present study is necessitated by the fact that most teachers concentrate on how to convey subject matter to their students and do not advise them about the proper way of revision.Besides, most of our students, we assume , do not know how to revise properly. Yorkey,R.C.(1970:210) points out that revision does not mean to reread the textbook or to memorize facts and formulas at the last minute.He recommends that the best way of preparation is to review briefly the material that we have reviewed during the preceding days.He advises the students to relax , preferably by going to bed early.

Hester Prynne in Hawthorn’s The Scarlet Letter (1850) is a sinner against God’s law and a breaker of the moral system of the seventeenth-century Puritan Boston. She commits a sin of adultery with the reverend young minister, Arthur Dimmesdale, who, unlike Hester, conceals his sin from the community. Therefore, she is punished first by being put in prison and then by being publicly displayed on a scaffold for three hours and forced to wear a lifetime scarlet letter “A” on the breast of her dress as a token of shame. It is expected, after her final release from prison, that the Bostonians will tolerate her, accept her as an ordinary person in their community, and give her an opportunity to start a new life. But what happens later is contrary to expectations. The aim of this paper is to shed some light on how her fellow-citizens, in particular, and people from other places, in general, sin against her more than she against them, and on how she pays for her guilt more than really deserves. It is not the intention of this short paper to cover all the incidents in the novel, but only a certain number of those that are as expressive of the aim of this paper as possible have been selected.

The research investigates the state of spatial-temporal complaint that the platonic poets of Bani Umayia had. Given the importance that this study holds on artistic semantics, the research was divided into two main sections:
1- Temporal alienation and its influence in revealing the platonic poet's psychological dilemma as he suffers from what time has done to him. Time in literature is presented as "Humane time", thus the psychological suffering of the poet is clearly felt.
2- Spatial alienation is the section that tries to explain the spatial information associated with it, and tries to identify the boundaries that the poet has set for himself in his poetry, both semantically and pragmatically within the structure of the poem. In this sense, place turns, by means of meaning and symbols, into a concentration of values and social reality and reveals the extent of the poet's interactivity with his society.

It is worth asking how the act of reading becomes something to value in itself, as for instance, the act of conversation or the act of taking a walk. We all learn to read at school after a model. But for most of us, this is not an optional use of the power of our brain. Moreover, many problems in reading and learning are due to bad habits. Many people are still reading in the way that they were taught at elementary school. The methods currently used in schools do not touch on the problems of speed reading in relation to comprehension and retention. In short, most of our reading problems have not been dealt with during initial education.

This paper deals with a fundamental issue in phonetics, namely phonetic parallelism which represents one of the miraculous aspects in Al- Qamar Surah. The study explains the concept of parallelism paying a special attention to the parallelism of word components, for example, the parallelism of short vowels, the parallelism of rhyming letters, and syllable parallelism in addition to the parallelism of syntactic components. This includes the parallelism of the partial syntactic repetition and that of the full syntactic repetition.
The paper comes out with the conclusion the phonetic parallelism in AL- Qamar Surah has verbal aesthetic dimensions that are consistent with some structural syntactic and semantic functions. Furthermore, rhyme contributes to the achievement of a unified beat, which indicates the continuation of tone, connectivity, and succession. This goes well with Almightly God's follow up for the ancient people, who were liars, and is consistent with the significance of movement, speed, hardship, repetition and exaggeration.

This research sheds light on the representation of French culture in learning French as a foreign language, which is an important part not only in French language and literature, but in all living languages ​​as well. As we conducted an applied study on one of the modern curricula taught in the French Language Department at the University of Mosul in order to explain to the reader the importance of this culture for French language learners, so it was necessary to show what is the benefit of French culture for foreign learners and at the same time explain the importance of culture to those who wish to follow His studies in France, and it is clear that the cultural movement is based on perceptions or preconceived ideas and on plans inherited from the past, from the history of France in general or from the history of relations between France and the French-speaking countries. In short, there is a special picture of France that illustrates this important attraction or tendency to French culture and the study of the French language in the Francophone countries. Our research focuses on a detailed study of French culture such as (clothing, food, arts and music, theater, cinema, and fashion ...) as well as on the study of language French for non-native speakers for those attracted to study this foreign language, and we found that there is a relationship between sociolinguistics and ideological studies, as well as a clear relationship between learning a foreign language on the one hand, and its effect on Arab learners on the other hand.

Most specialists in the works of Jean-Paul Sartre agree that "The Words" is an early childhood autobiography, and it is rare to classify it as an autobiographical novel. Wide discussions about this topic have been raised on the pages of books, literary magazines and television screens without reaching a final opinion about it, as the book is inspired by a true story but is peppered with fictional details. In this research we tried to define the main features of the biography and study whether the book "Words "It adheres to its standards. After that, we presented a brief picture of the features of this text and referred to the fact that the narrative system used in it is authoritarian directing the text from its beginning to its end in a way that makes the characters prisoners of the reflections, wishes and whims of "Sartre - the author" so that the reader feels all the time that he is about a fictional text he wrote. Balzac "is known in his fictional writings as the narrator's dominance over the capabilities of the characters and the sequence of events, and that is what takes the text out of the real limits of time and space. The narrator’s great control over the memories of Sartre, the "child," appears by giving them a "rational" character that has always been known as "Sartre - the thinker", which makes the text at times a place for the definition of some philosophical concepts and at other times it is referred to as a bridge leading to a fictional novel.

The speech mixes prose and poetry in a piece of language which removes the boundaries among the literary genres, for should not think that the study tries to compare the poetics of speech with the poetics of Al_A`sha, Al_Nabigha, Al_Mutanaby, Safi ud_Din Al_Hilly and Mohmmad Mahdi Al_jawahiry, it tries to combine prose and poetry by means of the variance, and similarity rather than by contrast and difference. The presence of one genre does not exclude the other. The poetic aspect endows the speech with the characteristics of being brief, condensed and metaphor and avoids redundancy and verbosity. The study therefore, is an applied interest in poetry using prosaic tools through using poetry within prosaic contexts.
The theory of literary genres draws a distinction among the genres by judging each genre according to the standards and criteria each one has and the stylistic features using strict parameters. However, poetry within prose performs an epistemological function with an aesthetic aspect linked to the change in the angle of vision.
The study removes the boundaries among the literary genres to the extent of violating the cognitive legacy which states that there are strict borderlines among the genres. It similarly rejects any merging among the genres which have a lot in common. For any connection between prose and poetry is not dictated by form, rather the mixture is what endows them with knowledge and the mobility of awareness. Rhyme is no longer considered a separating trench between poetry and prose because the definition of poetry changes and renews with time and ideology.

During the period under investigation (1949 – 1958) , Lebanon witnessed the existence of many forms of frontal Work. These forms were effective and influential at the level of interior policy. Lebanese factional coalitions began within the framework of traditional parliamentary opposition. It resulted in the (committee of coalitions factions), a coalition that opposed reelecting Bushara Al – Khuree for a second term. This coalition agreed upon the democracy of dissolving the parliament, holding free elections, securing general liberties, integrity and joining the legal factions that adopted this stance like “ Social Progressive Party “, “ National Liberty Bloc “, “ National Bloc “, The Party of Public Unity “, “ National Calling Party ” and “ Al- Gasasina Organization”.
As for the “ National Social Bloc ” ,it is a parliamentary bloc that opposes Al- Khuree.It doesn’t , however , comprise all the parties of the first coalition. Most of its members and nationalist figures. It comprises eight parliamentary members. The programme of this front is clear that of the committee of factions. It is of economical social and democratic nature. It succeeded in deposing Bushara Al-Khuree and electing one of its members (Kameel Shamoun) for the president of the state instead of him.
The third coalition, however, was the public social bloc. It undertook achieving the necessary reforms in Lebanon. The figures participating in it were friends to the progressive party or active members in it.As for its programme, it was similar to that of the national social bloc.
Factional congress, however, was of different nature. It was a coalition among many factions that demanded for reforms surpasses the internal reforms. It standard its meetings with calling for supporting the struggle of the Arab people in Morrocow. Then, it enlisted the reform demands on its agenda. The congress programme was distanced with political feature which became clear through preserving Lebanon’s unity, and independency. It was rejecting western alliances specially Baghdad alliance in 1955.
The National Front was closest to the national socialism front in their members , clearly it was personalities alliance more the between parties , while its announcing program nearest to the party conference program , therefore it concentrated on public political requirements such as refusing second presidential renew for Kamil Shamoon and resisting his political perversion specially the external policy related to western bias. But it is as former alliances determined the relation between its members while its political role was great.

Zahida Mouhammed Taha
Abstract
The book (Mukhtar Al –Akhbar) for Rukin Al-Din Al-Mansouri which is known by (Al-Dodar), is one of the well-wnown history sources, which deals with the history of the Mamluk –Mingol relationships during the Mamluk navy period.
The most important thing about this book is that this author lived during the period of Sultan Al-Nasar Mohammad Bin khalawin who is one of the best Sultans of the Mamluk state. the author attended the biggest military wars of the Mamluk against Magul and crusade. Besides the author shared in the Mamluk state specially during the Al-Nasar Mohamad second part of his ara.
All these events makes this book so important for it is considered the pioneer in dealing with the historical facts about the wars between Mingols and Mamluks and specifically about the battle (Muriage al Suffar)in which the author described scenes from the battle that he actually attend and shared , that what makes the information about the battle so impotant. Besides the author mentioned about the letter during (1302-702) between Al-Nasar Mohammad and Mahmmod Ghazan before the battle (Muriage Al Suffar) started.

After the fall of the Assyrian State in the year of 612 B.C., the Arab tribes started wandering in the western and north western areas of Iraq and in the eastern and south eastern areas of Syria.
After the fall of Babylon in the year of 538 B.C. by the Akhmaned, this area came to be Known as "Arabia", i.e. the country of Arab. Hattra may be an Assyrian settlement. In the second century A.C., it became a religious and civil center for the wandering Arab tribes in this area.
It is worth mentioning that the location of such city between Iraq and Syria was important for the commerce to develop and commercial Asian goods to be transported from Iraq to Syria. The European goods were also transported though Syria to Iraq and the other Asian countries. These commercial activities developed this city to an Arab kingdom the Romans tried destroy this city but gailed. Meanwhile, Hattra mand use of the conflict between Saluges (i.e. the governors of Iraq, Iran and Syria) and Romans and later on between the Parthean and Roman. The development of Hattra is due to the peaceful policy of the parthean in that era. After the rise of the Sasynain State in the year of 224 A.C., Ardasher tried to occupy it, but he failed. At the time of his son, Sapor Ist, the latter was able to occupy this city in the year of 244 A.C.

This paper divides the common foodstuffs at the early Islamic period into vegetables, wild vegetables and meats. Vegetables are mainly of cereals (like wheat and barley the latter was widely eaten). It also includes fruits like dates (which was the main food for the Muslim warriors due to its high nutrition value), grapes, figs, pomegranates, etc, Vegetables like melon, cucumber, oninon, and garlic, etc. (the last two are unpleasant though not for bidden). The widespread wild vegetables at that time were manna and tuffles. The paper refers to the various types of meat like veal, beef, poultry, fish. It refer, as well, to the fact that the early Muslims used to have three main meals, breakfast, lunch and supper.

Doubtlessly coins have a special importance in characterizing and knowing some matters which have relationship with the time in which the coins were made in. They are considered official documents that couldn’t be distorted. The error in the coins is very rare. Coins are the main resource if the sources are limited. The importance is not according the purity of the metal or the weights , moreover , the importance is in the writings and pictures inscripted on. So we know the history and the place of manufacture and occasionally the name of the person who commanded the operation of making the coins and the limits of his religious and living authority and some other features of live he was living.

The family is concerned the unique social environment for man, since his birth, and whole his life. The families are not same, when the family is good, organized and cohesive, naturally, the child’s breeding, will be easy. While the child who lives in sdisinteg rated family suffer. from conflict and problems between the parents, it is reflected on their children physically, psychological and socially. This causes some confusion and troubles. in his life and may lead him to death.
This research tries to study the relation between family disorganization and children mortality, and aims to know the main social characteristics of some disorganization families whose children have died. The research uses quote sampling method for studying 80 disorganization family who has a dead child. It also uses interviews and questionnaires in collecting information from them.
The study comes out with some conclusions such as:
1. The divorce is more affected types on children among disorganization families, as the study shows that 55% of dead children lived with disorganization families.
2. There is arelation between disorganization family and children as this. study show that 80% of children have lost their life after a year of getting disorganized.
3. The family disorganization is the main reason stands behind the careless of children during their illness. The study shows that 80% of dead children did not look after medically by their families.
4. This study shows that 67.5% children have been lost their life. because of neglect and delaying of cure medicine.
5. The study also notices that 70% of children does not get their ordinary and 62% of them living a miserable life

The research aims at studying the nature of the problems experienced by family under the U.S. occupation and the research has come to the result that the most problems faced by the family and poor relations, rampant unemployment and low standard of living of the family as well as the deterioration of services in general, leaving its harmful effects on the family.

he present study aims at shedding light on Šubat– Enlil city by reviewing the records of Royal Mary. This city had played a significant role during the old Assyrian periods around (2000-1521) B.C.At that time it was recognized as capital by the Assyrian king Shamsh-Adad I and lasted for about thirty-two years 1814-1782 B.C. In the city the king had been receiving kings, ambassadors, and emissaries...etc.
Similarly , he contracted many pacts in the city and launched many military campaigns. Thus the city had been marked out as a political and economical center. Moreover , the Assyrian influence expanded a lot during the second mellinuim B.C. however , the role of this city got deterioted after the death of its king which led to a political void. This encouraged their enemies to contract a counter alliances against it. Its political and economical role began to fanish away , and it is hardly mentioned in the historical records

The voyage of the Danish Carsten Niepuhr to Iraq is one of the historical expeditions documenting the history of Iraq in general, and the history of Mosul in particular in the mid of the 18th century A.D. The importance of this voyage comes from the descriptions and depictions it provides of a number of cultural and political aspects of the city.
The present research sheds light on the building structures of Mosul in the Ottoman reign as depicted by the voyage of Carsten Niepuhr. The Danish voyager arrived at the city of Mosul in (1765 A.D/ 1178 A.H) when it was one of the vassal territories of the Ottoman Empire and was ruled by Al-Jaleeli dynasty (1136-1249 A.H/ 1726- 1834 A.D), the founder of which was Abdul-Jaleel. During the reign of this dynasty, Mosul had witnessed remarkable building improvements and expansions and many buildings were constructed such as mosques, markets, schools and courts. Those building constructions left prominent construction remains which outline the distinctive architectural structures of Mosul. Niepuhr focused during his stay at the city on a number of prominent constructions, religious buildings and facilities and hence, provided us with a clear and comprehensive picture of what those buildings and constructions were like back in that period of time. However, in order to have an overall comprehension and clear visualization, the present study analyzes the voyage records and compares these records with the documents of the local history of the city aiming at authenticating Niepuhr's records and adding more analyzing information of the buildings and of what is left of them.
The present study falls into several parts. First, an overview of the Iraqi city of Mosul during the Ottoman reign is presented. Second, the identification of Niepuhr and his expedition and the depictions he made of the buildings and constructions at the city in that period are illustrated. The analysis of these depictions according to historical and architectural data is also provided. Furthermore, a variety of relevant sources and references has been consulted. Finally, a number of photos, a map of the buildings and constructions Niepuhr's depicted and a map showing his trip from Baghdad to Mosul are included in the study.

The present study tries to shed light on the this topic which is cure for baldness and hair loss and their methods of treating in the ancient Iraq. This topic is of significant. It is among the subjects that made man in the past as well as in the present think twice to find solution for these diesease because they closely related with human appreance as far as cosmetics is concerned. It is important for every human being especially for women.
In the ancient times, Iraqi people tried their best to keep their hair and not to be lost. This consequently lead to baldness. Human instinct pushed man to try what are available in the nature like plants. mineral or animal substances in oder to get acess to the most successful method of treating hair-loss and baldness.

The study aims at identifying the present status of the Department of Biology at the College of science at the University of Mosul, as specialized library, Its types parttens, services, collections and acquisitions, and technical services followed. It is based on case study method and collecting data through interviews with persons responsible for the library, and questioneirs produceds to a sample of its users.
The study comes out with some conclusions , the most important of which is the need for professional library staff specialized in the field of library and information science.
The study also presents some recommendations , among which is to improve the internet and serving sufficient computer devices to use it in the library.

The present study tries to shed light on Resource Description and Access (RDA), which could be an heir to Anglo- American Cataloging rules as an alternative to their revised and amended editions of AACR with its different revisions. RDA comes as an essential to meet the needs of the rapidly vital developments and meets different variables including the rules of RDA and their impacts on the area of library science in general and the field of cataloging in particular which is dominated by internet and the important publication.
The study uses the analytical descriptive method through defining the variables which led to issuing (RDA) rules.
One of the important conclusions of the study shows that RDA rules are not isolated from the preceding traditional rules of cataloging which have become inadequate to meet the requirements of processing the internet resources and the other electronic media, and to match the new developed standards, internet protocols and markup languages (Metadata, MARC21(), XML, etc) RDA rules match also the new models of FRBR and FRAR.
Among the suggestions of the study are: urging libraries, information centers, and other academic institution concerned with libraries and information to adopt (RDA)rules; training the catalogers to apply these rules in their own institutions; and these rules to be translated into Arabic by qualified regional or international institutions

This paper deals with the object which is one of the main pillars of verbal sentence that has a transitive verb in both Akkadian and Arabic.
The paper sheds light on most phenomena and cases that are relevant.
The sections of the paper were arranged starting from the definition of the object, showing the effect and the grammatical cases and the changes that take place on both of them regarding number and gender. Then, we tackled its position in the sentence.
It was noted that the object has various position in Akkadian while its Arabic counterpart was put at the front or deferred.
Then, we showed its types by clarifying it most important forms. we also came across an issue which has paramount importance in showing the object, namely, the factors which affect it ,among which the transitive verbs are the leading ones
Finally, we presented the case of multiple objects in the sentence by putting forward a number of affective verbal forms, noting that many of the previously mentioned cases were compared with Arabic , wherever necessary

I put this study in the hands of readers, I want to show that great numbers of advertisements distributed in the center of the city .There sentences are written on the faces of the shops, and stores. They are officially written. in Arabic Language or other Languages. Expressing their own selves sometimes, or offering their good services in other times. Some other advertisement written to make influence on the people and attract them. Some of them hanging inside the buildings and other outside of the buildings by different of ways of advertisement which are available, such as News papers, magazines, posters, T.V, radio, walls, and vehicles. Some advertising in form of an audio or as a music. to stop the walking man or to attract the listener, and to make the people pleased as the roaming. Vendor did besides the silent advertisement, talking ones which convey the message the state of their owners or advertising about what are they want to say. So my watching and listening these advertisings motives me to start study the language of advertisement just in Mosul city. For all these reasons I went looking at what is written and concentrate on what is spoken .I wrote these by my own self.once I have finished my tour in the markets and between the roaming vendors and walking towards the owner of the vehicles ,reading the news papers and magazines. I reviewed what I have collected, I started my analyzing and classifying to explain what I have got from my research to submit clear message to the reader about the language of advertisement in Mosul city ,and to get useful results after shedding light on the following articles with short pause for the definition of the advertisement, its aims, and its tools: They are as follown:
1. Written advertisement (visible, or readable).
a. News advertisement
1. News advertisement written in Arabic in Arabic letters.
2. News advertisement written in non- Arabic Language.
b. Influence advertisement
1. Inside trade shops, official or non- official.
2. In the News papers, magazines, T.V, radio, cinema, theater, pictures, moving batches, panels, firm or moving posters on the transportations publishing on the walls and parks and game cities.
2.Audio advertisement by producing or sounds.
3.Visible advertisement by state reference.

Iranian and foreign scholars, researchers, and historians analyzed and fragmented (Shahnameh al-Ferdowsi) and their writings and writings on this masterpiece confirmed that it is one of the masterpieces of art, as this influenced the great Iranian poet, the wise, Abu al-Qasim al-Firdawsi, in preserving the language, especially the mother tongue (the Persian language) and gave it real life.
But through reading and reading some of the sights and effects of foreign, Arab and Iranian writers about the Shahnameh, it becomes clear that the imagination and myths of stories belong to it, and most of these stories tell supernatural, exceptional or mythical heroics.

The current paper aims at studying the Quranic verses in which the qualities and names of the holy city, namely, Mecca are mentioned. The study crystallized after pondering on the verses that mention the names of Mecca explicitly or mention some qualities of it. The study falls into two main parts: the first part concerns with the explicit names like: Mecca, Becca, Ka'ba, Al-Balad, Al-Bait, Um-u-l-Qura ……etc. As for the second part, it concerns with the most recurrent qualities of the holy city, i.e. Mecca. Sometimes, these qualities may be in combination with the explicit names, others may be qualities alone. This isolation may be satisfying, because these qualities like proper names confined only to Mecca and not applied to other cities. Some of these qualities are mentioned once and others are mentioned twice or thrice with different forms from the same root. We have selected the name Mecca rather than others as a title for our paper because it is the most famous name. We have analyzed the names and qualities linguistically and semantically in addition to giving a Quranic statistics for each one.

In the beginning of the twentieth century, various Arab poets began responding impressively to a new literary movement in writing poetry. It is romanticism which rather presents a sort of revolution in spite of its late arrival to the Arab World.
In this research, a historical descriptive account of this movement is presented including the impact of the English poet P. B. Shelley (1792-1822) on two main poets Abdel- Qadir Al-Mazini (1890-1949), and Ali Mahmood Taha (1902- 1949).
This paper also gives a full account of how some Arab poets try to build a new literary stage and how translation affects certain artistic movements including poetry.

Dr. Faustus has been the subject of several research works endeavoring to contribute to a more understanding of this remarkable dramatic work. Approaches inevitably differ and cover a vast range of critical possibilities. The present paper attempts to discuss the play from the specific angle that it is essentially a drama of inversion. It depends on a close independent reading of the text rather than assessing other points of view. In fact, inversion, particularly of Christian values, suffuses the play and explains many important situations that could otherwise be either vague or misinterpreted.

No notable change occurred on love poetry at the Ommiad era. Spouses feelings remained hidden to great extent. The poet remained unable to declare his wife’s name even in elegy. Our poet, i.e. Ubaidullah bin Abdullah loved his wife Uthma and poetized a poem in her name. He then divorced her to regret that later on and long for her. She, however, refused remarrying him till her death. Mostly, all the poems he poetized about her were sections. Some of Ubaydullah contemporaries denounce his love poetry. For he was a jurist at the same time. He, however, did not care for that

The [r] sound is very elusive in nature. Its production is usually affected by the neighbouring sounds. This is perhaps the reason that provoked phoneticians and phonologists to pay considerable attention to the different variants of this sound.
The most common variant of this sound in English is the alveolar tap (Gimson, 1970: 208). But the way this sound is pronounced in Arabic is rather different. Although there are some examples of a one-tap trill in Arabic (as in the word [barīd]-mail), this sound is normally pronounced as a trill (as in the words [ħurriyya] -freedom. [rabbī] -my lord, and [?arrazzāq] - the Provider.

Dr. Mustafa Nasif has valuable opinions in the pre-Islamic poetry and his opinions emanate from Young theory in the collective unconsciousness, which he presented in his studies entitled (The literary image, the theory of meaning in the Arabic criticism and another reading to our earlier poetry). The researchers were influenced by his visions, some of them agreed with him and some rejected them including Dr. AbdulJabbar AlMuttalibi, Dr. Adil AlBayyati, Dr. Ahmed Kamal Zeki, Dr. Kamal ABulDheeb and others.
The research tackled the symbols of night, the wild bull and wild donkey, mare, water and woman between them and Dr. Nasif and the research concluded that Dr. Nasif’s reading of the pre-Islamic poetry was new in which he was considered a pioneer as he penetrated far behind the text and that what the new critical studies call for.

Politeness is an interdisciplinary phenomenon. Recent years have witnessed a "mammoth-like" increase in the number of publications dealing with this phenomenon (Mazid, 2006: 76). There is a vast literature on politeness in almost every culture now; Watts says that "he has a bibliography [on politeness] that contains roughly 1.200 titles, and it is growing week by week" (Watts, 2003: XI cited in Leech, 2005: 2). However, all these studies emphasized that the notion of politeness is hard to capture. People seem to be able to judge whether an act or an utterance is polite or not, but to define "politeness" as Kallia (2004: 146) observes, is a complicated matter; especially when we consider that perception of politeness changes through time and varies from culture to culture, then the complexity of the matter starts to become obvious.

In the present study, we shed light on the extent of affection and influence between the jurisprudence and the grammatical principles. Reviewing the history of these two sciences, we observed the extent of their intervention and how jurisprudence principles impact greatly upon the grammatical ones. We can say that there is no Islamic science has the same effect on the grammatical heritage as this science has. There are many factors combing with each other to make jurisprudence principles the source from which grammarians obtained their principles. These are represented in many aspects, for example, the grammarians trying to codify their general principles under science of jurisprudence principles. The result of that trial was science of grammatical principles. Yet, these affection and influence remain formally. They do not exceed the content nor go beyond the method of codification. Each science has its own technique in treating the even though the terms are similar because the scientists of each science work in the other one. Thus, the scientific certificate in the religious sciences is awarded just to those who gain mastery in both rational and traditional sciences.

The literature of the Victorian Age has certain characteristics and writers. This period reflected the social, political, economic and religious as well as intellectual controversaries of the time. It also reflected the impact of the Industrial Revolution on the Victorian people in general and the working class in particular. The period also witnessed conflict between science and religion with the appearance of the theories of Charles Darwin and his book: The Origin of Species. In addition to this the appearance of biology and astronomy affected man's mind.

Studying homonymy in the Prophet’s traditions is considered very important since it deals with the relationship between the linguistic aspect and semantic one. It facilitates the understanding the meanings of words, and the texts of Prophet’s traditions. Understanding the Prophet’s traditions, which include words of more than one meaning, depends on understanding the significances of such words in the Arabic. So, significance of the text should be taken into consideration in order to understand those words mentioned in the Prophet’s traditions. If the clues that help us to understand the text are not available, then the meanings of that homonymous should be considered, if not, one of the meanings will be against other ones without any evidence.
We collected many homonymous words from Sahih Al-Bukhari and Sahih Moslim. The homonymy in these words may be used by the Arab linguists or by the Holy Koran and Sunna. Also, we explained their meanings in the Prophet’s traditions in which they were mentioned according to the contexts and cotext of the text.

Historically speaking, up to the end of the 18th century, new words had been mentioned as borrowings whereas after that they began to be called neologisms, yet not all neologisms are borrowings and not all borrowings are neologisms. People call them so because such words are not very spread in the common language (Ariana, 1997: 987). In fact, neologisms are words that play a major role in the process of lexicalization.

The glorious Qur’an is abundant in rhetorical devices. One of these devices that are frequently used in the glorious Qur’an is the grammatical shift. It is employed in Arabic poetry, but in the Qur’an it is used more variently, as stated by Haleem (1992):
It (the glorious Qur’an) employs this
feature far more extensively and in more
variation than does Arabic poetry. It is
therefore natural to find no one seems to
quote reference other than from the Qur’an.
Besides, it is a very effective rhetorical device (Robinson, 2004). So, it is not strange that the feature has been of interest to Arab scholars, rhetoricians in particular, over centuries. As a rhetorical device, it is studied under the science of rhetoric (Suleiman, 1988: 13). But the place of this feature in Arabic rhetoric is a matter of debate. Functionally, this feature is studied under the science of al-Badiic Adopters of this approach include al-Halabi (n.d.: 117) and al-Zamalkani (1964: 173-174). Formally, it is treated under Ilm al-Ma
for example, by al-Sakkaki (n.d.: 87). Alternatively, Ibn-alAthir (1960, Vol.2: 170) put grammatical shift under the science of al-Bayan. The feature also drew the attention of grammarians. Abu Ubaida, al-Farra, al-Mubarrad, Ibn Qutaiba and Ibn Faris touched upon this feature (see Khulaifat, 2008).
Many terms have been used to refer to grammatical shift. It was referred to as al-Sarf by Ibn Wahb, al-Insiraf by Ibn Munqidh, al-Ictiradh by al-San cani, alcUdool by alZamalkani, and al-Talween by al-Qurtubi (See Suleiman, 1988: 15-20). The term that covers the basic types of grammatical shifts is called Iltifat.

This study tackles one of the most important concepts which is the concept of contrast and eventually duality on the rhetoric and critical levels from one hand and on the semantic level from the other hand. This concept was applied in one of the great suras in the Holy Quran which is Surat Al-Ra’d.
The reason behind choosing this sura is the several
themes it includes about the universal aspect (Creation and Formulation).

As we see the holly Qurān approach in education concentrates on the believing of God. This point were the beginnings of all educational concepts, and the holly Qurān being the uniformal view of all, with educational principles goals to faith and good, growing the responsibilities’ feelings in humans. In this view we conclude that the religion was the power of living in Islam and the spirits of science and the spirits of community. After all we must collect all the efforts of every one to build a uniform educational program depends upon Islamic principles in all social, political and economic relationships, for saving our sons, ourselves and our community from weakness, instabilities and ignorance. All these being a strong basis for safety and development of our country.

Edith Sitwell is the most radical avant-garde British figure of the 20th century. She is truly a Modernist icon. Along with the outstanding musical qualities of her poetry with its social and religious concerns, her greatness lies in the skillfully sketched world she creates in her poems with its various characters.
Since Edith Sitwell was highly cultivated and bred to the ancient traditions of arts, she had naturally created the setting of her world from them and she derived some of her characters. In this special world she created an outstanding variety of characters. Her characters were series of archetype, some of them were imaginative creations of the poet herself, while others were taken from folk and fairy tales. Yet these characters have been “enriched and developed by conscious art until they have grown into a new existence.”

Collocation is a linguistic phenomenon found in language. Different languages have their own collocations and their own ways in dealing with them. Being a native speaker of a certain language necessitates being familiar and acquainted with collocations. Since a translator is impossible to be a native speaker in both the SL and TL, then he has to be aware of collocation when he translates. He has to be linguistically and culturally well equipped to be able to handle TL collocations in an appropriate way, even in the cases where no corresponding collocation is found.

Abu Al-Hassan known as “kiraa alnamil” lit. means (ant’s legs) is regarded as one of the prominent linguists; he is well known among those who are concerned in linguistics. He offered invaluable assistance as represented by his work, to mention some: kitabul almuntakhab min ghreeb kalamu alarab lit. means (selected speech from obscure words in Arabic). This is considered as a source among the sources of the strangers in language. In his book, he collected the strange words in Arabic, classified them into several parts and explain them and finally provided evidence from Arabic poem and prose. The book shows that the author creates an interest which totally occupied his mind. Due to his scientific mind and the importance of this book, we intend to investigate this book linguistically so as to uncover this magnificent work and to display the author’s linguistic views.
The research is initiated by a prelude; it includes a brief biography of the linguist including his name, surname, his birth, linguistic trend, his work and death. Then, we studied the main remarkable linguistic phenomena in his book: polysemy, antonymy, derivation, substitution and syntactic inversion.

It is a short poem deals with Arabic orthography comprises 44 lines. The study tackles five of its rules which is Al-Hamza, ta’ al-marbouta and al-maftoha, Al-Alef, what is pronounced but not written and vice versa in a detailed discussions.

The phonology of language has many divisions and ramifications according to the sound output and stages of their performance, and according to their physical and functional nature. The study of spoken sounds is carried out by looking at the movements of the speech organs and their positions in addition to the air vibrations that result directly from these movements and postures. In our research, we aimed to uncover the sounds of the silent language, including in the Turkish and English languages, and to explain the difference between them by revealing the nature of each sound and its characteristics, taking into account the phonetic aspect and the position of each in the structure of each language.

You should know that no one can engross the aim and no human being reaches the finite.
This research a simple attempt to study the life of an honorable scholar and famous narrator known with the name of Al-FAZARI. What he introduced in prophet’s bibliography became well known and he got famous because of that. His book “Bibliography of news and event’s” had been lost, and we didn’t receive but a few derivation found scattered in historical books.

The present study investigates the financial services in Andalus (Spain). This is to be done by reviewing the book entitled with (Al-Muqtabas) lit. means (excerpt) written by Ibn Hayan Al-QurTubi (469A.H/ 1076A.D).
This paper starts with an introduction to explain the Andalus topography viewing kinds of metals animal warfare and agricultural materials. It also makes clear other fields to explain financial issues like taxes. Similarly, it is to study the expenditure of the whole state and those which are particular to Ommiad palace and the other for the public. Finally, the paper also studies the financial institutions and the coining of money.

This study aims at talking about the role of Iraqis in patronizing and condoling the prophet Muhammad (PBUH) at the time the unbelievers upset and hurt the prophet and followers.
The first existence of Iraq at the theatre of message was presented throughout the personality Adaas Meti at the tenth year of the glorious Prophetic mission at Mekkah time. By the time the tough day has continued into the evening most hurtfully against the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) for acute sufferings and torture he was tasted by Al-Taif people. The night has fallen till the Islamic movement has moved to Al-Taif which was refused by the latter, shifted to another world, the world of fairy of Nasibin people, that abundant city of peninsula land to road of caravans from Mosul to sham and the role of Shiban people in Iraq who have believed in the movement of Islam but their circumstances and the will of almighty God which kept them from taking the Prophet with them to the land of Iraq.
Additionally the Battle of Ziker which Iraqis fought on behalf of the people generally, and the road in which the splendid follower Salman Al-Farisi passed, that helped him to reach belief in the way of Islam was on the land of Iraq in the city of Mosul. This study explains all these matters with some details.

Arab loyalties before Islam, vary such as alliance and neighborhood. Liberation loyal is one of them which is not only known by Arabs, but also known by other nations. This loyalty is the one which firmly connected to slavery. So, the main of divine mission is to dry out slavery sources. Islam doesn’t try to repeal slavery and put an end to it at one time, for it was one of the economic bases in its society at that time. It follows a quiet gradual way and succeeded in decreasing slavery sources by varying the means and ways of liberation and saving the individuals from slavery chains then advancing them toward the aimed freedom by mankind.
Emancipation loyalty becomes a social connection very close to kinship among family members which achieves many advantages for both the slave and liberator. Islam gives rights and duties for each one of them which make theme practice their freedom and various activities in life.

All of us bear ideology consciously or unconsciously. All of us relate to and respect certain values such as freedom, equality, authority, and so on. Some other carry tribal things, even those who deny that or claim that they have liberated from it. So, we look at the world through our beliefs and ideas, all of us associate with those who hold similar ideas to us, and more than that, all of us look at sensitive issues such as homeland, religion, nationality. Thus our beliefs create us and determine our choices and behaviors.
Without ideology we are individuals without conscience, leadership, and order. Without it also, we do not have a perception towards others and the world which we want to establish. Thus ideology creates our motivations and positions at both individual and institutional levels. The inventor of the concept ideology Destutt detracy in his book Principles of Ideology argues that ideology is the science of beliefs. Thus the theorist or thinker is a product of those beliefs and it is natural for ideology to affect his or her views about society and subsequently imposes on him or her concentration on some of the variables of reality as the most effective variables.
If the ideological function of a theory was one of its functions, the focus on ideology—as the main focus—was one of the practices that have precluded the growth of theory in western context and our reality in Middle East. But, can we conclude that the objective fact has no existence? And subsequently we should avoid the search for it? Is it possible to establish on the principle of relativism? All theories are intellectual structures without having any link to the objective reality. And subsequently as a matter of principle they are all equal.
The researcher accordingly studies the relationship between ideology and sociology to understand the nature of ideology and its contribution to directing of theory, method, and research. The research also examines how this relationship has affected the scientific and objective dimensions of study and research. He tries to understand the position of sociologists in the countries of the world about the current sociological theories and their success in founding a unified sociology which is far from ideological orientation and studying social phenomena and issues as they exist in reality objectively.
The study examines this relationship as follows:
1. Sociological studying of ideology (concept and beginning)
2. Characteristics and functions of ideology
3. Ideology and the sociological theory
4. Ideology and sociological research
5. The demise of ideology in sociological studies
The study concludes that sociology in recent stage is occupied with theories carry different insights of reality. These insights occasionally reach to a point of comparison. It is logical that the debate and dialogue between these multi theories help in developing a general and comprehensive theory. This is conditioned by the necessity of three issues: the first is the necessity of avoidance from the ideological debate as a beginning to the connection of different theories. This relates to the necessity of avoidance from ideological debate in the context of the debate over theoretical issues. The second emphasizes on the necessity of commitment to the dynamic nature of the variables of reality. The third focuses on the necessity of commitment to the rules of scientific methodology in dealing with theoretical structures.

Because of hard circumstances our country is passing through for long years, especially after the occupation, new careers appeared in our Iraqi society, among them is collecting garbage, i.e., searching, in the gar-barge. This search is for materials or things that can be sold, like papers, magazines, empty soft drink; bottles, plastic or metal pieces and other consumed stuff. These materials can be sold in special markets daily, and then reproduced in certain industries.
It has become something normal to see a number of Juveniles searching in the garbage containers. Their faces and nails have become black because of garbage, and also their clothes are covered with dirt.
The hard circumstances forced many of the juveniles to quit playing. They gave up their childhood in order to make living. They are not homeless or foundling, but they do have families. Some of them are not able to make their living under life's hard circumstances and high prices. As a result, their families living who are suffering from poverty. The study studies the following:
1. Identifying the extent, the size and whereabouts of this phenomenon.
2. Identifying the reasons that pushed the juveniles to practice this career.
3. Identifying the social and healthy effects of this career on the juveniles.
The researcher used method of a case study. He chose 12 cases. Then he studied every case individually in order to identify the circumstances and reasons, and also to identify its effects on juveniles as far as social and healthy respects are concerned.