Adab AL Rafidayn

Learning, the conscious process of acquiring knowledge, is marked, in the main, by two main characteristics: the provision of positive feedback through the correction of errors, and handling language points one at a time (Johnson and Johnson, 1998: 4). As for the first characteristic, it should be noted that feedback has been the subject of a considerable amount of recent experimental research accompanied by a wide literature on the general topic of the concept. According to Dececco (1968: 253), most of the research on feedback highlights it as the domain of the knowledge of results which supposedly subsumes two meanings. First, simplification of learning as the learner is told of every step of the progress he is achieving. Second, ease of learning when the learner is told whether his response is correct or incorrect and, in the latter case, the information provided, mainly concerning the errors committed, is supposed to lead to correction.

Alahmar Tribe lived in Granada, which was located south of Andalusia, and took it as their capital after the collapse of Almuwahideen Government. Lyric poetry by Alahmar Tribe in Granada reflects the tendencies and the nature of their era; as a matter of fact it is a common aspect of opulence and wealth poetry for men of letters in this period. This characteristic of Alahmar Tribe distinguished them in Granada, the most famous region in Andalusia. Arabs were charmed by the beauty of its fascinating nature. Because it is located within a geographic environment full of natural beauties, full of artistic inspiration, in addition to the wide literal prosperity which was evoluted by many writers and poets such as Ibn Ilkhateeb, Ibn Zamrak, Ibn Khatima, Ibn Ajjayab and others.Also the religious tolerance that characterized the Andalusian woman during the era of Al-Ahmar Tribe ruling period, and pornography that characterized her within the classes of the Granada society; woman were appearing unveiled to participate in joys of life. She used to mix with the other sex. According to what is mentioned above, forms of lyric poetry became vary common aspect dominating that era including: chasten poetry, sensational lyric poetry, and flirting male poetry. Imaginations by poet became very wide and they inspired what they wanted from lyric poetry images that associated the minds of the poets with their sensations expressing their poetic experience through a special tropic context.A poem for them is a group of images connected with each other successively when they present us a simplest part of imagination until it reaches to draw the compound image that consists of a group of interactive images finally aims at presenting a total and general image containing the poem itself.According to this view the current study of image included the single image with all its various forms, such as simile image and metaphorical image, also the sensational image with its all various types such as visual, auditory and tasty images, in addition to studying the mental image. This image is based on synchronizing senses. The study also deals with the compound image, the total image as well as studying the resources that those images were inspired from.

During the last century, critics have felt the impact of feminist criticism which has flourished the field of literature by its combination with every other critical approach. So, this study aims at exploring the revision of the history of female experience with the great imaginative creation of Shakespeare and by female spectators, but before proceeding and as feminism begins with political agenda, it is worthier to cast lights on the development of feminism theoretically and practically so that the depiction can get a conspicuous framework and better understanding.

This research deals with analyzing expressions of disease which have been considered as a semantic field for a group of expressions entitled as disease in “Kitab Al-Alfadh” by Ibn As-Sikkeet, a book listed as a dictionary of meaning.When we figured the expressions related to our study-synonyms of disease and its symptoms, we found that the writer had subjected some expressions to the semantic grading while some other expressions are not, for which we explained the purpose. Moreover, we gave our viewpoint about the grading of some expressions and explained the symptoms of each disease. This has been summarized in a four-columns table to explain the effort of the Arab scientists as pioneers in this field of knowledge

John Cowper Powys (1872-1963) belongs to a literary family, though literature, unlike music, does not run in families. But there are some exceptions in English, among the English exceptions to this general rule, the Bronte' sisters and the Powys brothers . No study of John Cowper Powys, Theoder, or Llewelyn can afford to disregard the family to which they belonged. The three brothers stand in varying degrees a part from the literary world of their time; and this detachment can to some extent be accounted for in the intense feeling which linked them each other and gave them the sense of belonging to a self-sufficient world .

The present study deals with the vision of the pre-Islamic and bedouin poet to himself which overlays with tribal ego filling its social and moral authorities that represent the background of his vision and his attitude toward (the other) who is (the other within the framework of the pre-Islamic age). This long poem has embodied the details of this vision which is characterized by its emotional dimension, which is centered around the ego., up to the point that leads it to maginate (the other) and invalidating his existence unless he will be it follower circling in the orbit of the tribal ego and is devoted to its superiority and its absolute authority.

The most inclusive rubric that can be proposed for the lyric poetry written in America immediately after World War II is 'Freudian lyric' as many of the poets of postwar America found in the therapeutic hour (and its textual support in Freud's writings) not only themes for their poetry, but also new formal procedures shaping it. The choice is made here of Berryman's Dream songs because he is notably original in his Freudian inventions, and because his Dream Songs is a sequence drawing on the successivity of therapeutic interviews with their small anecdotal narratives. Berryman had a good deal of experience with breakdowns and psychotherapeutic interventions. He was also an intellectual who had read widely in Freudand broke an early 'intellectual' verse style to invent a far more colloquial and quotidian sort of poetry influenced, maybe, by the primal sort of conversation that takes place in therapy. Another factor behind choosing Berryman is that he encountered a metaphysical void in leaving behind formal religion and found the Freudian master-narrative, with its emphasis on the inner life, a congenial replacement. He saw in the material of American daily life processed in the therapeutic hour a subject matter relatively untouched by literary conventions and he followed the Muse of free association as a path to the Muse of lyric.

This paper attempts to present an analytical interpretative study of Whose Earth is it? Whose God is? , by the Lebanese poet Huda Al-Namani (2006). The paper starts with reviewing the introduction of the collection as it significantly crystallizes the poet’s vision of Sufi (mystical) thought as the introduction is a synopsis of the nationalist concerns and the themes she attempts to tackle not only in this collection, but also in her other ones. Here, her poem: “A Sagacity Rules the Universe” is selected as it is open to a diversity of interpretations; but, when the introduction is linked with the poem, the political obsessions and concerns emerge as part and parcel of the mystical experience. The Sufi experience as an approach and feeling is presented as a remedy to all the ethical and spiritual decadence man suffers on this earth. The poet emerges as a politician, a teacher, a political analyst, sufferer and thinker. She addresses the reader’s feelings and emotions, once, and preaches him others. The political theme is not based on any ideology, rather, it is a vision of how to rise and find a new hope and a new path towards salvation and faith, towards inter-faith reconciliation between the three religions: Judaism, Christianity and Islam. Within the interpretative approach adopted in this paper, other elements are studied such as the cover of the collection, the pictures and the kind of calligraphy used in connection with the contents.

It is not always easy to determine who causes what to whom depending only on the morphosyntactic properties of the text. Background knowledge about the environment of the text (its preceding context, setting, events, people, etc.) is prerequisite for determining what causes what and what causal chains specify events and link them together in the text. Moreover, readers/translators usually "draw upon prior knowledge about psychological and physical causality to find causes and consequences of focal events" (van den Broek, 1990:423). In the same vein, Kintsch (1995: 142) points out that "a great deal of specific world knowledge is often required, as well as a great deal of analysis: exactly what leads to what and why, inferences about goals, motivations, psychological states, causal relations and implications."

Arabs’ morals, behaviours and habits are related to each other in a general uniform pattern. Its parts are related to lead some of them. This relation finds a way to express itself in the components of world surrounding. Arabs borrow any word from the world to express their moral creation with which they are consistent. Poets usually hold terminals of exception in order to tilt the base. For this reason, we see that they are interested in details of any case that violates the whole moral norms because they want to show the importance of moral base. On the basis of that human being does not strongly realize the law as he does when he observes its behavior in life. Al-Jamaih’s poem is one of the poems that talk about this matter.

The human being is attracted to places for various reasons. Thus if the attraction of an average human is a feeling of happiness, the poet is moved by his poetic imagination and he is stimulated by his poetic conscious. place (location) was a subject in Mosul's poetry in the 11th century because poets are connected to the place in which they love and recite in their poems a number of places and subjects in their country they love, prompted by longing and homesick because a number of those poets have immigrated from their country after it has been invaded or besiege. We find them recalling these events and the destruction inflicted on their city. Mosul is one of the cities that has received great consideration and pride from its poets who portrayed the city, each according to his own point of view. One poets expresses its beautiful places and another expresses its holiness besides recalling the political and religious figures in their time and saw that these characters are living model for contribution in various fields of life.

It is a widely known assumption that the task of translation between culturally unrelated languages becomes more difficult than between those which share a historical and a cultural background. Metaphors as a cultural phenomenon pose a great deal of challenge in the translator's attempt to recreate the metaphorical image in the TL; this is due to the indirectness of the meaning of metaphors which makes "untranslatability" a likelihood .

The aim of our study is to concentrate on the brilliancy poems masterpieces in Mosul in the twelfth century to make a suitable definition of the brilliancy of those were living in Mosul in the the twelfth century A.H. The number of its verses and the number of the kinds of its grammar. Then we made a balance between those masterpieces grammatical patterns and the former ones and we talked about their main subjects such as the prophetic praising especially because they were living during a century which was desperately in need of religion, and they were suffering from bad living conditions.

The present study gives a bird-eye view about reform in the society. It consists of ten main arts in reviewing the subject explaining the definition of “Reform” and change methods and ends of this reform. The paper treats the pillars of Reform and Change as far as their contents are concerned (the idea and method), their field, i.e. (the nation both members and blocs) and their performers, i.e. (the reformers both members and blocs). The study puts forward questions and answers through four axeses: 1.The present state of the Muslim Nation (Umah).2.The Concepts of studying the psychological state of our Umah.3.The psychological state of our Umah to interact with reformers. 4.The methods of reform and change.

Language is the best human communication tool invented by man, as a person cannot communicate with members of his linguistic community without it or with non-linguistic signs. The question that arises is whether the linguistic sign that a person uses has the ability to name the things around him in the external world. Therefore, our research came to clarify the relationship between the linguistic sign and the truth, according to the theories and ideas that were presented by jurisprudence scholars. We also tried to present our vision in the field, especially by presenting examples of that. Among these examples are people with mental illnesses who have lost the correct use of vocabulary and that the linguistic sign is insufficient to match the linguistic sign with the thing. As a result of this situation, the language also loses its social function, as in poetry when it is first heard For a poetic poem.

Jacques Brevier was a light-blooded cynic with presence and glamor, supported by his graceful language, his popular market worlds, and his surrealist poetry dissolving from all textual restrictions and literary doctrinal conditions. And he learned more from life, the street and popular life than he had learned in school, then he met a number of poets, painters and writers who later formed the surrealist movement. In general, Jacques Brevier’s surrealism is a free investment of language and reality, for signification and the signified together, or it is an allegorical ritual. A metaphorical cessation of being faithful to the usual uses of language, but rather an expansion in the exploding of the uses of speech, a violation of all old rhetorical habits, and a violation - also - of the customary systematic methods of seeing the world, as it is a legitimate text on all interpretations. In his collection "Words" 1946, and in his plays and films about his attitude towards the poor and the oppressed, and he sang the beauty of life, and that is why he was the closest to the people's concerns and the simplicity of life in his poetry. The poet who sets out from him to search for human values ​​in a world that began to dissolve from them and search for his own interests. Therefore, the poet was searching for the humanity of mankind, as he balances in his dualities between the past and the present, nature, the city, falsehood and truthfulness to a statement The face of beauty in this life, and from this field one can read Prefer's poetry, behind many of his poems are human values.

The intelligence services played a significant role in states’ buildings in the post and present times. These intelligence services secure the external security since they put the advantages and disadvantages of the enemy under the control of the political and military leadership. Therefore, the country under potential threats would map the plans according to these drawbacks obtained about the enemy. As the economic side is of a great significance in any, intelligence is not confined to gather information about the military aspects of the enemy but also to gather information about the technological and industrial developments.In doing so, intelligence furnishes the countries with the strategic secrets that have a great effect in increasing the economic and military power of the state. In spite of the simplicity of the economic life in the early period of Islam, the Prophetic intelligence played a significant role in the Prophetic liberation campaign via the collecting the information about the trading caravans organized by Quraish leaders.This study sheds light on the role of the Prophetic Intelligence and its effects in the main battles occurred between Muslims and their enemies especially in Badir, Uhid and Khandaq raids.

The present study deals with one of the Arab famous personality. This study, as far as the researcher knows, has not been studied yet. Omar Ibn Abaidullah is one of the nobles in Basrah. He was in charge of the administration of Basrah and Kofa under the rule of Abdullah bin Zuhair on whom the ruler was relying significantly since he is a famous and experienced militant at that time. Omar belongs to Taim tribe from which first Muslim Caliph Abu Bakir Al-Sideeq. He played a significant role in ruling Basrah and the Persian Province. He exerted great efforts in saving any external attacks as happened when Basrah attacked by the Ommiads. Similarly, he had a role in defeating any insurgency movement in addition to many other military campaigns.

This research deals with The Islamic Kingdoms in Abyssinia (Ethiopia) in the book “Masalik Al-Absar Fi Mamalik Al-Amsar” written by Ibn Fadhil-Allah Al-Imary. The Author writes about the Muslim Kingdoms in Abyssinia after gaining information from conducting interviews with Ethiopian Philologists who have visited Egypt.Al-Imary has presented a rather small perspective of the geography of the area, specifically its borders in addition to the language of the population, and the widespread Hanafi school of (Fiqh) jurisprudence.

The Palestinian refugees Cause rose in the wake of the Israeli occupation and the forced deportation for three fourths of the Palestinians. The refugees and deportees remained away of their homes and properties, and still asking for a fair and steady solution on the basis of international legality.Hence, The UN General Assembly adopted the (302) resolution in 1949 to establish UNRWA for refugees humanitarian aid. UNRWA depends on donations form donor states. It reduces frequently the expenditure levels because of financing falter. As a result there were gaps in its duty toward refugees. The role of UNRWA restricted to humanitarian aspects, excluding intervening in refugees fateful causes except in meddling to Israeli authorities cautiously and reports that submitted to UN. It is still practicing its function in cooperation with neighboring Arab States until now.

The social reaction towards looting crimes was so great and still accelerates even after five years since that day; and among the means the society followed to defend itself was the “stigma” oriented against it as a society and transformed to individuals who committed looting actions in 2003 as one of the severe social sanctions. Social stigma is considered one of the most prominent penalties practiced by a society toward guilty individuals (along with legal penalty as well). The society isolates, despises such individuals and does not allow people dealing with them and disgrace them for along periods of time. This may last for many generations.
Other means that are followed by the society is calling perverted individuals by many names and attributes as a denotation and a punishment for them. The most striking of these names is “ Al-Hawassim” which was commonly used since 2003 and still; and it also come to include other classes of perverted and criminals such as (administrative corruption, power beneficiaries, forgers, swindlers, wealthy people by suspected means …etc.). The term “Hawassim” has become a standard for perverted behavior and might extend to included new types of behaviors that are socially rejected and leave a stigma on the Iraqi memory in the modern age.

The research is divided into an introduction and four sections. It tries to define knowledge sociology and explore the reasons behind. It also particularly tackles linguistic knowledge sociology.This section starts with explaining the scientific and philosophical field of knowledge sociology depending on the assumption that this field is crucial for knowledge sociology.The second section is entitled with Arab-Islamic social status and the necessity of originating in the light of knowledge sociology. It entails four variable of a function that justifies the social need of original sciences like jurisprudence. The necessity of originating in the light of the fourth variable is needed. However, the other three variable, tackle the life of Al-Imam Al-Shafi’i and its relation to reality. The nature of knowledge sociology and jurisprudence at his era. In addition to being an introduction represents the pillars of knowledge sociology that should be investigated.The third section, however, tackles the knowledge project of Al-Shafi’i (The beginning of knowledge sociology with Al-Shafi’i). This section starts with an introduction to explain the two bases of the project which are explanation and measurement.The research has also tackled the knowledge project through showing the types of explanation and what the researcher called “originating universalities” stemming from their logical nature of division.Finally, the fourth section is entitled with “An Approach to Linguistic Knowledge Sociology”. It discusses the knowledge project in the previous two sections through – scientific way that is a methodological tool that shows the extend to which knowledge project comes close to knowledge sociology in the light of the linguistic conception.

A society is like a pot in which the particles are boiling in steady movements, so one needs more than one monitor in order to watch the various moves and activities. Similarly, we need more than one probe in order to feel the behaviors and moves of people. Therefore, any problem can be viewed differently from different angles. At the same time each specialist may argue for his own views and submit a precise description of the parts on which he focuses.
The present study aims at studying describing the Mosul market both structurally and functionally. Similarly, it tries to be acquainted with the porters’ society in Mosul market as it is an economic part of the market though isolated socially. Moreover, the study tries to uncover the social and economic problems from which the porters suffer. The researcher has used the method of note-taking and interviews as tools for conducting the study, he also the socio-anthropological method as well, so that he could make the study more comprehensive.


The study puts forward the following recommendations:
1. Creating real job opportunities for youths.
2. Founding a society that defends the rights of the porters.
3. Giving financial subsidies as loan in the following two fields.
A. For building houses.
B. For establishing private projects.

The current research aims at introducing the most important jobs and roles of mosque in our Islamic society. As it is one of the important religious and educational facilities specially at our present days due to the conflicting social and political circumstances we are witnessing.
The research falls in four sections: the first sets the methods used, and the second talks about the important roles and jobs of the mosque in our society. The third talks about the important aspects of twisted behaviours of youths in our times. Finally, the fourth part deals with results concluded in addition to some suggestions and recommendations in order to activate the role of mosque in our society to eliminate these bad aspects.

Study aimed at the definition of computerized information systems in terms of concept, components, materials, and the types, characteristics and quality. It also aims at identifying information systems available in the four oil companies in the Iraqi province of Basrah. It also identifies the level of efficiency of these systems from the perspective of managers in these companies. The number of managers interviewed (164) managers. It emerged from the answers that the characteristics of quality available to some degree are poor information systems. The study emphasizes the need to include managers in all activities relating to the design, development and implementation of information systems, including more from their experience in this area, also stresses the importance of setting up training courses for all managers in the field of information systems available in the companies.

Active participle is of the significant topic in the field of the ancient languages. Most of the books written on the Arabite languages mention this topic. However, they cite this subject, either briefly in a way that does not give a clear-cut picture about the active participle in the Arabite languages, or these studied confined only to mentioning the A.P. in one language in the family of the Arabite language like Arabic or Hebrew. Similarly, the previous studies do not approach a comparative method in their study. Here comes the significance of this topic, i.e. “A.P. in the Arabite languages between Nomality and Verbality” The paper studies the A.P., its definition and formation in all Arabite languages. It also studies the verbal markers by which A.P. is marked. Similarly, the tense indication of A.P. as well is hammered out in the study let a lone its tenss less semantics. Moreover, the study approaches the descriptive method of study, that is an approach based up description, counting deduction and citing examples of use of A.P. in the Arabite languages.

The present study investigates some Akkadian words with economic meaning that are used in the cuneiform texts. These texts were used by ancient Iraqis to express their economic activities. In this study, we made use of the specialized Akkadian dictionaries. These dictionaries are confined only to give the meaning of these Akkadian words with their citation in the text with the period of ancient Iraq. It was necessary to consult other references that give information about the economic activities that referred to by the economic word. Although this study is confined only to few words but it expresses greater aspect of economic activity in ancient Iraq.

The differences between the Neo-Assyrian and neo- Babylonian dialects as manifested by the Royal letters in the Neo-Assyrian Period are slight differences which were divided into ordinary, phonic. Similarly there are some differences in the structure of nouns, verbs and text content. It is deduced that there are great similarities between the two dialects and that the phonic differences can help us to discover the dialect of the scribe whether Assyrian or Babylonian as well as a number of morphological structures of verbs like the subjunctive mood which must be observed carefully since there are certain Babylonian scribes who were skillful in using the Assyrian dialect in addressing the Assyrian kings.