Adab AL Rafidayn

The Ancient Mesopotamian civilization was characterized by its originality which stemmed from the land of Iraq and then grew, evolved and spread to distant areas. It went to a high degree of sophistication as a result of the rapid response that has taken place between the Iraqi people and the environment that had lived there. The Iraqi environment makes available the essentials of life in the form of water and clay for the construction of temples, palaces, houses, walls, ziggurat, cemeteries, statues and clay tablet.
The aim of this paper is to show that the pottery industry was one of the most important industries in ancient Iraq which had been known by Iraqi people since the second half of the Neolithic Period. It continued to evolve through the ancient and Islamic times as well as the present. The technical level reached by the Iraqi potters could be linked and driven by time and place. In terms of time it was determined by examining forms and types of pottery, decoration, and painting or by thermoluminess and magnetic methods. In terms of location it can be determined through the study of pottery material (clay). Using the modern scientific methods proved that the people of Mesopotamia had a high-tech pottery industry that had evolved over time.

The current paper presents an introduction to the Assyrian Life–tree inscription and its significance in the Iraqi arts. This ornamentation is one of the masterpieces designed by the Iraqi artist. The main source for this paper is the uncovered evidence during the excavation. Many paintings, reliefs and cylinder seals are found in many sites in Iraq. These samples are to be investigated in this study, analysing their artistic properties and the methods whereby the artist designed them. This decorative element sheds light on very important aspect of inscription in the ancient Iraq. It is regarded as the spring point for inscription in the subsequent ages. This study aims at knowing the Iraqi aquaintance with Life tree up to the end of the Neo–Assyrian age. This kind of inscription was well–known in ancient Iraq. Therefore, we can easily deduce many reasons behind such spreading in the first place, the religions motive. Similarly we deduce the natural beauty that attracts human beings consequently employing this beauty in ornamenting the sculptures, wallpapers and cylinder seals. Finally the technical aspect was among the motives behinds such kind of inscription.
The excavation was done at the University of Mosul expedition to rescue the remained Tell Slal and Tell Dhuwayyich near the old twon of Zimmar. The excavations lasted three successive seasons.

This study aims at studying the nature of political stance of Iraqi educated person and the factors effect this stance the study covers 130 subjects of educated people at the university of Mosul. most of them are lecturers and empbyees. the study usas the random sample method .it distributed adbac questionnaire cantaining 17 questions. utlizing perce ntage average, arithmetic average and the standard achievements in order to describe and analyse the collected information ,through analysing the questionnaire ,the resultes of the study showed that the highest percentage of subjects were of the male who have ph.d.and master degrees constituting 55 people of the total number of the male with 22.5%. the study also showed that 56 people of the male estimated at 70% against 31 people of the female omounted at 62%do participate in demonstraions and protests
whereas 24 people of the male estimated at 30% against 19 people of the female estimated 38% do not participate .it Iso showed that 52 people estimated at 65% against 19 people estimated at 38% do participate in writing in newly published news papers and magzines that areappeared after 2003, whereas 28 people of the male with 35% against 31 people of the male with 62% do not doing so.

This paper tries to shed light on the most important problem of the Iraqi villages after the acts on 9/4/2003. This paper consists of four sections. The first section deals with methodological frame of the research. The second sections defines AlKubba village as a sample. The third section deals with the most important problem of the village mentioned above. The fourth section includes the final results and recommendations.

The research aims at knowing the role and importance of the housing complexes which are settled by the workers through the sample of Enova\'s drugs factory workers and employees and those who live outside these block. likewise it aims at knowing the social relations and the available services in the blocks and their reflex ions concerning the workers as well as the role of transportation in decreasing the absence and the availability of social security in the blocks. The research’s sample consists of 50 individuals chosen randomly among the settlers in the blocks of Enova\'s factory of drug and compared them with 50 individuals who settle outside the same factory.
The research tool consists of a questionnaire containing two parts. The first part represents the general data whereas the second one represents the questionnaire answered by subjects. In finding out the research’s results, the researcher has used statistical means such as repetition, percentages, arithmetic means, standard deviation, and percentage weights to measure the repetitions of research axes. The results showed that the inhabitant workers lived in block enjoy social security more than those lived out these blocks in general. Concerning the hypothesis, it showed that inhabitant workers have strong social ties more than those who live out these blocks. it is also showed that there is a relation between workers who live in and out the blocks. Finally, it has shown that the workers live in blocks are more save and comfortable than those live out of the blocks. In the light of the results, the researcher recommends to take care of workers in the industrial institutions by increasing the establishing of blocks nearby the factories.

The present paper is of a great significant since we shall shed light on the nature of the Non-Governmental Institutions. These institutions have swept the Iraqi society since 2003. They practice their activities with the various forms of the society including women and they seek earnestly to change the attitude of the various parts of the society.
The current study aims at investigating the work of the afore mentioned institutions and their aims in the society. Similarly, it tries to knowing the relations between their work and changing the individuals' attitudes especially women. The study has selected its samples from Muslim Women Association and IraqiWomenCenter relying on the sociological survey. Similarly we have availed from the field interviews that were conducted and Lecret code were utilized to analyzing the components of the questionnaire.
The study has come up with that the non-governmental institutions works hardly to achieve their objectives. The study advises the workers in the field of these institutions to preserve the social values in today's society and to bridge between the forms of the societies. Finally study calls for supporting these institutions with kinds of support in order not be a prey for the external support.

The paper studies the effectiveness of the leadership resolution of AL-Rashedoon caliphs through leadership of the State. This is represented by the obedience showed by the subjects towards their caliph.
It was found that the resolutions issued on outdoor adults, and the decisions in some significant issued were effective. The study does not focus on the narrating, but all decisions on made by other companions or some influential personalities. It includes, decisions.
1- The era of the two caliphs (Abu Bakr, Omar may Allah pleased with them), all their resolutions were active, despite the objections had been raised against them at the outset, but once the mass feel that it is by the caliph that the others implemented it without objection.
2- The Penod of the caliph Othman. This penod included many effective resolutions like replacing Abu Musa.
This was one manifestation of sedition, which occurred atthe same time. On the other hand, Othman during the crisis and his lecture had issued orders not implemented.
3- The Caliphate of Imam Ali has witnessed grave breaches disrupted its effectiveness in the struggle with his rival Mu'awiyah. All this because pro Ali group were claiming that Ali the only one has the right of caliphate directly after the Prophet Muhammad (Peace and blessings be upon him) Ali successor Previously Othman.

The city "Haran" is considered one of the well-known cities in the ancient times .It was a wellborn city , deep-rooted in the pre-Islamic ages that is to say in the ancient empires ages. Hence , it emerges the importance of the city "Haran". Its history was affected by empires' cultures that made the city to be within the prime of history.
The city "Haran" was conquered by the Muslim Arabs in 19 A.H. 'In age of caliph Omar Ibn AL-Khatab.
The city "Haran" is an important trade ceter for its geographical position. It is situated at the upper coast of the river Euphrates. In the cuneiform patterns, the city "Haran" was called "Haranu" means "the trading way".
The city "Haran" was a place for political movements such as AL-Amawyeen proponents resistance, and the dissident of AL-Abbaside caliphate such as Ahal Haran revolution against the earlier said caliphate / similarly Abdullah Ibn Ali's revolution, and resistance of rebels in the city "Haran".
Many dynasties ruled the city "Haran" such as AL-Tolonyeen and AL-Hamdanyeen, so that city had political struggles and disputes among those dynasties that governed the city.
For many struggles and wars especially in AL-Hamdanyeen period, the city was suffering from heavy taxes and living situations.

This research deals with Karamathians activity and their appearance in Iraq when one of their leader in AI-Ahwaz City named Abdulla Bin AL-Karah continued in spreading Karamathian activity till he died. His son. Ahmad replaced him and became the chief of Karamathian movement and made extensive efforts in spreading and expanding the movement.
The movements became a base that contains twelve heads. Karamathians' thought is similar to Ismaeelias. Karamathians activity is claimed to be apart of Al-Ismaeelia. The activity moved to Bahrain which became the center of the activity. This activity became the most dangerous activitiy that outlawed Abbaside caliphate because of its threats to cities and regions specially to pilgrim caravans heading for holy Makah. When Abu Said Al-Janabi control Bahrain he began to attack pligrim caravans till the year (317A.H/913A.D.) afterward his son Abu Tahir Al-Janabee took the leading of the activity, he followed the suit of his ancestor to opposing the Abbaside Caliphate. Similarly he continued attacking and supplying military expeditions against pilgrims caravans. In the year (317A.H./929A.D.) sacred Makah was attacked by Karamathian and many pilgrims were killed Abu Tahir AL-Janabee also stole the black stone. He died in (334A.H./ 942A.D.).
What followed shows to us how Karamathians were able to delay and prevent Muslims from performing pilgrimage duty and it is one of Muslims religion obligations. The reason behind that was probably religion, political and economic motives.

Rhyme has a great influence on the hearers . There is no doubt that rhyme and the poetic meter distinguish poetry from other genres. It is either restricted or non-restricted . The non-restricted one is more appealing than the restricted . It is certain that rhyme influences narration no matter whether it is quick or slow . This paper deals with the relation between rhythm and narration in the poetry of an Ommiad poet.

Al-Badiya which is a poem composed by Abdullah, the son of Mohammad. In this poem the poet tries to show his ability concerning poetic creativity in praising the greatest personality, that is the Prophet Mohammad (Peace be upon him) in addition to the ability concerning the writing and composition of rhetorical arts during centuries in which the men of letters were interested in different rhetorical aspects which influenced the literary, critical and rhetorical studies. Our poet, Al-Mufti, is one who were interested in writing the poems entitled "Al-Badiyats". This poet was famous for his patience and education in this respect.

This study investigates the function of the article عسى ('Asa) in Arabic by reviewing the grammarians' viewpoints. Most grammarians regard 'Asa as defective perfect verb, therefore they attach some suffixes of the perfect verb to 'Asa like the quiescent ta of feminization and the subjective inseparable pronoun. Some other grammarians assimilate 'Asa to the article لعل (la'ala), which refers to taraji (anticipation). 'Asa, according to the second school, is a subjunctive particle for the pronouns after it. The present study shows both usages substantiated by standard Arabic classical examples. It also shows the parsing of 'Asa relying on its counterpart as it is mentioned in a given context whether transitive or intransitive. Similarly, it reviews this counterpart whether it is a verb or a particle. Moreover, the study explains the thorny function of 'Asa between its linguistic function that indicates anticipation and wishing and its Quranic usage as it is attributed to Allah. It is proved that taraji is addresses' specific device of speech.

This study deals with an applied methodological-practical view which intermixing between semantic and theoretical elements, interpretive approaches and esthetic norms. The study is based on presentation of the penetrating idea in the text which analytically change into a series of reading incidents. The linguistic occurrences embodied in the structure closely associated with movements and dreams. The poetic images are presented according to the formulated iconics leading the reader in experience and memory to their depths, whose surface does not reflect its content. Their depths are hidden behind a set of structure curved and convex seeking the muted which is rooted in the image as a realm of visions and thoughts, exceeding the substantial and the insubstantial mixing the mental with the real.
The Pre-Islamic poetic text was a practical field where the epistemological and critical systems roaming with the esthetic evaluation as a text renewing with life. Similarly the objective realm revolves stimulated by imagination incarnated by memory announced by the language distant from austere conventions and cruel boundaries reaching up to boundaries of freedom and beauty.

The present paper deals with the active participle in the Quranic recitations. The study begins with an introduction defining the active participle. It falls into two main parts, namely, the active participle between verb acting as verb or as a noun and the active participle in Quran from syntactic perspective.
Moreover, we shall introduce a table containing the recitations that are in the form of the active participle. It is worth mention that this table came after counting that we conducted on the lexicography of the Quranic recitations.
We have reviewed and analyzed four of the recitations mentioned in our table. The study has come up with that the active participle is not related to tense if it is singular and decontextualized word, however, it may acquire the tense element from the contextual clues or from actual ones or both together. It is to be noted that nunation and annexation are not suitable clue to determining the tense of the A.P. To add, we say that the tense is not the philosophical or the morphological tense but rather it is the syntactic one.
Essentially the A.P. should be nunated, however, this nunation sometimes may be deleted for its clashing with annexation. It is merely a phonological matter. Finally this paper recommends for effective role of the A.P. in all its contexts without any condition or restriction.

The Poem "Banat Su'ad" by the poet Ka'ab bin Zuhair is considered to be one of the poems which attracts the attention of critics in die past and present time. It is very significant poem in the history of Arab literature. The Symbolism regarded as effective an fundamental element in any literary work.
The poet supports his poem construction through three symbols. The principal representation is "woman, a she-camel, and lion". The symbol in the literary work is linking feeling experience and reading. It attempts to connect between peotic symbols and resulting spintual referene. Similarly it reveals the poet's personality. A woman mentioned in the poem as a symbol of life, she-camel as a symbol of himself, i.e. the "poet", while the lion is the symbol of his paganism.

The present research sheds light on four books of linguistics by Salah AL-Deen Khalil Bin Aibak AL-Safadi(764 A.H.) on the sihah (authentic) books of AL-Jawhari. Are these books a study of his evidence? Are they a summary of it? Are they interpretations of its ambiguities or a criticism of it? These books are:
1. Hiljul Nawahi ala ma fi AL-Sihah min shawahid (evidence on AL-Sihah)
2. Najdul falah fi mukhtasar AL-Sihah (summary of AL-Sihah)
3. Ghawamidh AL-Sihah (ambiguities of AL-Sihah)
4. Nufood AL-Sahim fi ma waqa a lljawhari min wahm (illusions of AL-Jawhari)
The nature of the research demanded that it falls into a preface and two parts. The preface introduces the four books, and since the first and second book are not available, the research dealt with Ghawamidh AL-Sihah in the first part and Nufood AL-Sahim in the second part. The books were presented, introduced, studied and analysed. Finally, I hope that I was successful in this work.

This research deals with the significance of the colours in the short stories and novels by Omar Al Talib. He is one of the best novelists in Mosul who used colours and their significance in his works in such away that each colour (e.g. Red, blue, white, black,...) symbolizes love, hatered, virginity, honour, sadness,... We found, according to the statistics, that the, dominated colour in the "Man of the new time" and "The Distance of love" for example is the black followed by white. The red colour, on the other hand, dominates "The wounded Gardens" and "Postponed hopes".

Supra-coordinators are items used to connect fragments of discourse to each other so as to construct a unified and coherent discourse. The two related fragments may be uttered by two different participants or by one participant. The presence of the marker indicates the presence of some shared topic (or some relatively related topics) in the two discoursal fragments. The change of the marker, further, may change the relation exhibits between the two related parts affecting in turn the coherence of discourse. More than one factor have been found to be effective in the use of specific marker rather than another. Those factors include: formality, politeness, sex, religion, social status, age, intonation, stress and some pragmalinguistic cues like facial expressions, gestures and head movements. In general, the paper seeks to affirm the claim that supra-coordinators are context–dependent items.

The thematic structure, communicative dynamism and information structuring along with other explicit or implicit features of the text interact in the process of presenting the message of the text and its interpretation. This paper attempts an analysis of two Qur'anic suras as a sample of the Glorious Qur'an. The divine texts proved to have a clear message presented in the form of a beginning, peak and end. The peak of the communicative dynamism where the highest degree of information is reached lies in the area given, for convenience, the percentage 80% of the size of the text. The explicit cohesive devices were found to exhaust the major part of the chain of deictics.

This paper tackles both the structure and the semantics of the finite verb phrases in writings concerning the biochemistry articles, the structures and meanings of finite verb phrases associated with tense and aspect. Many articles which have been chosen from certain scientific journals and academic magazines that might develop an understanding about the significance of the mentioned grammatical terms (i.e. tense and aspect) occurrence in genre analyses.
Generally speaking, most of the scientific writings are basically restricted to a certain type of tense which is the simple present tense; however, there are some features or restrictions which must be applied in writing papers to express different meanings.
It is found that there are some features misused by foreign writers that might cause confusion for some of them in identifying the suitable tense- aspect selection. The selection of tense and aspect is not an arbitrary one. It needs full understanding or a specific syllabus to improve the use of such concepts by some non-native users (i.e. scientists).

This study aims at analyzing synchronous text messages among friends in English and Translation Departments at MosulUniversity, to show their communicative aspects and how people use written discourse and change the discourse of the text of the messages to fit their needs for communication. Emphasis will be laid on the discoursal rules that are followed, and whether or not we have a complete sense out of these messages (and whether or not texters can make any sense out of these messages).
The study hypothesizes that texting involves using language informally. Texters will somehow not follow linguistic conventions. However, they are going to keep the regularity of the discoursal rules. Thus, according to the information expressed by texters, there will appear types of turn-taking with the message having opening, maintaining and closing phases.
The study has come up with some conclusions that verify our hypotheses. It has been found that text messaging is very complex and personal. In communicating, texters create a new mode of writing having its own rules. Texters have, somehow, used language informally. Though the discourse of mobile phone message is fragmented and abbreviated, yet there have been discoursal rules to be followed. All texters do make sense out of the messages. All texters have been able to send and receive messages immediately to the extent that there have been different types of turn- taking, viz. greeting, information, elicitation and closing.

La seconde moitié du XIXe siècle a vu le mouvement romantique entrer dans une phase seconde et, parfois, réactionnaire (on connait les vitupérations de Baudelaire contre l'Art Social, l'Ecole Païenne, l'Ecole vertueuse). En même temps, ce mouvement a marqué une nouvelle orientation de la poésie , qui a pris , sous l'influence de quelques poètes majeurs, l'aspect d'une revendication métaphysique. A une époque où une conception purement positive et scientifique du monde, appuyée sur le solide (réalisme) de la bourgeoisie triomphante, risque d'asphyxier l'esprit humain, la poésie va jouer un rôle en quelque sorte compensateur : rétablissant la communication avec les puissances obscures de l'homme et du langage, elle va tâcher de retrouver avec leur aide, et en dehors de toute démarche rationnelle, le sens profond de l'univers.
Il est nécessaire de constater qu' à ces exigences spirituelles, qui sont à la source de tout le mouvement poétique contemporain, correspondent des efforts pour transformer non seulement la vision, mais aussi l'expression poétique. A cela, quoi d'étonnant? L'expression, c'est l'instrument poétique par excellence: instrument à la fois de connaissance et de création. La réalité poétique est inséparable de son expression : Nerval le premier, puis ceux qui l'on s'accorde à voir les (phares) de la nouvelle poésie, Baudelaire, Rimbaud, Mallarmé ont senti combien le problème poétique était profondement lié au problème du langage . On est frappé par leur obstination à trouver une langue, à comparer le maniement savant du langage à une sorcellerie évocatoire, à retrouver par la poésie (l'alphabet magique, l'hiéroglyphe mystérieux) qui permettront le triomphe de l'Esprit.

Le français constitue une langue qui intéresse un large public et qui suscite des débats, voire des polémiques, autour de sa place en tant qu'une langue internationale. Ce sujet mobilise les mass médias dans leur ensemble car il constitue un thème dont la richesse et la diversité offrent des déclinaisons variées.
Par ailleurs, les objectifs d’apprentissage d’une langue étrangère ont subi beaucoup de changements depuis la méthode traditionnelle. Au XIXème siècle, on étudiait une langue étrangère par et pour sa littérature, ses proverbes et sa culture cela veut dire que "l’objectif culturel était prioritaire". Ensuite, on a préféré "l’objectif pratique qui privilégiait un enseignement de la langue en tant qu' un outil de communication destiné à engager efficacement une conversation avec des personnes parlant une autre langue.
Nous abordons brièvement ici une synthèse des méthodes d’enseignement des langues étrangères depuis la méthode traditionnelle jusqu’à nos jours où l'on se trouve devant l'Internet. Qu'est-ce que c'est cette nouvelle technologie? Que peut-on en profiter? On se demanderait donc sur ce nouveau moyen et sa relation avec ce que nous allons montrer dans notre recherche.
La méthode traditionnelle ou la méthode grammaire-traduction est une méthode dont le but essentiel était la lecture et la traduction de textes littéraires en langue étrangère. Pour Colette Rojas " la grammaire était enseignée de manière déductive c'est-à-dire qu'on présente d’abord les règles, puis on les applique à des cas particuliers sous forme de phrases.
D'une part, la méthodologie directe qui se base sur l’utilisation de plusieurs méthodes : méthode directe, active et orale, où comme le qualifie Colette et bien d'autres que "l’enseignement de la grammaire étrangère se fait d’une manière inductive. Autrement dit, les règles ne s’étudient pas d’une manière explicite, mais plutôt implicite. C'est-à-dire que l’apprenant essaie de penser en langue étrangère le plus tôt possible.
D'autre part, la méthode audio-orale nécessite des exercices de répétition ou des exercices d’imitation à partir desquels les apprenants doivent être capables de réemployer la structure en proposant de nouvelles variations paradigmatiques.
Comme les autres méthodes, celle de l'audio-visuelle intéresse les apprenants puisque "la cohérence était construite autour de l’utilisation conjointe de l’image et du son. Le support sonore était constitué par des enregistrements magnétiques et le support visuel par des vues fixes. Cette méthode s’applique aussi bien à l’enseignement du lexique sans recourir à la traduction en langue maternelle, qu’à l’enseignement grammatical sans l’intermédiaire de la règle, l’apprenant saisit les règles de manière intuitive.
Par ailleurs, l'apprentissage d'une langue étrangère ne se limite pas à maîtriser cette langue d'un point de vue purement linguistique, mais cette activité va au-delà de cette limité, elle englobe les phénomènes culturels et les situations langagières comme le pense Puren:
"Apprendre une langue, c’est apprendre à se comporter de manière adéquate dans des situations de communication où l’apprenant aura quelque chance de se trouver en utilisant les codes de la langue cible "([6]).
Pour les méthodologues, les apprenants qui ont besoin d’apprendre le français pour des raisons professionnelles seraient motivés par une approche fonctionnelle, à l'opposée de ceux du milieu scolaire ou universitaire qui apprennent une langue étrangère par obligation. Cela nous entraîne à discuter une autre méthode aussi pratique qu'importante notamment l'approche communicative

Human freedom is highly prized. It is something that people have regularly been willing to sacrifice their lives in order to secure hold on to. Yet, freedom brings with it responsibility and accountability before God. We are responsible for our actions precisely because they do not spring as Trevor Hart believes "out of the blue" utterly undetermined and accidental but "spring from what we are, by a kind of determination quite different from the chains of mechanical causation which determine the behaviour of material things; it is the determination of personal choice.
Our choices as persons are affected by a great many things; things concerning the world in which we live, and those others internal to us as particular persons such as our temper, our nature and so on. We are free to choose evil or good but sooner or later we make a wrong choice which costs us our freedom.
In this study, we shall use William Golding's novel Free Fall (1959) to shed light on the problem of choice and to explore the inner structure of human sinfulness. Our focus will be on sin (the fall) and personal responsibility. The novel is a confession. It is concerned with the question of how "grace or freedom of will has been lost.
Man is a moral creature and when he is in a state of free fall, he is, to use Golding's words, "without a system of values, without adherence to some, one might almost call codified morality, right or wrong ...(He is)
like a creature in space tumbling, no up, no down, just in free fall in the scientific sense. As a result, he stumbles over his morals without knowing they are there. He exploits people and then finds with this comes guilt and that he can not be free of right or wrong.