Adab AL Rafidayn

This research is an attempt to tackle subjective and objective factors beyond the spread of Shāf’i school in Arabian and Islamic regions. We emphasize the role of pioneers and their students (scholars) who had contribution in the spread of the mazhab through their teaching and explaning the principles of this school .The three pillars (the pioneers, the scholars and the contributions) are the major factors behind the spread of every islamic school. The continuity and spread of the islamic doctrine is gorevned by consective narrators.

The current research aims at discovering the impact, of the use of the two strategies audio/tape recorder and audiovisual/ video tape in the language laboratory7 on the development of the students' speaking skills at the department of English Teachers College University of Mosul. The sample consists of 36 students (12 males and 24 females) who have been selected from among third year students during the first course of the academic year 1997-1998. The speaking skills test has been prepared by the researchers themselves depending on-previous studies and researches so as to test the hypotheses. The findings show significant statistical differences between the first experimental group and the second experimental group in the speaking skills rest for the benefit of the second group in comprehension, grammar and pronunciation. This indicates that the audiovisual strategy is an effective means in teaching conversation .

The present study concentrates on the use of diminutive in English and Arabic. It states that every language has its devices of forming diminutives and defining them. It also shows that the use of the diminutives may be attributed to psychological reasons. The study aims at pointing areas of similarity and difference between English and Arabic. It also refers to the heavy reliance of English on suffixes when forming diminutives; that is, it tackles the suffixes that have diminutive force. It discusses the use of the diminutives in various realms, especially in literary and scientific texts. Also, the diminutives may be used as a satiric device. The study shows the difference between "little" and "small" and other adjectives used to denote diminutives. It also discusses problems such as the repetition of diminutive elements for emphatic purposes and types of smallness such as the implied smallness and the smallness which is left unexpressed. In fact, it discusses other diminutive problems.
The study also tackles the use of diminutive in Arabic. It deals with the heavy reliance of Arabic on morphological changes when forming diminutives, the purposes of using diminutives, the forming of diminutives from nouns, certain relative pronouns, certain demonstratives, some triliteral prepositions, the curtailed diminutives, and irregular diminutives. Also, it refers to the problem of forming diminutives from plurals of paucity and mixed compounds. It states that diminutives cannot be formed from most verbs, plurals of abundance, predicative and interrogative particles, and so on. It also states that smallness in Arabic may be implied. Finally, it tackles the use of diminutives in modern literary Arabic. The use tackled may be attributed to the influence of English on modern Arabic writers.
Finally, this study comes up with the conclusions which point out the common and divergent aspects as far as the use of the diminutive is concerned in the two languages on the semantic and morphological levels.

The study deals with the relation between Armeenia kingdom and Islamic powers. It tsckles the political conditions of Armeenia in the second half of the Fifth Century-Hijra./ The Eleventh Century. They immigrated from their origin places to Qilikiya. They established their Imara which was known as Minor Arminia kingdom. Because of its situation between Mosul, Jazirra and Syria, it had political relations with the Islamic powers such as Saljuki, Danishmandi, Aratika and Zankis.
Others such as Bizantiz and Crusaders had a role in directing such relation which was almost unfriendly, with the exceptions in some periods with some Armenian leaders. They made allies with some Moslims powers to oppose personal demands of crusade Ameers in Qilikiya.

The indifference and hostility of Fate and Nature are the characterstic common in Hardy's novels; inevitable suffering overwhelms the life of the character in Hardy's novels. In his novels Fate and Nature rule the world of his novels. The hero's desire for happiness collapses into terrible misery. Such an atmosphere makes Hardy's novels of close relation to tragedies in the Greek sense. This means that Hardy's novels can be considered the successors to the tragedies of the Greek, of Shakespeare and Marlowe before him. There are indications in the novels themselves that Hardy was attemping, in novel form, to present tragedies in the old model of Greek drama

Edgar Allan Poe (1909-1949), the American writer believes that man is driven into evil and violence by some motive which he cannot understand or anticipate. This need to do evil Poe placed in the idea of "perversity", man's tendency to act for the reason that he should not, to do wrong for the wrong sake only.
According to Poe "perversity" is one of the radical impulses of the human heart to act irrationally. It compels man to do the precise deed that will cause him to affront and injure himself.
The present study is an attempt to examine Poe's theory of "perversity" illustrated in his short horrific tale The Black Cat. Poe's protagonist (the narrator) is afflicted with perversity and as a result, is engaged in a series of attitudes and actions toward his self-destruction.
The ultimate reason why man chooses good or evil is far beyond one's knowledge. In Edgar Alan Poe's fiction, "The sinner is compulsively driven by some motive to be malignant, by some maggot in the brain, which he cannot anticipate or understand"(!). This need to do evil Poe placed in the idea of perversity.
Speaking through his narrators, Poe declares that "perversity" is a fundamental force which permeates human existence. It is an unconquerable force that impels us to do the wrong action. People wreck their lives because of impulses beyond their control while humanity seems to be unaware of perversity as the subject is seldom discoursed.
Poe did not find it sufficient to illustrate his theory of perversity in one story only. Perhaps, his most lucid portrayal of perversity resides in his masterfully told tale, "The black Cat" published in 1843 and considered one of Poe's "most powerful tales")
The narrator tells a tale of horror and murder from a prison cell. Poe was able to create an entirely separate person from himself for this story. "Poe's narrators possess a character and consciousness distinct from their creator. They speak their own thoughts and are the dupes of their own passion.

Though there were many other mazhabs, the Shāfi’i one school of jurisprudence became dominant in the Islamic East due to the travels of the East Scholars. Their journeys to Iraq and Egypt where it was first appeared. Scholars received this mazhab from the students of the imam Shāfi’i. Then they introduced it to the countries and cities in East. The acceptability of this school of jurisprudence in the East has its influence in the activity of its followers and their disseminating played a great role to make it dominant.
These scholars made it popular or dominant by teaching it in the mosques, debates, and seminars which they held for the students who were attending these places in large numbers. Furthermore there were many books written by the scholars tackling this school whether to summerize or to explain it.

Coronals are said to have a special status among other types of consonants. This fact is based on the belief that they lack a Place node underlyingly. In this paper, such factual statements are utilized In a morphophonological analysis to falsify the claims saying that coronals are fully specified in Arabic URs and that homorganic consonants are disallowed in Arabic underlying consonantal roots.

The Israeil ambitions in the Arab countries and their water resources dateback to the establishment of the Zionist movement . This movement considered water as a strategic factor in esdablishing the so called ,great Israel. Realizing that water security is among the priorities of notional security. Watešhortage is due to the ambitions and expansion policies of Israel in the Arab waters and a part of its inhabitant strategies.
Israel started considering its needs of water, and it realized that Jondan and Litani rivers could meet the agricultural and industrial need in Palestine in a ddition to the out side the Palestinian territories river Eupherates if it could be expanded.

The Crusades increased the enthusiasm of Mouslims in Palestine and the Islamic World. Poets began to transfer the people's rage to provoke others. Among the poets who wrote about this were brilliant. Some of them were Ibn-Al-Qairasany, AlAbuodi, Osama bin Munkid, and others. Their poems were in the history books, such as "Al-Routatain, fie Akhbar Al-Doulatain" written by Al-Maqdisy who died in 665A H. The action was put in an elegant way. The poems which were written in this book have the following aspects:
1. Provoking the Islamic leaders to free Jerusalem and other cities.
2.Describing the battles clearly. Morning over martyrs and Jerusalem.
3.Some of these poems were analyzed artistically and literally

Place is considered an important element of stability and tranquility of all creation. Man realized this process since his creation and appearence on the surface of the earth. So he took it as asylum and residence in which he could protect himself. The place, moreover, is a frame which embraces the events of the literary arts as awhole. Therfore; the modern literary studies paid great attention to place. It is not new to say that description as it is described as the technique of formulating the text finds in the place what glorifies its existence and its deep roots in the maps and details of the objects. The character relation with the place is however open to spontaneous and objective visions is its structure and constitution.
Soorat Al-wakiah is based on the comparision between paradise and its dwellers on one hand and fire and its dwellers on the other hand and the fate of each group in the Day of Resurrection. The style of expressing the verses of this surah achieved by spatial comparision contributed actively in the process of conviction. This style gave man the chance to think of the two compared objects in order to get after that the judgement of which one is the right to be followed and which one is the best to be selected. The research consists of three axes, the first: the place of the predecessors, the second: the place of the people who have got their books on their right hands and the third axis is the place of the people who have got their books on their left hand. Through these axes, we will recognize the most important characteristics of the Hereafter place which carried multi significations and various senses in away that suits the purposes of the Koranic expression.
Finally. we say that achieving the intellectual aspects of the place through the comparison between paradise/fire was not isolated from the nice show, the suitable performance, the excellent production and the skillful imagination. It was on the contrary having a close relations with the abovementioned, criteria
Thus, the spatial comparison was the rhetorical article which showed and made clear the intellectual aspects in a way that could uncover the secrets of this immortal book i.e. the Kora

It is a common truth that the way we say something can be just as important in conveying a message as the words we use to say it Intonation means "the melody of speech, the changing pitch of the voice . It is the term commonly given to variations in the pitch of the voice .
This study aims to show that various types of tones are used in both English and Arabic newsreadings and that intonation can works as a cohesive device in discourse, especially when it helps in keeping the text coherent despite the absence of cohesive ties in the texts.
The study is limited to the analysis of the primary and complex tones and excludes other types of tones such as compound ones. The study is not meant to be contrastive as it is based on exploring how intonation acts as a cohesive device in English with reference to Arabic where appropriate
The data on which the study is based are recordings of the news in English taken from the BBC TV Channel, while the news in Arabic is taken from various Arabic-speaking Channels.
There is more than one approach to intonation. Chief among them are the British approach and American approach. The British approach studies intonation mostly pedagogically, this means that this approach focuses on introducing and presenting intonation objectively which helps to clarify the way that intonation makes utterance more understood. Among those who follow this approach are .

All meanings create associations of some kind or another. Associations, however, are the result of certain specific situations that frame interactions in real social settings. The interpreting ability of the reader and the hearer), hence, depends on his conceptualization of the world around as well as his social and cultural background knowledge which encapsulates different beliefs, attitudes, experience, values, etc. of both source and target languages. Lack of knowledge about these facts poses actual problems in communication if not drawbacks or total failure), including translation.
Building on the facts mentioned above, it is hypothesized that the more varied the translator's background knowledge is, the greater is his ability to comprehend and then render proverbs into a target language.
This paper concludes that the pragmatic aspects of the language, as well as the context in which a certain proverb is used, reveal different associative meanings of proverbs. Moreover, the main sources of difficulty in translating proverbs, stem from the complexity of the concepts they carry (or are intended to carry), the more difficult the concepts, the more culture dependent the proverbs become and vice
versa .

Abu Layla is one of the old linguists who contributed greatly in linguistics. Some of his narrations were found in some references especially in dictionaries such (Al–Ayn) which was written by AL–Khalil Ibn Ahmad AL– Fraheedi (died 175 A.H ). The present research is of an introduction and two parts. Part one includes an autobiography of Abu Layla as well as a study of his narrations in (Al–Ayn). Part two includes the texts which are classified alphabetically. I have mentioned the refrences in the footnotes.

This research tries to find a classification of interjections in English and French. The data chosen are taken from literary texts, internet, cartoons and children magazines.
We shall show that this universal phenomenon does not necessitate the existence of a certain interjection in other languages. It is found that, though definitions are similar, yet no clear division of the types of interjections is mode. Some of the interjections are natural noises whereas some others are human articulated sounds.

The research aims at demonstrating the imporance of the mobile library in disseminating the cultural, social and hygenic knowledge among the population of villages, rural and remote areas where the majority of inhabitants dwell, which affect all the aspects of the programs of development. The research discusses the mobile library, its definition, objectives, the way of its implementation, and requirements of its foundation, with a glance at the conditions of this library in developed and underdeveloped countries. The research ends with some recommendations which lead to increasing attention to this kind of libraries. The research follows the historical method and depended on subject literature in collecting information The research ends with some recommendations.

The paper is an attempt to study the procedures followed by the Islamic Arab State to reduce the pollution of air and water in the Islamic Arab Cities in Iraq .It covers the period extending from the beginning of Islam to the end of the first Abbaside period .It aims at explaining the fact that Arab Muslims preceded the other nations in facing and solving these problems. Similarly, it shows their role in determing the theoretical and scientific aspects that occupied them in their view of environment. Those procedures were adopted before construction when the location was selected and after construction in order to control contamination.
The paper has come up with that the procedures followed by Muslim Arabs is an indication of their developed way of life, since they realized the danger caused by pollution, and they lived in cities suitable for housing.