Adab AL Rafidayn

Discourse Markers are words or phrases that Function as indicators of discourse structure. They are characteristics of connected discourse, that is to say they contribute to discourse coherence, which signal the communicative intentions of discourse. Discourse markers which form a heterogeneous class of words and expressions, have been chosen as a basis for analysis in this paper. This paper aims mainly at examining the difficulties that are likely to be encountered in translating discourse Markers from English into Arabic i.e. translating the SL discourse’ markers into their TL equivalents in Arabic. Fraser's (1999) Model of discourse markers analysis has been chosen for studying discourse markers. Fraser has classified discourse markers into two major classes with subclasses. The first is propositional discourse markers while the second is non-propositional discourse markers. It is supposed that there is a huge difference between English and Arabic in the use of discourse Markers. Moreover, one of the basic difficulties discourse markers present to translators is that any given discourse Marker may have numerous possible translation options. Furthermore, discourse markers have a multiplicity of functions, which means that a discourse marker may have more than one function and thus it can be used to signal a variety of relations between various written discourse segments. Therefore, a translator needs to determine the function a particular discourse marker has in a certain context so as to render the translation adequately. For instance, Schiffrin (1987: 65), attributes the complexity in investigating discourse markers to three factors: a. Their multifunctionality. b. Their optionality, and c. Their syntactic diversity

Every search must be results with number of conclusions which refers to abstract as the following blow:
1. The unity of method and science both of Ibn-Kaldon and Michafele represented with foundations which reach to both of them lonely, of course earliest should go to Ibn-Kaldon because historically he older than Michafele about a century and half-one.
2. The unity of special and public social circumstances to both of them (Ibn-Kaldon and Michafile) that it were one of the importance factors which contributed with achieve the unity of method and science.
3. Both of them (Ibn-Kaldon and Michafile) are reformed the social reality seriously, scientifically and subjectively at a time when science had been depressed and disappeared thinkers.
4. Their knowledge (Ibn-Kaldon and Michafile) which represented (Al-Mukadema) and (the prince and suggestion) after the politcal life of them finished which was mean contained their learn with reality-social experience this was guaranties immortality to their mind effort as a result it can be applied on the other societies after reforms who would like to benefit because science whom calls to contained a big side of scientific methodical.

The study had come to appoint the social thinking of Fostel De Kolange. in his book the oldest city, it is a study about the religion beliefs of Greek and roman city.
The aim of study represented by definition the social thinking of Greeks and Romans though observe the social thinking of Fostel De Kolange the researcher found that De Kolange was interested with methodical definitude, the researcher appoint, this definitude through followed the roman and Greek social thinking starting from it’s first stage which represented in consider the religion a basic and axis of life with all it’s units until the final stage of the oldest development stage on the other hand the fortune became a criteria to define social favored.
Also researcher noticed that belief of Fostel De Kolange with social change, he becomes in every item of the book chapters’ items an implicit sign show his thought that change has achieve steps of progress, But it is slow relatively because of routine life related with introvert cities in the essential stages of its origin.. until discovered there are four revolutions done slowly in a long distance times especially first and second revolutions which upside-down the society body this notice shows the social sense of De Kolange.
It should take with a consideration that events which De Kolange talks about had been started from seventh century B.C continues until second century B.C at the era of first and second revolutions, from third century till fourth century at the era of fourth and third revolutions.

The Arabian Nights was a very important channel of information that provided the westerners with ample material and useful knowledge about the east, its people, and their social life(1) . Yet, in their presentations of the oriental people and their life, they always concentrated only on the black sides. This was exactly applicable to their attitude towards oriental women. The western opinions of oriental women in The Arabian Nights were always prejudicial ones. They fluctuated between contempt and outrage. They always thought of oriental women as submissive and inferior to man. Further, they conceived that she spent her life in sexual preparations and intrigues. These wrong ideas were held and strongly expressed by western writers and public as well. Despite moral restrictions, the East for the First translator of The Arabian Night. (1704-1712) Antoine Galland was always linked with sexuality(2). In his turn, Alexander Pope (1688-1744) believed that oriental women were lazy and converse with eunuchs

was aprominent, modest scholar (of the third esteemed group).
He was one of the seven ‘faqihs’ (theologists) who taught ‘figh’ and ‘Hadith’ in Al-Madina-1 Munawwarah. He was a famous man of letters and a sensitive poet enjoying a skillful poetic talent matured through his broad education and knowledge, as well as his innate talent in skillful speech.
This paper is an attempt to provide a collection of his poetry and investigate it. The total number of lines he wrote was 84 involving nineteen stanzas. His poetry was organized alphabetically according to the sequence of Arabic prosody starting with the Tawil metre.
We tricel our best to deal with the texts extensively mentioning first the source of the text according to its time and paying attention to showing the difference of sources seeking the most objective method.

One of the perspectives that has a close relationship with the conception of literature is inspiration. The focus of this study is to investigate the concept of inspiration in both the Greek and Arabic cultures. Craftsmanship in tradition, which stands opposite to inspiration, is also ruminated. Since inspiration runs under psychology and the beginning of the writings of psycho-analysis, so the study will investigate this concept as well. Both criticismsGreek and Arabic-express a profound interest in this phenomenon. The Greeks expressed their interest through their belief in the Muses and Oracles whereas the Arabs thought of inspiration in terms of the poets’ demons and Wadi Abqir.

Among different approaches to translation is the pragmatic one. This approach attempts to explain translation from the point of view of what is potentially done by the original author in the text and what is potentially done in the translation as a response to the original text. Adopting such an approach in which speech act functions as a unit of translation, translators continuously face the problem of translating certain speech acts of similar illocutionary point. The present paper is an attempt to solve such a problem by using the degree of strength of the illocutionary force as a distinctive feature in translating illocutionary forces of speech acts of similar illocutionary point. A brief theoretical background of the terms used in this paper is submitted with examples. Practically directives of similar illocutionary point have been chosen to be the data of analysis. So, this paper helps translators to overcome the difficulties of translating directives of similar illocutionary point by providing a method by which such acts can be distinguished.

The present research aims at studying the Figurative and expressive characteristics inherent in the poem “Tabarak” and the conscious experience it carries.
The poem is a Sufi one it consists of four stanzas the first stanza has used simili to express its meaning, The structure of the second stanza has used glorification and foregrounding, The structure of the third stanza which consists of thirteen lines has depended upon Various rhetorical devices such as inclusion connotation, interrogation and vocative. The last stanza has used the art of transition, vocative and antonymy.
These rhetorical devices have formed focuses of attraction and stimulation in the reader by virtue of utilizing them effectively and efficiently.

Al-Tunookhi’s book deals with a single topic which is clearly expressed by the title of the book.
In this study we try to attempt an analytical study of narration in a specific pattern in prose writing which most of ancient studies tackled in sofar as it depends on certain elements suchas the movement from the serious to the redicule and the mixture of interainment and benefit and poetry and prose in addition to elaboration and selection.
This analysis, however, subjective and it links suitability with the nature of the ancient prosaic discourse. It also makes full use of modern critical narration according to the text and the method which permits studying the following: the way of writing, events, epigraph, time, characters and dialogue.

Spenser's Amoretti, published together with Epithalamion in 1595, is an Elizabethan love-sonnet sequence in which he expressed his personal feeling to an unmarried woman, Elizabeth Boyle, whom he later married and celebrated his marriage in Epithalamion. Like other Renaissance sonneteers, Spenser imitated the pioneer love-sonnet sequence poet, Petrarch. Yet Spenser's Amoretti seems to have some features that are not to be found in other love poems of his both predecessors and successors. The aim of this paper is to consider Spenser's concept and values of love as expressed in these love sonnets, Amoretti, and how they differ from those expressed in other Renaissance love-sonnet sequences and from those of Petrarch. The Amoretti has been subject to some controversial views. Critics differ as to the subject matter, lady's character, concept, thought, feeling and mood revealed in these love poems.

This paper studies an important Book of Grammar classified among as one of pedagogical books, entitled al-‘Irshad. This book was written by the celebrated scholar, Saad ud-Din bin Omar al-Taftazani. This study starts with a brief Introduction about this book and a description of the two editions of the book used by the study i.e. al-Awqaf edition, Baghdad and Mosul. Because of the characteristics of the former edition, it was adopted as the original source of the study. Then, we explained our method of study. We aimed to show this book as thoroughly investigated in order to be loyal to the Glorious Quran and the author of the book.

Critical Discourse Analysis (henceforth CDA) is a recent multidisciplinary and multidimensional approach to the study of discourse. More than one discipline can be found to be involved in this approach, psychology, sociology, mass communication, law, literature, political sciences, and social psychology. All dimensions of language are getting involved in this trend, syntax, semantics, pragmatics … etc. CDA manipulates the process of the dramatization of the opposition between in – group members and out-group members crystallized in a set of discursive strategies cognitively and culturally constrained These strategies include lexicalization, framing, presupposition, figurative language , hedging postures etc., Throughout CDA, it becomes possible to trace realizations of personality and speaker‟s ability to control others cognitively via maneuvers of language.

The two dualistics of frightening of torture and desire in reward has formed a companying image that their metaphorical use was a necessity required by the Quranic expression. And in that, there is no strangeness in case the speech is adressed both to believers and unbelievers. We find the text makes a symmetrical unit of signs and meanings. So, that who is interested in the state of those in Heaven is frightened by the state of those in Hell in purpose to show what to do on earth and that will make it obvious how and what every one to do.

In recent years, textual cohesion has attracted the attention of many linguists and researchers in linguistics as one of the components of textuality. Among those are Halliday and Hasan (1976) who discussed in detail in their suggested model different aspects of cohesion in English. They categorize cohesion relations into three types, with each reflecting an aspect of relatedness: (1) relatedness of form; (2) relatedness of reference; (3) relatedness of semantic connection (conjunction ). The aim of this study is to highlight the third type of relation i.e., conjunction, focusing on conjunctions to be rendered implicitly or explicitly when translation takes place from Arabic into English conjunctions.

Information explosion makes the world as a small village. This explosion creates many developments and affects on university libraries. As a result we have the information, digital libraries, and web sites. So where is the situation of Iraqi University Libraries in this case? An how can they deal with the digital libraries through internet?
This paper shed alight on the fact products a new structre, which helps Iraqi University Libraries using the facilities of internet, computer LAN, and Cyberspace.

Un cœur simple (1877) demeure l’œuvre antipode de La mare au diable (1846) de George Sand dans la mesure où le conte de Flaubert met en cause le roman idéal prôné par George Sand: “Nous croyons, dit-elle, que la mission de l’art est une mission de sentiment et d’amour. L’art n’est pas l’étude de la réalité positiviste; c’est une recherche de la vérité idéale.”(1) L’amour idéalisé par George Sand est battu en brèche par G. Flaubert car il pense qu’il n’est pas possible de réaliser en pleine période positiviste(*) un rêve inspiré de la pastorale de Virgile (Les Géorgiques,39-29 av. J.C.)(2) . Flaubert avoue sa volonté d’émouvoir dans une lettre écrite au lendemain de l’enterrenment de sa vieille amie: “L’hiostoire d’Un cœur simple, écrit Flaubert est (…) le récit d’une vie obscure, celle d’une pauvre fille de campagne, dévote mais mystique, dévouée sans exaltation et tendre comme du pain frais. Elle aime successivement un homme, les enfants de sa maîtresse, un neveu

Some researchers have written about the history of Tal Afar but in its modern era, and I have not found ,as far as I know,a scientific amount of books on the history of Tal Afar in Islamic times, and I think that this is due to two main reasons: The first of them is the important events that took place in this town in the modern era and in particular the Revolution of 1920 which encouraged those searching for it because of the abundance of available sources and information. Perhaps the reason for those researchers to move away from writing about the town of Tal Afar in the Islamic ages is the lack of information available about it during this period in a way that encourages writing a research at the required level, because public dates such as the history of Al-Eaqoubi, Al-Tabeery and others show interest in the central regions such as Iraq and the Neighboring areas and neglect what is happening in remote provinces

The research aims at measuring personal and social agreements about misdemeanant juveniles in Ninevah Governorate and to know the type of relationships in personal and social agreement with the variables of academic achievement, place of living and family income .
The research tool was applied on all the juveniles observation house in Ninevah. The sample consisted of 54 persons ranging between 13-17 years of age. Al-kubaisi scale (1988) was used. This scale is made up of 80 items to measure personal and social agreement distributed to six aspects, namely : self-esteem , needs satisfaction, nervousness symptoms, family relations, social relations, values and social norms.
The validity of the instrument was used after presenting it to a panel of experts in psychological , educational and social sciences. The stability of the instrument was used by retesting and it was 0.79.
The results showed significant statistical differences between literates and illiterates juveniles and in favor of illiterates. The results have also showed significant differences in favor of juveniles living in rural areas. The results have also significant differences and for the benefit of limited high family income.
On the bases of the results obtained, the researchers recommended the basic education of persons and teaching them inside the juveniles observation houses intensively. In addition to planning counseling programmers on educational and scientific bases and providing technical workshops inside the observation houses. The researcher has also suggested conducting a contrastive study between misdemeanants and normal children. He has also suggested conducting another study about the family situations of the misdemeanant juveniles.