Adab AL Rafidayn

It is a well known fact that the ancient cities of southern Iraq have developed an advanced systems in most aspects of life, social, economic, religious and probably politic aspects, since pre-historic periods. It is very likely that among those systems was what has been later called democratic system of rule. Cuneiform texts from the secend mellenium B. C. refers to such a system which modern scholars have wrongly called ‘ primitive Democracy’.

This paper aims to prove the existence of such system of rule since the very early historic periods and it was not a ‘ primitive’ but a very well advanced and gives the relevant cuneiform texts that prove what has been suggested

-bar (x) is a system of grammatical analysis developed in recent generative linguistics as an alternative to traditional account of phrase structure grammar. It is argued both that rules of phrase – structure grammar need to be more constrained and that more phrasal categories need to be recognized. Within the noun phrase, for example, the need is felt to recognize intermediate categories larger than the noun but smaller than the phrase, e. g. very fast or very fast car in the noun phrase “the very fast car.” The intermediate categories, which have not status in previous phrase structure models, are formally recognized in x-bar syntax by a system of x-bars, each of which identifies a level of phrasal expansion. Given a lexical category, X, X5 = “X withe no bars” (i.e. the category itself; x = X1 = “X – bar” = “X – singular bar”; X = X2 = “X – double – bar”; Z = X3 = “X – treble – bar” and so on, Expansion for N (‘N – bar’ and ‘N – double – bar’) can be illustrated in the following tree.

Letters are regarded as one of the most important sources of our information on Mesopotamian civilization because they represent the real situation of the Mesopotamia society. Therefore, these letters occupy most of the researcher’s attention. This research is an attempt to pin-point the similarities and differences in the form and style of letters writing since the Summerian eras and the successive new Babylonian era.
The research deals with some methods used for communication before the inventory of writing and the way of selecting messengers to achieve this vital role. In addition to that it studies the forms of the letters and any changes made on these forms whether these changes were grammatical changes or formula changes and an attempt to search for origin of relations and similarities of the forms of these letters during the different eras of the Mesopotamian history. The research also tackles the study of different kinds of letters which are put in three types: secret, public, and fast letters and to show some reasons and motivations behind the appearance of these kinds of letters.

Reinforcement is defined as a linguistic feature whereby some item is reitrated for purposes of emphasis, thematic arrangement, or focus. The simplest form of this feature is the repetition of a word or a phrase for emphasis or clarity (Quirk et al., 1972: 970). In fact, repetition is an outstanding structural feature which is common to all languages of the world (Anees, 1970: 14-15). Although it is disapproved in essays and elsewhere and looked upon by some linguists as tiresome or irritable, it is a standard and indeed a valuable part of informal conversation. Furthermore, it can be very effective in giving emphasis when it is properly used. Repeated items or repeated syntactic units are packed with colour and they contain significant ideas (cf. Berry: 1961: 130; Crystal et al., 1969: 113-202).
Repetition is extremely common in poetic language and in prose writing. As regards poetry, every repeated word is a tissue of the poet’s human impulses. It conceals a feeling which has a fascination for him; that is, the condition the poet has in mind is conveyed through the use of repetition. Put differently, the use of this phenomenon reflects specific mental or spiritual processes or experiences. When a poet repeats certain words, phrases, or lines, he addresses people frankly or directly with certain thoughts, joys, griefs, complexities, or disappointments.People may not merely share the poet’s feelings, but may relate these feelings to themselves. Real poetry is not merely a moral test for someone who composes verse; it is also a test for the one who reads it

Reinforcement is defined as a linguistic feature whereby some item is reitrated for purposes of emphasis, thematic arrangement, or focus. The simplest form of this feature is the repetition of a word or a phrase for emphasis or clarity (Quirk et al., 1972: 970). In fact, repetition is an outstanding structural feature which is common to all languages of the world (Anees, 1970: 14-15). Although it is disapproved in essays and elsewhere and looked upon by some linguists as tiresome or irritable, it is a standard and indeed a valuable part of informal conversation. Furthermore, it can be very effective in giving emphasis when it is properly used. Repeated items or repeated syntactic units are packed with colour and they contain significant ideas (cf. Berry: 1961: 130; Crystal et al., 1969: 113-202).
Repetition is extremely common in poetic language and in prose writing. As regards poetry, every repeated word is a tissue of the poet’s human impulses. It conceals a feeling which has a fascination for him; that is, the condition the poet has in mind is conveyed through the use of repetition. Put differently, the use of this phenomenon reflects specific mental or spiritual processes or experiences. When a poet repeats certain words, phrases, or lines, he addresses people frankly or directly with certain thoughts, joys, griefs, complexities, or disappointments.People may not merely share the poet’s feelings, but may relate these feelings to themselves. Real poetry is not merely a moral test for someone who composes verse; it is also a test for the one who reads it

The present paper aims at finding suitable solutions for the most important factors that lead to psychological disturbances it includes chapters. The first one gives the methodology of the research Chapter two concentrates on the role of social techniques in solving social diseases. Finally, chapter three summarizes the results and presents some suqqestions and recommendation to treat the reasons of such diseases.

This paper sets out to discuss some issues in the semiotic translation of jokes. It aims to find an effective semiotic approach to translate English jokes into Arabic. It is found here that in order to achieve a semiotic equivalence in the TL and hence to convey as much of the humorous effect of the SL joke as possible, translators may resort to maintain, modify or even omit whole signs within a joke text.

This research deals with effect reflections and results, which caused by globalization organizational and social structure of Arab society. Additionally, it reveals its complicated effect in cultural value and psychological systems of Arab society, namely to know its effect and socialization pattern and modern and traditional institution.
This study also aims at revealing the reflection of cultural globalization in patriotic, national and religious loyalty of Arab man to his cultural identity, his personality, and his independent cultural specialty.
The research concluded that globalization affect on socialization process and the question of the coming generation.
It also affects on casting personality and cultural identity of society in short time.

A thorough understanding of how translators (as goal-directed readers) understand written texts and how they reconstruct the meaning of the text in the Target Language is a prerequisite for translation theory and practice.
The traditional conception of translation, which emphasizes knowledge assimilation, does not seem to have developed translation studies to an extent, which could be a reliable theory. Therefore, we believe that particular insights from text-comprehension theories are likely to be influential in building a reliable theory of translation. For instance, constructivist theories conceive of translation or any act of learning as a process of reconstruction of meaning of a Source Text through a number of conceptual processes: inference making, problem solving, decision-making and many other metacognitive processes.Therefore, in this sense, translation is not only a matter of extracting meaning from a text, but also of constructing knowledge (about the text).

This paper deals with the marriage between the Sahaba from the early period of Islam, with general historical out look on the marriage among Arab tribes especially in Mecca and Medina before Islam.
The paper begins with the definition of Sahaba in language and as a technical term; their position in the Quran and the Sunna then goes to throw lights on marriage in the Quran out the Sunna and asocial habit.
We can Sam up the most Signifi cant points in the paper as follow:
A- the Quran clearly difined marriage between Muslims and non-Muslims.
B- Islam as a religion ragards marriage as a social habit based on its dogma.
C- Islam gives women the right to choose and divorse their husbands.
D- It sheds lights on the steaps followed in marriage such as engegement, dower, and wedding feasts, with especiall attention on its in fiuence on stregthen the social relations.
E- It gives several examples for the marriage between the sahaba.

L’histoire de l’art nous montre qu’il n’existe pas aujourd’hui de théorie définitive de la signification des couleurs. La réflexion sur la couleur apparait donc un dépôt archéologique où s’entassent des approches significatives diverses.
Dans notre recherche, nous ne parlons pas de trois couleurs primitives (blanc, noir et ocre)ni d’un certain rouge pour les tribus maori de Nouvelle-Zélande ni de sept types de blanc pour les Esquimaux, ni de la série non limitée: marrons, bordeaux. Mais nous abordons la signification des couleurs dans La Comédie Humaine de Balzac.
Balzac n’est pas seulement un romancier, mais un poète qui est effectivement sensible aux couleurs des vêtements de ses personnages à cause de leur valeur significative.

Le français a, au cours de son histoire, empruné de nombreux mots à diverses langues étrangères. Ces mots sont entrés dans cette langue avec les choses, ce qui suppose des conditions historiques, culturelles, politiques, etc... qui en ont déterminé le passage.
L’Empire arabe du haut Moyen Age a été une des grandes sources de la culture française. Il l’a été par trois voies:

Le latin médieval des médecins, pharmaciens....
L’italie et le commerce venitien et génois, intermédiaire entre l’Occident et l’Orient;
L’Espagne où les Maures installés du VIIe siècle implanteront une civilisation originale.

Mais L’Islam n’est pas seulement la grande puissance politique et militaire du Moyen Age, c’en est aussi le foyer culturel.
Ainsi les yeux des Européens sur l’Islam et l’orientalime, s’élargit largement au XIXe siècle.De plus, les Sociétés Asiatiques concourent largement à faire connaître aux Européens le patrimoine de l’Orient et de l’Islam.
Pour cela, nous pouvons dire que l’influence de l’Orient sur les écrivains européens et français est un sujet très important et occupe bien des cultivés qui s’intéressent à des litteratures mondiales, et surtout à des études comparées. Hugo est un des auteurs français du XIXe siècle, qui a été influencé par l’Orient. Acet égard, beaucoup de critiques croient que l’Orient a influencé à ses écrits et surtout à ses poèmes si riches de traits exotiques. C’est pourquoi, nous avons décidé d’aborder dans notre recherche les mots étrangers dans Les Orientales.
Pour délimiter le champ de notre étude, nous avons choisi Les Orientales comme un recueil célébre de Hugo. L’influence de l’Orient et ses formes dans ces poèmes seront donc le privot de notre étude.

The Arab Maghrib owns all those geographical, historical, national, religious and economical features (elements) that lead to the unity.
This necessity of this union today is imposed by the internal and external crises which the states of Maghrib suffer from; such as the crises of food especially strategic articles, the crises of borders, the question of Sahra, external (foreign) indebts, and the impressions of international economic unification. Therefor, the union of these states becomes a necessity nowadays

North Caucasia witnessesd many revolutions against the Russian occupation. One to the most famous revolution was led by Al-Imam Muhammad Shamil Which lasted more than 25 years (1834-1859), and extended on vast area, giving a model of Islam (Religious) Revolution.
This revolution faced setbacks, so it removed to Chichnia for a time, then back to Daghstan many obstacles obliged the revolts to put arms off and leader to surrender. Russia thence had free hand to containue its invasion this Islamic area.

Ali bn Abi Baker Al-Hurawi Al-Mawsili. He was born in Mosul in (542 A.H / 1147 A.D) and died in Halab in (611 A.H/1215 A.D). Al-Hurawi was a geographer and traveler, He visited the Islamic neareast and wrote books on Geography and History, the first is (Al-Isharat fi ma’rifat Al-Ziyarat) which receive his notes on the travels, the second one is (Al-tathkira Al-Hurawiyya fi al ‹iyal Al ‹arbiyya) which relate with the art of war and devoted to give instructions in this matter. The later historians and geographers drew much of Al-Hurawi works

This study deals with the chronological development of mutual consultation (الشورى) in the early Abbasid era through examining this procedure and then trying to classify it to show its nature. After laying out the bases of both democracy and mutual consultation, one fins that the first has gone so far from the real legal construction, where as the second proved that it has moved in parallel with that construction.
Mutual consultation procedures have been classified in to those depending on several institutions built for this purpose and others on the nature of the individual.
Finally, the results show the nature of analysis of these procedures with their real dimentions.

The determinative signs is an important subject which expresses some bases of writing the two languages; the Sumerian and the Akkadian and their dialects. Their subject sheds light on the use of determinative signs in the past; when the old Iraqi people used to write them in their cuneiform writings; and in the present as the new researchers use Latin letters to present the determinative signs.
Their research shows the sources of these signs, their function and use. It counts the most publical signs which are (37) determinative signs: (25) signs come before the words, (4) signs come after words and (8) sings for the plural and dual, numbers and ordinal numbers

In Arabic lexicons there are many uses of ‘journeying’ like ‘wayfaring man’ and ‘passer-by’ as well as the Quranic use ‘And those with impure bodies (for prayer) except for those journeying’. It was natural for the Arab poet to describe his journey and that of his tribe in his poems due to the close link between literature and society. In the light of this link, one can explain many things one of which is journeying whether on she-camels or other beasts of burden-the former being wide-spread in use respective to the spread of Arab tribes in the desert.
Routes of journeying were many with the desert as the most important one-the desert whose dwellers and those traversing it described it in detail with all the hardships they suffered in it. The mountains also figured in their poems as they were described very delicately and beautifully, Added to these is the description of valleys, rivers and seas, and the present paper is but a summary of the poetic images of those ways and routes in Early Islam poetry.

Omar bin Abdul-Aziz put an end to panegyric poetry thus changing the course of Literature into that of commitment to Islam and its cause.
Consequently, a spirit of renouncing worldly pleasure prevailed and people became wholly devoted to the hereafter. He turned poetry and oratory into ameans for preaching Islam, and, so, poetry was composed and criticized from an Arabic Islamic viewpoint.
He called for faithfulness in artistic imagery of poetry and its criticism assigning to it the task of criticizing the state and the caliphate. He also counterbalanced poets analysing their expressions and showing preference to the image of the ascetic spirit of a hero aspiring to the hereafter.

A man was busy with artistical invention and literary creation for an ancient time. At the beginning, they attributed it to supernatural spirit power and god which inspires to all what does like from human beings, for example any natural phenomenon in the space who ignorant it’s resource, creation, Production they belonged it to god which found it and they worshiped this god for it’s supernatural power because they believed this. In addition to literary creation especially poetry which is still even now incitation of doubt and perplexity for who are studing it about it’s production and how a poem produce. All these either in the inspiration moment or it lasts a long time which an idea passes through it with many stages even produce a completed poem.
Another one attributed the poetry to devils which inspire to poet and they chose them, Some one belonged it to a demon and they said that a poet has demon which visits him and dictates the poet.
Another one made it inspiration for poet.
Novel and news multipled about this especially at an ancient Arab and we will talk about this in the pages of our research.

Information explosion makes the world as a small village. nd effects on the world of learning. As a result, we have the Information Society and the Electronic Library. So This explosion strated last century and created many developments awhere is the situation of the Arab world in this revolution? And how can we deal with the Electronic Library?
This Paper shed a light on the fact and produces a new structure which helps the Arab world using the facilities of Information society and Electronic Library.

This study reveals the medical and educational situations of this village Besides, it reveals also the level of living. As we know the supports of social services are the responsibilities of governmental activities and the expansion of faclties of services like education and health weaken the development Alshamsiyat village is just like other villages in Iraq suffers from different problems.

The published and unpublished cuneiform writings on door hooks (Master Thesis)

Loan contracts and interest system in the ancient Babylonian era (Master Thesis)

Small Community Values System (Master Thesis)

Nineveh during the era of the Sargonic dynasty (721-612 BC) (Master Thesis)

Governors of the Arab Maghreb from AH 86 - 116 AH / AD 705-734 (Master's Thesis)

The United States' Position on Zionist Activity in Palestine 1897-1939 Historical Study (Master Thesis)

Social life in the Levant in the era of Circassian Mamluks (784-922 AH / 1382-1516 AD) (PhD thesis)

Sorta Al-Maedah and Maryam Rhetorical Balancing Within Meaning of Science (Master Thesis)

The significance of color in the hadith of the Prophet in Sahih Bukhari and Muslim (Master Thesis)

The Problem of the Expression of the Qur’an to Makki bin Abi Talib al-Qaisi (d. 437 AH) - Grammatical Study (Master Thesis)

Linguistic Investigation in the Book of Insiders on the Mystery Doors to Shams al-Din al-Hanbali (D 709 AH) (Master Thesis)

The phenomenon of sadness in the collections of poets, pendants, objective technical study (Master Thesis)

The effect of it in the Noble Qur’an: grammatical study - semantic (Master Thesis)

Graphic Interpretation of Qur'anic Structures with Probability Signs (PhD thesis)

Redundancy in the Noble Qur’an, its patterns and implications (PhD thesis)

With the growing concern for the importance of language in today’s world, there has been an equivalently growing need for communicating it in the most effective way. This study is concerned with pronunciation as an aspect which has the potential to reflect the beauty of language and the efficiency of its speaker.
Pronunciation in this study is examined in connection with a limited group of speakers, namely television announcers of news in English and hence the difference from previous studies. For whereas the pervious studies have taken the pronunciation problems and/or errors in connection with Iraqi beginning, intermediate, and/or semi-advanced learners of English, the present study focuses on such errors as produced by speakers, who by virtue of their profession as news announcers are supposedly at a very advanced level of knowledge of the English language and the workings of its sound system. Therefore, the main objective of this study has been to describe and analyse these errors, and to locate their sources in an attempt to specify the incentive for preventing their occurrence.
The study has been developed in the light of the hypotheses that spelling and phonological interference are the major reasons behind the pronunciation errors made by the announcers. On the segmental level, the erroneous pronuniation of consonants and vowels is particularly caused by the written representation of the sounds (i.e. their spelling), which accounts for the frequently occurring spelling pronunciations in the data. On the suprasegmental level on the other hand, the errors of syllabification, stress, and intonation are especially invoked by the influence of the phonological system of Arabic. Of the two types of error, the suprasegmental errors are more threatening to intelligibility than the segmental ones.
Being characteristically unlikely in news broadcasts. the recurrence of errors in the pronunciation of announcers has to be reduced to a minimum. This, as recommended by the work, can only be achieved by subjecting the announcers-to-be to intensive specialized language programmes that are supervised by native English speaking expertise.
The study falls into five chapters. chapter One serves as an introduction to the whole work. It states the problem, the aims of the study, and the main hypotheses.
Due to the strong relevance of the notion of foreign accent to the purpose of the study, Chapter Two is devoted to presening a detailed account of the notion, projecting its negative impact on the judgement of the native speaker, and presenting the main factors that belie its emergence, namely the learner’s attitude, the age-dominated critical period, and the phonological and graphological interference of the mother tongue.
Chapter Three, which provided a general background to the major aspects of the sound systems of English and Arabic, is devoted to presenting the relatedliterature of the phonologies of the two languages. Certain areas are compared, and learning difficulties are specified at both the segmental and the suprasegmental levels.
Chapter Four is devoted to the analysis and discussion of the data which consists of a large corpus of news bulletins recorded from Iraq Television over a span of two years, from 2001, to 2003.
Finally, built on the analysis of the data. Chapter Five presents the findings of the study, together with some recommendations and suggestions for future research.

The present study attempts to investigate language learning strategies. The procedure adopted integrates the theoretical underpinning of the learner strategy literature with practical suggestions for teachers to train their students to be more successful language learners. Therefore, the study falls into two parts. Part one, namely chapters One, Two and Tree, focuses on the types of learning and the approaches to learning. It further defines the concept of strategies, outlines their taxonomies and offers means for assessing students’ learning strategies. A critical evaluation of learning strategies is also presented within this part.
Part two, which subsumes chapters Four, five and Six, is mainly empirical in nature. It studies the learning strategies used by a group of Iraqi learners of English at two different levels at the Department of English. College of Education, University of Mosul. The aims of the above survey have been to investigate the significant relationship, if any, between:

Language Learning Strategies used by students and language proficiency.
Strategy use at different course levels.
Strategy use and gender.
Strategy use and successful versus unsuccessful learners.

Multiple data collection techniques have been used, namely (a) administering a learning strategies self-assessment inventory and (b) conducting group interviews. The main instrument used to measure the frequency of strategy use among students is the Strategy inventory for Language Learning (SILL). The interviews focused on two groups of students: the top and bottom five students from each level of learning. The findings show no significant correlation between strategy use and the subjects’ level of proficiency. On the contrary, students at a higher course level tended to use strategies somewhat differently from students at a lower course level. Therefore, a significant difference was found between third and fourth year students. Strategy use and gender exhibited mixed results. Third year students showed no significant differences between the two sexes whereas fourth year students reported significant differences between males and females. Similar results were obtained conceming the issue of successful versus unsuccessful learners. Statistical analysis of the strategies used by less successful learners indicate the absence of any significant difference between successful and less successful learners. However. fourth year student revealed significant differences between successful and less successful learners in using LLs. The interview data showed that students at both levels reported using the traditional techniques of repetition, memorization, translation, with heavy use of dictionaries. Finally, this part concludes by providing a model for strategy training accompanied by strategy training exercises and suggestions for further research.

This study takles the subject of loss as an important phenomenon in translation. It is caused by using some syntactic devices such as ellipsis, pro-forms and progressive aspect in English through the procees of translating into Arabic. Three Arabic renderings of Shakespeare’s “Hamlet” have been selected as the data of the research, the translators are Jabra Ibrahim; Khalil Mutran and Chazi Jamal.
The study hypothesizes that there is no absolute equivalence between English and Arabic in translation, since both languages differ from each other and they belong to two different families. The two languages manipulate various levels of linguistic components, and various uses of these components which are of two unrelated cultures. All these factors hinder the process of translating and lead to an inevitable translational loss of meaning. The study concentrates on the syntactic level of language, at which loss can be observed more clearly.
After a detailed investigation, it has been concluded that the phenomenon of loss in translation is caused by many linguistic factors related to the properties of the two languages, i.e., English and Arabic, and the data have come in correspondence with the hypotheses put forward.
The present study consists of four chapters. Chapter one is an introductory one. It includes the problem of the study, the aims of the study, the procedure and data collection, the hypotheses, the scope of the study and the value of the study.
Chapter two subsumes a Bird’s Eye-View of translation with focus on the phenomenon of loss. It also gives an account of syntactic loss.
Chapter three deals with data analysis and a critical discussion of the phenomenon.
Chapter four outlines some conclusions, recommendations and suggestions for further research.

As semantic phenomenon, subordinators can be defined as lexical items that constitute an important body of sentence elements in both English and Arabic. It is a generally accepted fact that subordination is a universal phenomenon that exist in most languages.
As each of the subordinators serves a number of functions, thus great care and scrutinization are required to get at the most appropriate rendering that approximates the meaning intended by the writer.
It is hypothesized that the appropriate rendition of English subordinators is contextually conditioned in that inappropriate renderings come from overlooking basic contextual factors.
This study aims at exploring the syntactic and semantic features of the English subordinators, and suggesting appropriate rendering strategies to each item taking into consideration the syntactic and semantic features of their Arabic equivalents and investigating the strategies in the renditions of these items by a questionnaire of twenty seven sentences selected randomly from the novel “Lord of the Flies” by William Golding translated into Arabic.
The rate of failure in translating subordinating means from English into Arabic is higher than that in the translation from Arabic into English. Most subordinator means involve many subject have failed to discern this interrelation and consequently, the renderings of the subordinators are inadequate, and most of the subordinators used in English belong to the adverbial clauses of subordination. The translator has to take into consideration the importance of finding an equivalent for the SL text in the sense that reading the text should be as close as the experience of the SL text, and the translators mostly adopted semantic translation and produced formal equivalence.
This study has its starting point from the conviction that when comparing two language systems there will be points of similarity and difference, and that they agree to a considerable degree as far as the semantic aspect of subordination is concerned.