Adab AL Rafidayn

The city of Babylon has enjoyed wide international fame, in the past and present, but it is one of the most famous cities in the ancient world as a whole. It was glorified by the ancient Babylonians themselves, and the Old Testament, the holy book of the Jews, was written about it, and the classic writers mentioned it and described its huge buildings, and the Arab writers referred to it, and it is the only Iraqi city mentioned in the Holy Quran.
One of the reasons for Babylon’s fame was that it was the center of two empires that had their own in the history of Mesopotamia in particular and the history of the ancient Near East in general, namely the Hammurabi Empire that united all parts of Mesopotamia in the mid-eighteenth century BC, and the Empire of Nebuchadnezzar II, which extended its political, cultural and military influence. To the Nile Valley and Assyria preceding it, as he mentioned among the reasons for the fame of the city of Babylon. The Book of the Old Testament about it and its late kings despite the view of the Jewish rabbis biased against the Babylonians who destroyed their kingdom and deported a number of its inhabitants to the country of Babylon, where they lived under the civilization of Babylon, and they quote | Among them is a lot, and among the reasons for Babylon’s fame also is what classic writers wrote about it from the witnesses of some of its buildings and huge buildings, foremost of which is the amphitheater of Babylon, the Temple of Isacala, and the Hanging Gardens that became one of the Seven Wonders of the World. Her previous fame.
Despite all the fame that the city of Babylon enjoyed, the researchers did not focus in their writings and research on the role of the kings of Babylon in the field of legislation and the application of justice, while this city had a prominent and pioneering role in that, as confirmed by the cuneiform texts discovered in Babylon and outside.
From the period of the prosperity of the first city of Babylon, which was the period of the reign of King Hammurabi (18 - 125 B.C.), we reached the most complete and mature of the old Iraqi laws, which are the laws known under the name of this king, which gained international fame in all circles parallel to the fame of the city of Babylon itself and may sometimes surpass it.

Like all other great plays , Hamlet remains significant and important primarily because it presents ideas that are still similar to the ideas we might face and think of everywhere. This implies that Hamlet is concerned with problems that reflect universal themes, Although most of Shakespeare's tragedies have a universal application and appeal, it is Hamlet which has one of the most direct connection with the dilemma of sensitive youth. The Prince of Denmark finds himself in a world of poison with which he cannot always cope successfully. His whole view of life is changed when he discovers the wrongs and finds the proof of his uncle's guilt
Hamlet's rejection of the riddles of society has society has turned towards a glorification of the individual. fighting against forces which aim to destroy him. Hamlet's role is the manifestation of a desire to avoid and reject the new situation and to refuse understanding its implications. Though he is thoughtful and human, he has to face the "rotten" and corrupt world arcund him.

Marriage is an important social bond that aims to create a relationship between genealogy and not between individuals in every society, and this bond has existed since the existence of life and man on earth.
Thus, this link existed in order to achieve social control in an organized and legitimate manner by creating a pattern of stable kings, whereby the existence of the individual and society can be preserved through the formation and continuation of the matter, as it is thus one of the most important foundations on which the social structure has been built since ancient times.
The marriage bond must have passed through successive ages through several developmental stages before its stage of maturity, as it was subject in every stage to the level of the civilization process and the social development that individuals reach and the nature of the circumstances that surrounded them.
Despite the lack of adequate information about the primitive forms of marriage bond in the ancient Iraqi society during the ages preceding its formation, it is assumed that it passed the same developmental stages as other primitive societies before their maturity.
In the following historical eras (Sumerian - Akkadian - Babylonian - Assyrian), the main idea on which the provisions mentioned in the old Iraqi laws and what was included in the contracts of daily life was the perception of the marriage bond, especially as it is one of the most important social bonds that are established between individuals according to the foundations and conditions. Legitimacy because it is the first basic building block in the formation of the family and ensuring its continuity and the stability of society.
Since early periods in the ancient history of Iraq, kings have been concerned with drafting legal articles that regulate family affairs and marital relations, in a manner that ensures their preservation, and as reflected in the many marriage contracts discovered that were found written on the clay number, the extent of the precise organization of the formation of life in the family and the nature of the existing ties between the spouses.
The family organization in the ancient Iraqi society was based on marriage to one woman since the Sumerian era, and this continued in the following eras, Akkadian, Babylonian, Assyrian and Chaldean.

We may not deviate from the truth if we say that the people of Morocco and Andalusia were among the most traveled and exiled in seeking knowledge, knowledge and knowledge until the scientific journey seemed to be a feature of them. No one of their scholars has a journey outside his country that may be lengthened or shortened in pursuit of a Sheikh He is well known and in the translations of some of them indicate that
The cities of Levant, Damascus, Aleppo, Homs, Hama, Al-Quds Al-Sharif, and Hebron and others have gained a prestigious position among the late students of knowledge, a different elderly, the regions of the Islamic world. The departed desires and their hardships to reach these centers to find out about them and take into account their effects.
Al-Quds Al-Sharif possessed a crisis and all the elements of polarization, and it gained favor over other cities in the Levant for its special status and sanctity in the hearts of Muslims, as it is a city that God blessed and blessed all around it. The Sacred Mosque to the Al-Aqsa Mosque, which we blessed around it, so that we can show it from our signs that He is the Hearer and the Seeing (and from its Al-Aqsa Mosque) He (PBUH) ascended to the sky, and after this it is the first of the two qiblah to which the Muslims directed in prayer, and the third of the two holy places that the traveler draws to and to it. Abu Sa`id al-Khudri said that the Messenger (B) said: (You shall not travel except Al-Si, three mosques, the Grand Mosque and Al-Aqsa Mosque, and this is my mosque).
The people of antiquities narrated many hadiths of virtues that singled out the Holy City of Jerusalem and its mosque, and the great reward that the visitor, the neighbor, and the worshiper attached to it.

A travers le titre, il est évident que le but de cette recherche est de découvrir la signification du nom propre dans le genra romanesque chez Omer Al-Talib. Ce sujet devient un champ assez profond d'études linguistiques. Nous ne voulons pas faire le détail des questions liées au nom propre. Mais avant d'aborder les sujets, il est important de connaître la signification du nom propre. Ensuite nous allons entreprendre une étude appliquée sur ses contes: "Les années 1950 perdues par le brouillard du temps" et sur le roman: " L'homme de temps moderne".
L'utilisation du nom propre reflète la mentalité de la société. Le choix des most a toujours eu une signification historique ayant une dimension du temps et du lieu. D'autre part, le nom propre enrichit notre connaissance dans le domaine de lhistoire linquistique du pays auqule appartient l'écrivain. Et puis, il met en lumère le dialecte utilisé dans l'ère historique du pays.

Gifts are important and well-known social side gifts among people on special occasions, as they exchange different gifts according to the person’s ability to express intimacy, love and closeness, where the gift is given in return in exchange for its equivalent or differentiating it.
The purpose of presenting the gift should not be a special purpose, except that its purpose has become obsolete and has become by virtue of bribery, as it is pure expressing affection with sincerity devoid of any benefit.
As for talking about special gifts from caliphs, governors, kings, princes, rulers and the state, the matter is different from what was previously mentioned, as gifts play a major role in moving many issues and positions, books of friendliness and contentment, and the expression of loyalty and obedience. And obedience, as for what is offered by the common people, it is an expression of love and pride. .
He chooses from the gifts that the caliph offers, usually western, funny, and rare, and some of them may constitute a great material value by being made of gold or silver or sweetened with gems and precious stones, or they are pure from rare and very precious gem stones and are thus an important resource of the private house of money.
The princes of the parties who wanted to show their attachment and loyalty to the home of the Caliph were keen to send what is interesting and valuable to it, and they used to send gifts from the countries that they open in their areas of influence to the caliph, considering that what was opened is in the name of the caliphate, and when suppressing uprisings, disobedience and rebellions from the caliphate, they were sent with Books that announce their elimination or with the heads of these revolutionaries gifts and artifacts, and this further confirms its connection to the Caliphate and their protection of it.
Thus, gifts are known and circulated on the public and private levels and have their dimensions, and from here it is necessary to examine their meaning and the position of the Qur’an and the Sunnah regarding them.

What is organizational psychology ? It is the " study of interplay of men and organizations " replies Bass ( 1965 ) ( 1 ) .Peter Wessenberg ( 1971 ) ( 2 ) delined it as ( The study of human behavior organizations " . Organizational psychologists today concern themselves with series of questions that deal not so much with the behavior of individuals as with the behavior of groups subsystems and even the total organization in response to internal and external stimuli " Seein ( 1980 ) ( 3 ) . oto1

The strategic, military and commercial importance of Cyprus has emerged since the first century of the seventh immigration, and therefore whoever controls it threatens the neighboring coasts in the Levant, Asia Minor and even Egypt, so the Muslim Arabs warn of its danger due to its proximity to them and for its taking a Byzantine naval base, and it is considered a commercial terminal between the coasts of the Mediterranean and its west. The well-known trade route passes through it. The Muslim Arabs decided to open it and that was done and they were bound by conditions that would make it stand on neutrality. The Muslim Arabs did not settle in Cyprus much, but they monitored its implementation, according to the terms of the treaty peace throughout the period (28-355 / 648-965 AD), so I paid them tribute and provided forced labor It was exposed to the Nadibian campaigns in the Umayyad and Abbasid eras as a result of its breach of peace.

Sufyan Al-Thawri is one of the brilliant figures in Islamic history, as he is far more famous than being referred to in the fields of hadith, jurisprudence and asceticism, broad-based and very daring, so we worked here to highlight one aspect of his personality, which is the nature of his relationship with the political power of the state during the succession of Mansour and Mahdi Then, he deals with his political views on the authority and works to understand them in the correct framework. Biographical books and translations devoted wide pages to translation for him, which provided abundant material that helped build a clear and accurate perception of the issues we are dealing with.

Potions and potion "the place where there is ease and sand", or "the sand that does not grow anything" and gulp of water ... and the dose is swallowed ... It was said that it is drinking a little bit ... and the dose is the filling of the mouth, he swallows ... Jerry is a sandy area with little water and vegetation. And the dose is placed between Kufa and Al-Hirah in Iraq and Al-Jarra, two towns, one of them in the lands of Egypt and the other in the Arabian Peninsula. In fact, there are more than one in the Arabian Peninsula: Malik's mouth and the old man's mouth.
As for the dose, the tract or the criminals, the commercial port - the subject of the research, the scholars differed in its location. On the coast of the sea and thought ... and some of them saw that it was the ruins known as Abu Zahmoul ... and some of them saw that it was Qatif, and others thought it was Salwa located on the sea coast, and some thought it "the city of Ophir, famous for its abundance of gold and rich in its minerals, and it was mentioned in the Old Testament." Some believe that it is: Abandoned, while others see it as: Al-Ahsa, “Al-Ahsa, houses and houses of Bani Tamim, then to Saad, who was Tamim, and its market was on a dune called Al-Jara'a. The Arabs swore allegiance to it, and it seems that it is an old local market. Most geographers and tracts did not mention the ja'a, oh God, except what Ibn Hawqal mentioned it that it is high in Al-Ahsa, known as Al-Jar`a, and Al-Hasa was "in it the stable of the Qarmatians from the family of Ani Said (Al-Hassan Bin Bahram) and his descendants. They have dressed up A whiteness is nothing but, and among their fees was that their shoras were to fall into the potions of those who take it out (to fight)) and their chiefs "distributed from the money of Basra and Kufa and what they received from the pilgrims and returned them from the money of Oman and the spoils of less than the fifth from them to the owner of the time a thousand dinars and perhaps the hundred and two hundred thousand dinars increased. .

Khirbet al-Qadhi is located 5 km north of Nineveh and on a rocky and gravel hill overlooking the eastern bank of the Tigris River and passes next to it on the eastern side, Wadi al-Hazzazi, which forms a natural depression, and Khirbet al-Qadhi is considered the middle of the road between the city of Nineveh and the city of Terbissou (Sherif Khan), the city of Wali The era in the modern Assyrian era, these two cities has been mentioned, and if excavations have been carried out in them by foreign and national missions since the middle of the last century, Khirbet al-Qadhi did not attract the attention of the first prospectors, due to the presence of a modern village near it, as well as the absence of ancient buildings or references to them in the cuneiform texts discovered in During that period, and in the thirties of this century, the Department of Antiquities conducted archaeological surveys in the area between Nineveh and Tripuso, and an archaeological site was installed in the name of Khirbet al-Qadi, and it was announced in the Official Gazette numbered 1219 dated 7/31/1939 and the number was given in sequence in the archive of Mosul sites (69 / 35).
The first step that the Excavation Commission took was to investigate the area that was reported about, which is located very close to the bottom of Wadi al-Kharazi within Khirbet al-Qadiyah, as it was found that the building is a modern Assyrian cemetery similar to other Assyrian tombs discovered in both Assyria and Kalakh Nimrod) and Hamidat in terms of planning, construction, architectural features and archaeological sites
As for the next step, it is surveying in general, and especially the valley’s shoulders, where some points were indicated in which archaeological materials are suspected.
Multiple points were opened at the bottom of the valley, and the archaeological discoveries were extremely important, especially the cemetery and the graves and the pottery and metal foundations they contained. To the north of the tomb were found courses of Hallan stone constructed in the form of a dam that crosses the valley and among these courses were pieces of yellow Hilan stone It was found after reconstructing them together because they form two bulls and on them cuneiform inscriptions (which will be studied in a detailed research), the archaeological discoveries were photographed locally and in laboratory, and the cuneiform inscriptions engraved on the bulls were reproduced at the site and a preliminary translation was prepared for that. This research is the detailed study of the structural, pottery and mineral archaeological discoveries.

The science of arithmetic in ancient Iraq is so important that exposure to the stages of its development is of great value, and this value prompted us to delve into precise details about the arithmetic system in ancient Iraq, and in particular the calculation of number values ​​by determining their ranks in the cuneiform texts that the archaeological excavations provided us with It was executed in the archaeological sites of Iraq, and it now fills the reservoirs of the Iraqi museum and other international museums, some of these texts were published by some researchers specializing in this field of cuneiform writings, while the other part, some are under study and others are waiting for the efforts of a large cadre of researchers in the specialty Babylonian mathematics to enrich our knowledge of what the mathematicians of ancient Iraq had risen to
Firstly: See the largest possible number of clay tablets that are concerned with mathematics (numbers, tables, arithmetic operations, equations ........)
The second is to exercise caution and accuracy in deciding on the numbers' values ​​when determining their levels (their rank).
Perhaps we would be the first to approach the modern section on such a topic, but we decided to confine our research to shedding light on the issue of numbers and the numerical order and defining their origins with some detail, and our research enjoys the specificity of knowing the realities of numbers and numerical ranks in learning Rafidian mathematics, reinforced by what is written on the clay number. Our conversation includes two axes:
The first axis: "Development of the numerical forms and the counting system."
The second axis: "Calculating the numerical position".
Al-Ahly axis: "Development of advertising forms and the counting system"

It is self-evident that I briefly mention while I am in front of a linguistic reading of some types of compositions in Arabic grammar - something about the historical circle in the second century of the Hijra, regarding grammar in terms of its complexity and codification and the matter of complexity and codification, but I do not see that it is intuitive that I stand long with these The point is especially in front of the specialized readers, for whom this is one of what they know. I say that Al-Khalil bin Ahmed (may God have mercy on him) based the Arabic grammar on two important points, the first of which is the presence of an Arabic grammar in the Arabic language. And the way of change is how to place them on the morphological buildings in the series of sentence systems, so that the strength of feeling that has pushed some Arabic grammarians to the point of saying that it is' the science of putting movements on the last words in the sentences.
And the second of it is the explanation of the presence of the syntactic movement in every location in a specific way, a hedge, a hole, or a fragment ... etc.).
This is not from the language itself. Rather, it is a philosophical outlook invented by a scientist who has strong insight and depth of insight.

This research seeks to uncover the dark areas that remained unknown in the poetic experience of the pioneering poet Nazik al-Malaika because most of those who read her poetry are still ignorant of her recent intellectual transformations, and they claim that the poet is still scooping from the sea of ​​her deep sadness, as if they thought that her experience remained at a place where the dreamy romance .
It is most likely that a large number of modern poetry students have not been informed of her realistic experience, which was exemplified by her last two groups (the colors of the sea change Baghdad 12) and (for prayer and the revolution in Beirut 18). Her intellectual material is high spiritual values ​​and faith, and these three patterns are linked to a single thread of thought that flows into the sea of ​​her realistic experience. It is a reality that the poet faced bravely, and therefore she gained maturity and was characterized by intellectual depth to the greatest extent.
The research depends on prolonging the creative text in most of what it seeks to accomplish, because the text is the final decisive factor in judging creative experiences, but it sometimes uses the historical method to find out the reasons behind this shift in the creative experience of the poet.
After a careful pause in front of Nazik's poetic experience, it became clear that she went through two main phases: the current romantic stage, which lasted for three decades and more, and the mature realism stage that began to become evident with the issuance of her two aforementioned groups, but that last stage did not become clear to her except over years of Struggle and struggle.

There is a phenomenon in Arabic that is defined in many terms, its origins are conflicting and differ in one of them, the meaning of which is not the same, but it is close. Ibn Jinni (dj e) noticed this phenomenon and showed that this type of vocabulary converges its letters to converge its meanings, and it is a broad chapter, beating, has many examples of which were agreed in two origins and differed in the third towards (az and wag) or agreed on the origin and differed in two origins Toward (gilf and offense) or differed in its origins which converged phonetically towards (neglect and distraction) and indicated that this phenomenon is present in most of the speech and the brush of the language, and yet those who provoke it and search for its contents remained.
We began to follow this phenomenon in the Holy Qur’an, so we stand on terms in which meanings converge and the origins converge for that, and the sound is one in two of them and differs in the third. The second is more than it, while the different roots in the third origin were the most, and we have led this difference in their numbers to study the third section in an independent research, so we have this research in consideration of the necessities of publication.

Praise be to God who revealed the book to his servant and did not make him cry, a mercy for his servants and a blessing for those who walk in his guidance, and blessings and peace be upon us before us Muhammad and upon his pure and pure family, and his righteous companions, and after:
It was narrated on the authority of Ibn Hisham that he was asked about the status of the interpretation of the Noble Qur’an, and he replied by saying “Aghanni Al-Mughni”.
Ibn Hisham was aware of the place of the Arabic language and grammar in the mentality and culture of everyone who confronts the interpretation of the Book of God, and in this issue Imam Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (d. Linguistics and grammar, it was very far from God. "
That is why the singer’s interactions with the commentators have increased in a way that there is no room for doubt in the depth of his culture of interpretation, and the strength of the link between the interpretation and the commentators and his book Al-Mughni.
Hence, this research was launched, which did not aim to cram Ibn Hisham’s directions to the Qur’anic verses. Rather, it intended to explore the grammatical principles of these directions, which would be included in the linguistic principles of interpreting the Holy Qur’an, and this goal was clear in Ibn Hisham’s mind, as he took on the previous books on it. It was not set up to benefit the universal laws, "and in this is an indication of his approach to laying down general laws, including the grammatical laws that are subject to the general linguistic principles of interpretation.

There is no doubt that the Noble Qur’an is the largest Arabic book, for it is the specific formulation whose wonders are inexhaustible. Its style, and it is not matched by the explanation of how not, which is the word of the Lord of the worlds that falsehood does not come to, and the miracle of His Messenger, with which the knights of Arabia and its inhabitants were challenged, so they were unable to come up with a surah like him.
One of the aspects of his linguistic deficiency and his selection of words is a tight selection, so that the word comes coordinated in its context, embracing the neighboring words.
He intends to elect the word without its counterpart, in order to mean that the second does not do it, and cannot replace it in this context.
This research is a humble attempt to uncover an aspect of this selection, and with regard to the term kinship in particular, the word “father” was mentioned in places, the word “father” was mentioned in other places, and the word “parents” was used in places and the word “parents” in. And I put others, and so on in other words.
In spite of the closeness of these expressions in their significance, however, each of them has its own moral performance and its suggestion that it performs in its context, and the other does not perform it. .
The research was based on five axes, the first dealt with the term fatherhood, the second the word motherhood, the third the filial expression, the fourth the conjugal word, and the fifth dealt with other words about kinship. The differences.
In conclusion, I hope that God Almighty Almighty accepts us, and makes our work sincere for His gracious face, and inspires us to pay in words and deeds.

The importance of the topic (Wisdom in the Noble Qur’an) is related to the need of contemporary Arab culture, and it is rising today to reveal the depth and originality of this philosophical topic and the importance of treating it in search of the Arab characteristic of our philosophy and our heritage, that Arab characteristic that makes Arabs Arabs and distinguishes them from others, and makes them On the other hand, a distinctive addition, but complementary to the great human structure.
Our starting point in this research is a philosophical hypothesis with the authenticity of the concept (wisdom in the Noble Qur’an) and its historical and civilizational origins in the ancient Arab East, in response to the opinions of Western thinkers such as Bertrandersl who believe that Greek philosophy is the original wisdom. Greek is a miracle that is not an example.
That the researcher in the history of ancient Eastern civilizations finds the originality of this concept clear through the concept of (wisdom civilization), which belongs since the dawn of history with the authenticity of the history of the Arab nation and this concept (linked to the sacred cultural and cognitive foundation as the intellectual and scientific vessel) which reveals the depth of human knowledge in Under the ideological, social and political conditions that interacted as a result of the civilizations that the Arab nation suffered after (a series of unified religions) in the third millennium BC, especially after the invention of writing and the emergence of signs of knowledge.