Diyala Journal of Human Research

This research seeks to study the attributes of the reprehensible soul that Imam Ali bin Abi Talib (PBUH) dealt with in Nahj al-Balagha. Among the qualities he dealt with (extravagance, stinginess, arrogance, cowardice, broken heartedness, betrayal, and haste) Imam Ali bin Abi Talib (PBUH) spoke about these attributes, and he referred to them in his sermons, his wisdom, and his commandments.
The researchers have endeavored in this research to highlight the reality of these attributes mentioned in Nahj al-Balaghah, and their negative impact on the soul. Imam Ali (PBUH) clarified the disadvantages of these attributes and forbade people in his sermons, his wisdom, and his commandments from doing them .
So The researchers have studied these attributes on two bases, namely the lexicon and the context and showed the words that Imam (PBUH) used to express these attributes.

The research dealt with the temporal and spatial distribution of breast cancer incidence in Diyala Governorate, and between the prevalence of the disease and its variance according to the administrative units in the study area. Males, the research confirmed the escalation of breast cancer rates at the governorate level despite the presence of fluctuations in the rates of infection during the study period. The necessity of early detection of breast cancer and recognition of the first signs of cancer such as lumps and ulcers, the necessity of conducting a periodic monthly examination, clinical examination and radiological examination, and raising the awareness of breast cancer patients about the need to follow up treatment after excision and tumor removal.

The aim of the research is to identify the level of Internet addiction among middle school students. And to identify the significance of the statistical differences in Internet addiction among middle school students according to the gender variable (males, females), and specialization (scientific, literary To achieve the objectives of the research, the Internet Addiction Scale was built according to Kimberly S. Young's theory (Kimberly S. Young, 1996). After he followed the scientific steps in its construction and verification of its validity and stability, the scale was applied to a sample of (400) male and female students selected by the stratified random method with a proportional distribution. The data of the study were statistically processed using one-sample t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient, z-test, alpha-Cronbach coefficient, factorial analysis, regression analysis and analysis of variance. The results revealed that the research sample has a high Internet addiction compared to the theoretical average of the scale. There are statistically significant differences in Internet addiction according to the variable of sex and in favor of females, and there are statistically significant differences according to the variable of specialization and in favor of scientific specialization, and the current research came out with a number of recommendations and suggestions.

United Kingdom of Great Britain did not spare any effort during its colonization of the continent of Africa, especially Kenya. Rather, Britain worked with everything it had to make Kenya a dependent colony as well as tightening its control by bringing British and non-British settlers to Kenya to be Britain's headquarters in East Africa. After that, Britain managed to establish a railway to be able to control all the coast of East Africa. The most important obstacle faced by Britain was the issue of land in Kenya, as Britain was able, through the issuance of several laws, to seize large areas of land in Kenya. However, this did not deter the original inhabitants of the country in Kenya from facing the British colonizer, as the national movement emerged at the end of the second decade of the twentieth century

The research presents a rhetorical and critical reading of Shammakh bin Dirar's poem describing the bow. This poem is considered one of the most famous Arabic poems by ancient critics because it is characterized by quality in description. The research mixed between rhetorical and critical issues in order to understand the meaning of the text. Where received a set of metaphors that gave a variety of connotations. The poem was characterized by beauty by showing the psychological aspects in all its poetic forms, describing the place and the characters. The research was divided into many sections, the first presents the poet and the poem in terms of its importance and fame among the ancients, and the second talks about the virgin bow, which is an opposition poem written by Professor Mahmoud Muhammad Shaker to the Shammakh poem in admiration for it, and this opposition is an intertextual reading not with the meanings of the mother poem, but with the Arab heritage. The third is in the duality of statement and meaning that defines the research method, and the fourth is in the duality of narration and description which is complementary to the third section, and the fifth section will be in the rhetorical analysis of the poem.

Alienation is a feature of human societies. Rather, it is a phenomenon found in various patterns of social life and in all cultures. It is one of the modern intellectual concepts that can be considered the product of contemporary life. Rather, it is as old as man in this existence. Including Iraqi literature, it has known different types of alienation that appeared among many of its narrators in different stages. The novelist drew from his living reality and followed the narrations of a number of writers in different periods until this stage in which we live in the modern era. He finds that the experience of alienation from homelands and nostalgia for them is one of the greatest experiences And the most authentic one, according to the conditions that afflict the country
The issue of alienation became a simulation of a painful reality imposed on the people in general, and the Iraqi novelist employed him in his writings to be a realistic subject with cultural, psychological, social and even political dimensions.
Among those narrations is the novel (Tashari) of Inam Kajah Ji, which was one of those attempts in which this phenomenon seemed clear and clear, so we decided that this novel should be the chosen model for our research in an attempt to shed light on the phenomenon of alienation in it.The novel’s writer was able to embody this phenomenon in the characters of her novel by monitoring the feelings of frustration, anxiety, contradiction, alienation, and spiritual and psychological alienation. His alienation, which made alienation constitute an obsession and a dominant trend on the data of the intellectual and artistic novel. The expatriate personalities reflected the reality of many expatriates and their suffering.

This research aims to shed light on the representations of the sign in the story of the Prophet of God Saleh because of its dimensions, revealing its aesthetic connotations, its intellectual core implications, and the lessons learned from this noble Qur’anic story transmitted in several chapters of the Holy Qur’an, perhaps the most important of which are: (Al-Araf, Hood, poets, ants , and separated, and Al-Dhariyat, Al-Qamar, Al-Haqqah, and finally Surat Al-Shams), as the research plan was established on the premise of the concept of the sign and its structural, semantic and pragmatic dimensions in the modern critical lesson as a disclosure of the meaning and a manifestation of its dimensions, and then the research was divided into three main topics; The first topic came under the title Signs of Prophecy and was concerned with highlighting the signs of the prophecy of Salih (peace be upon him), such as the message, brotherhood to his people, Thamud, and the call to worship God alone who has no partner with dialogue through encouragement and reminding of God’s blessings upon them, the luxury of their lives and the lengthening of their buildings and structures on the one hand, and intimidation and warning against God’s torment and its fall. On them, as well as his miracle represented by the she-camel and its signs that it is evidence, argument, and sedition, and it has a known drinking day. Thamud for the call of their Prophet, and so they deserved the torment, so we named the last topic with the signs of the occurrence of torment, and it was represented by several signs, the most important of which are: shivering, shouting, cunning and destruction, thunderbolt, tyranny, and finally the rumble to end the research with a conclusion that included the most prominent results of the research.

The research aims to know (Difficulties of E-Teaching in The Material Methods of Teaching among University Students from Their Point of View), and to achieve the goals of the research the researcher provided a questionnaire consisting of several items to the students to find out how difficult e-learning is, as the researcher followed the descriptive curriculum in the study.
At the end of the experiment, using (Pearson correlation coefficient, percentage weight, and weighted middle). It was found that there were difficulties for students in e-learning, including (internet interruption and lack of availability, or lack of smart devices to study by).
In light of the above, the researcher submitted several suggestions and
recommendations

The study aimed to identify the reality of applying the individual educational distance learning program from the point of view of teachers of learning difficulties in Makkah, and to reveal the differences of reality of the application of the individual educational distance learning program from the viewpoint of the teachers of learning difficulties, depending on the variables: gender, years of experience. Results of the study revealed that the degree of using the application of the individual educational distance learning program from the viewpoint of the learning difficulties teachers came with a moderate degree. There were statistically significant differences in the perception of teachers of learning difficulties in the reality of using and implementing the individual educational distance learning program (online) attributing to favor of females. There were no statistically differences in the reality of the implementation of the individual educational program from the attributable to the years' experience.

This research aims to introduce madaih in Andalusian poetry in the fifth hidjer century , they occupie a great place in the diwan of the Arab lauguage , those are classified praise from mundane purposes , but it assumed honesty , where i twas master while love is the motive صلى الله عليه وسلم , of creation

It was what the pragmatics reported that Herbert Paul Grise, in his article (Logic and conversation), which included his theory of Conversaional Implication, made a qualitative leap that started a new era in the science of language usage, contributing to enriching its philosophy, motivating us to start With a new attempt to read his article; In order to reveal the dynamic dimensions of his pragmatic linguistic thought in the study of the philosophy of our daily language, and the purpose for which this study and other publications were held. The research concluded that Grace's dialogic imperative is an implicit message that the speaker wants to convey to the addressee in an indirect way, for a deliberative purpose he intended. He also concluded that, according to the nature of philosophical thought carried by the examples that Grace cited in the three groups in the specific dialogic implica- tion, we can divide this implication into three sections: (the simple ad hoc dialogic implication, the complex ad hoc dialogic implication, and the hidden ad hoc dialogic implication); This is according to the amount of inferences that the addressee needs in the dialogue, to reach the desired meaning. And that any dialogue in Grace's view is subject to a strategy chosen by the speaker and not others, for a purpose that leads to him.

The current study aims to explore the assessment of the quality of life of families of children with autism spectrum disorder from their families’ perspective. The study employed the descriptive analytical approach. The researchers utilized a questionnaire as the research instrument used for collecting the data. The research sample consisted of (71) families of children with autism disorder in early childhood. The findings of the study concluded that an average level of (3.55) was recorded for assessing the quality of life of families of children with autism spectrum disorder. The dimension (mental health) achieved the first rank with a mean of (3.78) with a high degree, followed by the dimension (support related to children with autism spectrum disorder) with an arithmetic mean of (3.74) with a high degree, followed by the dimension (healthy life) with an arithmetic mean (3.69) with a high degree. At the rank, the dimension (family interaction) was reported with an arithmetic mean (3.01) with a medium degree. The findings of the study further concluded that there were no statistically significant differences (α = 0.05) for assessing the quality of life of the families of children with autism spectrum disorder due to the variables: gender, age, educational qualification, and economic status, in all dimensions and overall degree. Additionally, there were no statistically significant differences (α = 0.05) due to the impact of the health status in all dimensions and the total degree, except for the dimension of (support provided to the child with autism spectrum disorder), and the differences came in favor of the health status (no diseases).

The phenomenon of child labor is one of the recent phenomena that has emerged in a disturbing manner in Iraq, due to the large population growth and the increase in the size of cities, and the accompanying political, economic and social developments, especially after the year 2003 A.D.. All that was an obstacle to sustainable human development as well as its psychological and social effects. Despite the lack of accurate and comprehensive government statistics for the number of working children (child labor) in Iraq and the area under investigation in particular, making accurate data available to those who wish to research and analyze was not an easy matter because of the denial of the heads of families and children labor for them. In spite of the government’s endeavor and in cooperation with governmental organizations in the fight against child labor and their support for most of the international laws against child labor until the commemoration of the 12th of June of each year as The World Day Against Child Labour. As Iraq ratified in 1985 the International Labor Convention No. 138 for 1973 , which stipulates the non-employment of children up to the age of eighteen, especially in work that exposes them to danger. In 2001, Iraq ratified Labor Convention 982 of 1999 to ban and eliminate the worst forms of violence at work. This was stipulated in the Constitution of Iraq in 2005 in Articles 11, 30, 29 to prohibit the economic exploitation of children and to provide them with health insurance , social security and the basic requirements for a decent living. Iraq also legislated Law 37 of 2015 as a minimum work limit of fifteen years old and is subject to health control until reaching the age of 18 years, The number of working hours constitutes one of the basic criteria whether the work is related to child labor first or not, according to the International Labor Organization. As one hour of work per week was adopted for the age group 5-11 and 12 working hours per week for the age group of 12-14 years with 14 working hours / week. The researcher chose the topic (Geographical analysis of children working in Abu Ghraib district - a study in social geography) as a field for research for the year 2022 for the age group 5-14 years old according to the Iraqi Labor Law 37 of 2015 based on the data approved in the general population census in Iraq issued by the Ministry of Planning - The Central Bureau of Statistics, especially that this research is a main focus in social geography. The research emphasized the concept of child labor, their distribution and geographical spread, and the identification of the most prominent reasons behind children labor in the area under investigation.

A tracer of Jordan’s political history arrives at the conclusion that the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan has many honorable stances on historical issues, and perhaps one of those issues is the American and British colonial projects, including the Johnston project and the Baghdad Pact project, as well as its position on the Arab unitary projects in 1958, includingThe Syrian-Egyptian Unity Project and the Hashemite Union project.

The issue of water has always been an integral part of the national security of all countries of the world, as it is the basis for human, animal and plant life, as God Almighty says: “And We made from water every living thing” (Al-Anbiya, 30). Water did not form part of national security in the past due to its limited investment on the one hand, and the lack of need to boil it on the other hand, as its use was concentrated for drinking, agriculture and transportation purposes only, but with the development and progress of human societies and countries, water uses varied and varied, to include power generation and industry, For the purposes of tourism, in addition to the increase in population growth, which requires greater quantities of fresh water; Hence, the issue of water has become a growing concern for countries, and what is known as the term “water security” has emerged. It has become a security issue par excellence that includes a set of dimensions such as the economic dimension, the political dimension, the legal dimension, and perhaps the economic dimension that has the most influence in the issue of the water conflict.
By applying this to the water in the Nile, we find that the first decade of the third millennium witnessed some developments with regard to the use of the waters of the Nile from the riparian countries, as these countries went to formulate a system for collective cooperation to achieve a form of sustainable development through a reasonable and equitable distribution of the Nile water within the framework of the Basin Initiative The Nile, which was formed in 1999 AD, and which should have formed a permanent framework for cooperation under the name “Nile Basin Commission”, but some Nile source countries such as Ethiopia and others raised their demands and skipped the aforementioned joint cooperation framework and declared their right to use the water, and that they do not recognize the existing agreements since In the colonial era, six of the countries bordering the Nile (Ethiopia, Uganda, Rwanda, Tanzania, Kenya and Burundi) signed a joint agreement between them despite the opposition of Sudan and Egypt, the "downstream countries".
Hence, the Nile water issue began to receive great attention at the official media, academic and political levels, with a focus on the new and old Ethiopian demands on the Nile waters, especially since Ethiopia alone contributes about 80% of the Nile’s water revenue. These demands are represented in building several dams on the Nile. The Nile River and its tributary, where the Renaissance Dam was implemented and filled, which negatively affected the Egyptian water security, which constitutes a departure from the previous agreements of the Nile countries, and is considered an infringement on the historical and legal rights of Egypt as the country downstream of the Nile.

The current research aims to study Internet addiction among middle school students, so the researcher chose a sample of middle school students if the number of the research sample reached (100) male and female students from middle schools affiliated with the Department of Education of the country. The researcher used the addiction scale of the scientist Young (1996). Thus, the apparent honesty, stability, and tests of the research results were extracted. The results of the research indicated that middle school students have an addiction to the Internet, and there is a difference in Internet addiction according to the gender variable (males / females) and the stage

Iraq formed an influential strategic importance in the context of British plans aimed at determining its presence in the Arab Gulf region, and therefore the British containment policy was confirmed in the light of the application of the mandate policy that was imposed in San Remo in 1920, but these measures failed in the face of the insistence of the Iraqi people who blew up the “twentieth revolution.” After the revolution’s activities ended, circumstances required Britain to develop a more comprehensive plan to deal with the matter. The best way for Britain at that time was to follow a policy of containment to reconcile between its previous commitments, and its political influence in the region, which it strengthened by nominating Prince Faisal to take over the throne of Iraq, in return, a treaty was established in which The relations between the two parties specify the position of the British human rights side, and the last requirement is the goal it seeks, as this treaty is an occupation document of a different kind, as it did not give the Iraqi government any authority, neither internal nor external. All the affairs of the state and its resources were in the hands of the British administration until the End of the Second World War.

No one of researchers in the emergence of Islamic sects can traverse the stage of establishing any sect without going through its founding stems and basics , the beginning of its emergence, the causes of emergence and the development of any sect, and the reasons for that. This was what had already been included in this research, which approached the emergence of Islamic mysticism and the emergence of the Sufi sect, which came through several stages until the integration of its final form to appear in its image and be called by its title. The factors that formed it as one of the Islamic sects must have had its reasons, which this study revealed, part of which is that the first origin of Sufism was the emergence of asceticism and its men in the first Islamic era, which arose for several reasons, not least the change in economic life patterns, which prompted several changes in social life.
Then, this research paper addresses those conflicts that arose between the early Muslims, the expansion of the state and the entry of many nations and peoples to Islam, which prompted a number of the first companions or followers to a life of asceticism. Hence the asceticism had been developed to produce a new pattern in its final stages which is later known as the Sufis. As their influence shifted from isolation from life, as an isolation from temptation, in an attempt to be in asceticism in life, yearning for the first era of the Prophetic era to a new era represented by the emergence of two personalities, namely Daoud Al-Tai (d. 165 AH) and Al-Fadhil bin Ayyad (d. 187 AH). As the interested researcher can find in their biography what suggests a new era of transition towards the early stages of mysticism. The study clarified their biographies, and then mentioned the first signs that had been issued by them, which are related to the difference from the behavior of ascetics who preceded them. They are sufficient indications to find out what ascetics were upon and the difference in thinking and behavior produced by the early Sufis.
Then the study dealt with the first intellectual radices of Sufism, which relied heavily upon the behavior of asceticism or even sayings that the Sufis later adopted, along with what was left by the books of hadiths and the religious heritage of a new generation of Sufis whose early stages represented the beginnings of Sufism.

The aim of the current research is to evaluate the level of achievement of students of the Department of Art Education - College of Fine Arts (university of Diyala) in drawing skills in the subject of visual Composition. In order to achieve this goal, the researcher adopted the descriptive approach, as the research population consisted of all third-stage students, about (100) male and female students in the department of Art Education in the College of Fine Arts (University of Diyala), for the morning and evening studies. (67) male and female students in the morning study, and (33) male and female students in the evening study.

The study followed a variety of poetic topics, which represented the strength of the poem's poetry Sargon Paul's, the sixties Iraqi poet, who belongs to the Kirkuk poetic group.
These topics formed the four topics of the study, which were conducted by self-inquiry, the silhouette (I and the other is the Ego) in Sargon Paul's poetry, the attendance of departure and the woman, He transcended the times and the places and in his poetic texts, as well as the dialectic of consciousness and the subconscious in his poetry, in addition to the style of poetic nuggets in his poetic text.
The study took Sargon Paul's poetic works in their diversity without focusing on a specific group to be the study sample. Then the study focused on what motivates these topics in the poet's poetry, such as: Passing through the generation of the poet who belongs to him which is separated from his generation in his aspiration for the new spirit in constructing the contemporary Arabic poem to be a universal character in its concerns, and poetic aspirations, which are in harmony with the events the world and its common fluctuations.

The current research aims to know (the difficulties of teaching mathematics to the fifth grade from the point of view of male and female teachers).
To achieve the goal of the research, the two researchers used the descriptive approach in their research and prepared a questionnaire (open / closed) to collect information consisting of three dimensions (curriculum, teacher and students) consisting of 30 paragraphs
distributed over the questionnaire dimensions according to Likert's triple scale and after making sure of the validity and reliability of the questionnaire, which was distributed to (25) a teacher from the same research sample and applied twice with a difference of (14) days. The stability coefficient reached (0.77), which is a good indicator of stability. The data The results showed that there are difficulties facing mathematics education in elementary schools for the fifth grade, especially after updating the book for the stage from the teachers' and female teachers’s point of view and in its three dimensions. The two researchers reached a number of results as well as a number of proposals and recommendations, the most important of which are:
1- The time devoted to teaching mathematics is generally not sufficient to cover all the information
2- Teachers' negligence of modern teaching methods, as well as the subjects of prescribed books are many and wide.
3- Neglecting tutoring sessions for male and female teachers and being satisfied with the book’s guide, and other results
Recommendations
1 - The necessity for schools to have regular meetings with the students' parents and to inform them of their children's levels and continuous follow-up
2- The necessity for teachers to keep pace with modern teaching methods.
3- Providing a teacher's guide for all teachers and following-up on their use, and urging them to do so.
Suggestions
1- Determine the difficulties in mathematics books prescribed in elementary schools in all their stages.
2- The application of special educational programs that take into account the needs of students who have difficulties in a field.
3- Reconsidering the questions set by the teacher, taking into account individual differences.
4- Organizing the daily schedule of lessons in a way that suits the pupils' preferences.

The current research aims to identify the level of emotional maturity among kindergarten students, and also aims to know the role of the activities provided in the kindergarten for the child in developing emotional maturity, as well as to find statistically significant differences in emotional maturity according to the gender variable for students (male-female), and after Reviewing the theories, literature and previous studies, the researcher adopted a scale (Al-Qaisi, 2011), which consists of four areas and (52) paragraphs. Kindergarten children are divided into (50) males and (50) females, and the scale was answered by their parents. The research is according to the objectives set. The results showed a low level of emotional maturity among kindergarten children. The results also showed that the role of activities provided in kindergartens to develop emotional maturity has an effective and important role and contributes to the development of the concept of emotional maturity. Emotional in children as confirmed by their parents and guardians, and the results showed that there are statistically significant differences in the gender variable and in favor of males in the level of development in the emotional maturity achieved through the activities offered by kindergartens, and the researcher has made a number of recommendations, including enriching the specific educational curriculum By the Ministry of Education, the qualitative competitive activities that fit the psychological, educational and recreational needs according to a variety of methods provided by the teacher, and a number of research proposals were developed, including moral competence and its relationship to cognitive development among female students in the intermediate stage.

The experimental approach has been adopted as a research approach, and an experimental design with two equal groups was chosen with a post-test. The research sample consisted of (60) male and female students from the intermediate second grade in the mixed-gender intermediate school of Al-Adalla. The researcher equaled the two research groups statistically in the following variables: The scores in Arabic language for the first intermediate grade for the academic year 2018/2019 AD, the chronological age of the students calculated in months, and the intelligence test).
The researcher intentionally chose Al-Adalla secondary school in the city of Baquba - the center of Diyala province to conduct the experiment. The researcher also randomly chose two sections from the intermediate second grade sections to represent the research sample. The researcher taught the seven topics from the textbook of Arabic grammar for the intermediate second grade. The researcher formulated (50) behavioral objectives. Regarding the measurement tool, it was a post-achievement test that the researcher verified its statistical characteristics. It consisted of (30) objective items of multiple choice type. The study concluded with the following result: There is a statistically significant difference at the level of significance (0.05) in the achievement and in favor of the experimental group. Then the researcher presented a set of conclusions in which he confirmed the effectiveness of the modeling strategy in the achievement of intermediate school students in Arabic grammar. The researcher recommended to adopt the modeling strategy in teaching Arabic grammar, and he suggested a set of suggestions, including conducting a similar study on other stages.

The aim of this study is to ascertain the efficiency of Electronic learning in view of Covid-19 pandemic from the viewpoints of instructors in the Department of English at Imam Al-Kadhum University College in the subject of testing. In order to obtain the aims of the study, a descriptive analytical method was employed by the researcher. The study sample consists of 50 teachers used electronic learning system. The findings of the study were discovered that the achievement of the study sample of assessment was average. In addition, the study also deals with teachers’ assessment of the fields of electronic learning continuity, obstacles to using electronic learning, faculty interaction with electronic learning, as well as students' interactions with it as a medium of instruction. The researcher suggested organizing electronic learning training sessions for both professors and students to help remove all barriers that stem from the electronic learning system in place, as well as the necessity to merge face-to-face and e-education in higher education institutions in the future.

The study aims to investegate the causes of the difficulties that face EFL learners in oral interaction. The study adopted the descriptive and analytical method. A questionnaire was used as a tool for data collection. It was distributed to forty nine (49) EFL students at Faculaty of Education, Elhasahisa, University of Gezira, Sudan. The collected data were statistically analyzed by the (SPSS) program. The results indicated that: many of EFL students face difficulties in speaking English, practicing dialogue improves EFL learners’ speaking abilities, group activities enhance learners’ oral interaction. Questioning technique and listening develops students' oral interaction. Moreover, socio cultural factors affect EFL students’ oral interaction and correcting students during speaking, harms their oral interaction. Seating arrangement affects students’ readiness for interaction. The study recommends: EFL learners should practice dialogues and questioning techniques in the classroom. Pair and group work should be practiced in EFL classrooms. Audio visual aids should be used in EFL teaching and seating should be arranged in a way that allows EFL learners to interact.

The current study aims to realize (The Impact of the Strategy of Abbreviation and Summarization in Improving the Reading Skills of Fourth-Grade Literary Female Students in the Reading Subject). So the researcher hypothesized the following null hypothesis: - There is no statistically significant difference at the level of (0.05) between the average scores of the female students of the experimental group, who study the subject of reading using the strategy of abbreviation and summarization and the average scores of the control group students who study the subject of reading in the traditional method in developing the reading skills in the post test. The study sample consisted of (71) female students from the fourth literary grade, with (36) in the experimental group, and (35) in the control group. The research tool was a post test. The researcher used the following statistical means : the t-test to perform some equivalence, Chi-square , Pearson correlation coefficient for the reliability of the comprehension skill test, Scott's formula, the coefficient of items ' difficulty , the effectiveness of wrong alternatives, the item discrimination coefficient, Spearman's equation. The result showed that the experimental group outperformed the control group in the three skills (understanding, speed, correct ) and there was a development in the three skills.

The aim of the research is to identify (the effect of the information gap strategy on the achievement and application of rhetoric and its retention among literary fifth students); The sample consisted of (62) students from the literary fifth students, (32) students in the experimental group, and (30) students in the control group. The researcher prepared an achievement test of (20) objective and (5) essay items, and verified its psychometric properties. After the experiment was completed, the achievement test was applied to the students of the two groups, then re-applied the test after two weeks to measure their retention of achievement. The results showed: the students of the experimental group outperformed Students of the control group in achievement and retention.

The aim of the research is to identify (Impact of Moving Information Strategy in The Achievement of Fourth Grade Primary Students in in the Material of Arabic Grammar), and to achieve the aims of the research the researcher relied on the experimental curriculum, and used an experimental design with two groups (experimental group and control group) and post-test. The research sample was chosen from fourth grade students in the school (Amro Bin Kulthoum Primary School) in the area of Katoun Al-Rahma to represent the fourth-grade primary female students' section (G) as the experimental group that studies the subject of grammar using the Strategy of Moving Information and section (H) as the control group studying in the traditional method about (15 students) in each group. The researcher prepared the teaching plans for six subjects from the Arabic grammar book for the fourth primary grade using the moving information strategy and were presented to a group of experts. In the light of their opinions the necessary modifications were made, and designed a test to measure their effectiveness after ascertaining its validity and stability. The researcher used a number of statistical means, including T- test of two independent samples and kay square.
After processing the data statistically, the researcher found that there are statistically significant differences at the level (0.05) in the post-test and for the benefit of the experimental group. This indicates the effectiveness of the moving information strategy in the achievement of students of the fourth grade in the subject of Arabic grammar compared to the traditional method. The researcher recommended several recommendations including: interest in teaching Arabic grammar subject using the strategy of moving information, preparing training courses for primary school teachers on the use of modern methods and strategies in education, including the mobile information strategy.
To complete the research, the researcher suggested conducting a similar study to the current study on male students at the primary level, and conducting a similar study to the current study in other Arabic language branches.

No one of researchers in the emergence of Islamic sects can traverse the stage of establishing any sect without going through its founding stems and basics , the beginning of its emergence, the causes of emergence and the development of any sect, and the reasons for that. This was what had already been included in this research, which approached the emergence of Islamic mysticism and the emergence of the Sufi sect, which came through several stages until the integration of its final form to appear in its image and be called by its title. The factors that formed it as one of the Islamic sects must have had its reasons, which this study revealed, part of which is that the first origin of Sufism was the emergence of asceticism and its men in the first Islamic era, which arose for several reasons, not least the change in economic life patterns, which prompted several changes in social life.
Then, this research paper addresses those conflicts that arose between the early Muslims, the expansion of the state and the entry of many nations and peoples to Islam, which prompted a number of the first companions or followers to a life of asceticism. Hence the asceticism had been developed to produce a new pattern in its final stages which is later known as the Sufis. As their influence shifted from isolation from life, as an isolation from temptation, in an attempt to be in asceticism in life, yearning for the first era of the Prophetic era to a new era represented by the emergence of two personalities, namely Daoud Al-Tai (d. 165 AH) and Al-Fadhil bin Ayyad (d. 187 AH). As the interested researcher can find in their biography what suggests a new era of transition towards the early stages of mysticism. The study clarified their biographies, and then mentioned the first signs that had been issued by them, which are related to the difference from the behavior of ascetics who preceded them. They are sufficient indications to find out what ascetics were upon and the difference in thinking and behavior produced by the early Sufis.
Then the study dealt with the first intellectual radices of Sufism, which relied heavily upon the behavior of asceticism or even sayings that the Sufis later adopted, along with what was left by the books of hadiths and the religious heritage of a new generation of Sufis whose early stages represented the beginnings of Sufism.