Adab AL Rafidayn

Tense is a linguistic category which refers the verb form to one of the three divisions of time: past, present and future . Thus the verb fornis write and wrote in English basically refer to present and past time respectively. When used as finite verb elements of a sentence, e.g.
The boy writes legibly: The boy wrote legibly they are termed the present tense and the past tense.
Another important category of the verb in some languages is aspect. Aspect denotes the manner of the verb action, i.e. whether it is regarded, for instance, as finished or unfinished . Thus, in English
The boy is writing legibly : The boy has written legibly denote aspectual contrasts and are usually called the progressive and the perfective aspects.

The Arab-Byzantine relations occupy an important place in Arab history because they represent the image of the long war in the fronts that continued without interruption for centuries. The work is to secure the borders of the Levant on its borders from the north and the northeast, and in light of this strategy the situation called for the Levant to believe in the conquest of the island and Egypt and in building forts, castles and outposts on the borders at a time when the Byzantine state mobilized all its forces and capabilities to keep the fortified areas.
However, the Arabs succeeded in fortifying the Levant, Jazira and Armenia and fixed their borders against the Romans, and they had to formulate strategic plans in line with the plan of the Arab liberation movements, so they established military bases in the border areas, rebuilt the abandoned and ruined cities, and built and fortified sea cities. The fortification of the border cities was not limited to the land sites, but rather they fortified the sea coasts, so they established the sea outposts and established a warship to protect the Arab borders, so that the Arabs in the year 34 AH = 655 CE managed a fatal blow to the Byzantine fleet. The state\'s political and military stability.

These guidelines are intended to assist instructors teaching conversation to Iraqi students. They are related to the understanding and production of the language of ordinary speech rather than to theoretical phonetics, although some aspects of practical phonetics form parts of the testing. The areas suggested for testing are as follows:
a. Comprehension
b. Fluency
c. Correctness
d. Pronunciation

It is widely held that interference from the mother tongue plays a major part in the performance of foreign language learners. This view has been validated by Duškova 1969, George 1971, and Lance, 1969.Demmergues et al. (1976) have elaborated this further and pointed out that interference is greatest in the early stages but it diminishes in advanced stages when the learner has acquired a better command of the target language, in which case other factors such as false generalizations, misapplication of rules and the like come into play.
An investigation of interference from the mother tongue in the case of Iraqi Arab learners of English is not an easy task because of the great number of variables involved. Apart from the influence that the surrounding languages (i.e. Kirdish, Turkish, Persian, and Syriac) can have on the performance of the Iraqi Arab learner, the situation is further complicated by the fact that there are two forms of Arabic, i.e. Standard (SA) and Colloquial (CA).
Ferguson states that a dialect «the low form»> is the real mother tongue as it is the variety learnt first, whereas «the high form»> SA is learnt at school through fromal instruction. If this view is correct, then we would expect to find most interference, if there is any, from the dialect rather than from SA. And it is the validity of this statement that we seek to investigate.

In Eliot's poetry there exists a vital relationship between two perspectives of vision, that of the persona, the speaking «I» in the poem, and that of the poem, which we shall refer to as the «implied-author's» «voice). By perspective of vision we mean the particular consciousness and point of view of reality manifested by both poem and persona. The persona's prespective of vision is often the result of construing reality from a merely subjective, solipsistic and therefore limited point of view. The poem's or the «implied-author's perspective of vision expresses a higher more objective consciousness which includes but transcends the persona's point of view, therefore implicitly commenting upon it. Eliot uses various techniques to convey the «implied-author's perspective of vision. The title and the epigraph are among the most obvious and direct indications of his determinate purpose. Imagery and mythical symbolism are the more subtle means he uses, along with «tone»>