Adab AL Rafidayn

The full text of the Iraqi Literacy Law, which was issued in 1987, which included thirty-one legal articles.

The most prominent characteristic of Arab civilization is originality, and what confirms that authenticity is permanence and continuity as well as inclusiveness and unity despite the characteristic of diversity and creativity that appeared in its urban and intellectual aspects.
The Arab culture is part of that cultural heritage that the Arab masses have inherited from generation to generation based on the fact that culture is the language of civilized communication between the sons of the Arab nation. This culture was also the result of the Arab masses ’efforts over the chronological and historical sequence, in addition to their interaction with their environment and with their experience and conflict, which He brought it to the point of cultural maturity, and accordingly, the progress of Arab society was based on its foundation on the contribution of the Arab masses in making it through practicing the struggle with oneself, and with the conflicting values ​​that were prevalent impeding its progress and contributing to the captivity of its strength and creativity, despite that civilized march of the Arab nation and with its possession of values Militancy But the colonial control over the Arab world during the past six centuries was a major reason for the Arab nation to fall into a state of captivity for civilized backwardness, and the most prominent manifestation of which was illiteracy, and therefore the problem of illiteracy was considered one of the historical problems that accompanied the existence of the Arab nation and its historical course.
Colonialism and reaction during this control have deliberately consecrated the phenomenon of underdevelopment in the life of the Arab people in a broad and deep way to allow them the opportunity to preserve their interests in the Arab region represented in extorting money and plundering wealth and disrupting the will of the Arab masses, realizing that colonialism and reactionary their existence and continuity require the domination of backwardness and illiteracy as a necessity Colonialism among the popular masses and for this reason it has deliberately extended its period of control by using it as a weapon of oppression and countering "the nationalist and revolutionary spirit, considering that the national spirit will place it in the stage of revolutionary preparation and that the revolution will lead it to independence and unity."

The Arab was not illiterate in the pre-Islamic era, he lived in his vast desert, he did not know anything about life, he would go there in search of water and grass, so if he lost them he died in his desert then he went with the absentees. Rather, history states that the Arabs had an independent entity, so they established their countries in their land. And they left many traces in its edges, indicating the greatness of that entity and that wonderful civilization, and preserving for us the names of their princes and their wealth in Yemen, in Palmyra, in Al-Hirah and in the middle of the island - the state of Canada. They invaded it by five hundred thousand and demolished it, so they said: "Shammar Kanad", meaning fennel, which he destroyed, then a king who followed Al-Aqran Ibn Abi Malik arrived at it and ordered its architecture.
It is inconceivable that these countries do not have their charters and covenants, and they are closely linked with other countries, such as the Ethiopians, Persians and the Romans.
In addition to this, we find the names of many priests, doctors and translators, and the names of the literary markets that they used to establish in different places on that island in Dumat Al-Jandal, and the Hajar market in Bahrain and Amman, then Al-Muffer, then Sohar in Al-Shahr and Okaz, according to the number of months of the year, and the morals that prevailed in those markets A high level and a wonderful human spirit, all of this indicates a human civilization and a remarkable development in the lives of people. About it, we can imagine the contribution of their knowledge and sciences to rooting this civilization, laying its foundations and establishing its foundations. From here we can judge that this nation, has known writing and spread throughout the island, and it is the most important aspect of civilization that took root in their homes.
We will follow the themes that dealt with this aspect, and review the sayings of a number of orientalists and their followers who were weakening the interest of the Arabs in it, and saying that it is influenced by Aramaic, it is not original, and they put barriers between writing the south and writing the north. To strip this nation of all traces of civilization, on the pretext that the first civilizations had their sources other than the land of the Arabs, which is a starting point through which they seek to destroy the hopes that the Arabs want today, so that it is a factor in pushing to despair and preventing progress and advancement.
We will review the texts indicating the spread of writing throughout the island, and mention the methods of its spread and teaching, in order to prove to the reader the features of Arab civilization in advanced images from its history. And we prove the originality of the Arabic writing.

Every nation that wants to rise in its present must be inspired by its past and take from it what it sees as fulfilling its goal for the sake of its scientific and cultural progress. Especially if this past is archaic in His Highness, bright in its effects, with a legacy firm in giving and goodness. It is worthy of the Arab nation that is building the edifice of its renaissance today anew, not neglecting what was mentioned in the Glorious Book of God and the effects of the Arab Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) and his family and his companions from the foundations on which the civilization of this nation was built, and on which the pillars of its glory and its first renaissance were built, that civilization from which he benefited The old world, as the new world lived on
For many years, he drew from its sources of wealth and its generous sciences before rising to its contemporary renaissance. And when the nineteenth and twentieth century arrived, the Arab nation found itself in urgent need of restoring its glory, and the advancement of its sons, a renaissance, with which to restore its glory and what was left by its ancestors of the huge legacy of various types of knowledge, after it saw other nations compete in the field of scientific and artistic progress.
Illiteracy of both types has become widespread among its children for many reasons. We are not in the discussion of this study. It is left to other researchers of our colleagues, who pledged to study it and fulfill its rights. Rather, what concerns us here is not to lose sight of the impact of this illiteracy in our backwardness, not a short time, from the ride of civilization. Even our fathers and a group of our children thought that, because we were too late for the newly developed nations, we would not be able to regain the glories of our honorable nation, so we could catch up with civilization.
The scientific renaissance witnessed in our modern era was an impulse for us to feel ourselves in the midst of this noisy world with the kinds of knowledge and science, and to uncover every obstacle to our civilized progress in order to remove it through our renaissance. The most widespread of these obstacles among the people of our Arab nation in general, and our Iraqi country in particular, was the spread of illiteracy, which was accompanied by civilization backwardness in a way that leaves no room for doubt. This made many illiterates vulnerable to various wrong beliefs and harmful habits, especially those belonging to the poor class, that class that was vulnerable to social, economic, political and cultural exploitation; Because of its lack of the civilizational obstacles necessary to bring about a sound awareness it had. Today, we are witnessing a comprehensive campaign to eradicate illiteracy in our rising country, stemming from the awareness of those responsible for it, of the causal relationship between illiteracy and various forms of backwardness.
From this conscious standpoint, and out of pride in the authentic Islamic heritage on which the Qur’an and influence are based, I chose this topic, to be a serious contribution to the search for the noble and effective incentives that pushed this nation called illiteracy to become a nation of knowledge and civilization, spreading it among its children with speed and passion, then carrying it With her after that to every place he stepped on her feet and shadowed him straightened.

God wanted Medina to be the first cradle from which Islam took the basis for building his community after he immigrated to it. The Quba Mosque was the first building block of a new civilization that was based on piety from the first day.
(The mosque) became the first thing that came to the minds of Muslims when they planned a city, a year that their Prophet enacted, and they followed it after him. And the distinctive character of this civilization has become, expressing its close connection with the Lord of this universe, and marking its mission that it must undertake in this world.
The verses: (Read in the name of your Lord who created. Created man from a clot. Read and your Lord is the Most Generous. He who taught with the pen. The knowledge of man unless he knows) motivates Muslims to learn to read and write, and they are two strong ways to take the causes of knowledge and the nation’s rise from the depths of ignorance and stagnation into life . The first place for that was the mosque, and the authentic hadiths continued to direct the minds of the people to take the mosque as a school in which they learn what matters to them from knowledge, and gain knowledge, such as his saying, peace be upon him, (Whoever enters this mosque to learn good and teach him is like a mujahid for the sake of God. And he said in another hadith: (When a people gather in one of the houses of God, reciting and studying the Book of God among them, tranquility will not descend upon them, and they are covered with mercy and boxing.
It is not surprising that the mosque is a popular university in which he teaches lessons and sermons for men and women alike, taking all his mental capabilities and self-esteem. And each of them has the right to seek the mosque in order to fulfill the noble hadith (Do not prevent the slaves of God from the mosques of God).
History has preserved for us a wonderful example of the participation of women in the gatherings of gratitude and in the halls of the mosque, as Caliph Umar, may God be pleased with him, raised an orator saying: (Are they not overreacting in the charity of women, for if they were honorable in this world or piety with God, the Messenger of God, may God’s prayers be upon him, would have been the first to you. And peace ...) Then a woman arose and said: Oh Omar, God gives us and forbids us, does God Almighty not say: (... and you brought one of them a vantage, so do not take anything from him) and Umar ponder what she said, so he discerns the correctness of her saying, so he says: A woman has hit and Omar is wrong.
The mosque was during the era of prophethood, and it continued in the early ages of Islam as the center of intellectual, educational, moral, literary and social guidance ... and it was an institute of knowledge, in which the Companions and their followers graduated. And in which the measure was the confrontation major events. And from it Muslim armies set off, and brigades of princes were held. And from it were issued fatwas that ruled life and its problems to be, and in it was the judgment of the Messenger and his companions, and the reception of delegations and the conclusion of treaties and charters of peace. And in it, the Messenger’s books were issued to kings and rulers.

In education and education, women acquire good habits and good deeds, after they learn patience, know the path of good, and ascertain the paths of peace. Where she has the faculties of the mind to reach through her the wisdom that leads her to the knowledge of the realities of things, "and whoever obtains wisdom will have a lot of good."
So a woman needs education, just as a man needs it, in order to know the path of goodness, to gain insight into her Sharia, and to know good marital cohabitation and raising children. As how can she be a happy wife, or a nanny or a good citizen, who works in any field of society, and she is illiterate and does not know how to read and write, and therefore she does not know the meaning of life and therefore (educating a woman is education for the whole family).
Before addressing the explanation of the upbringing and education of women in the Islamic society, which provides a quick overview of the stages of development of women's rights in the pre-Islamic and pre-Islamic eras, so that we can then evaluate what their education means, because the process of raising and educating women is part of the process of developing their value in general throughout its history.
It is worth noting that the history books did not clearly explain to us the clear role of women in education and their full participation by men, despite the recognition of Islamic law that the girl should be raised and educated alongside the boy. Because there is nothing that prevents them from going to the madrassahs when they are young, just as it is not stipulated in Shariah that what forbids their education in old age, as boys learn. Nevertheless, it is known that in the beginning of Islam there were a few numbers on the fingers of the hand of women who could read and write, then their number increased after that in the Umayyad and Abbasid eras after the development of historical circumstances, and the increase in society's need for educated women.
This modest research comes to add to the Arab library concepts regarding the right of women - in education - some of which are unclear and evident in the books of Islamic history, or are scattered in a number of its pages. This research also comes to be a catalyst and a call for women to learn to read and write and the necessity of their participation by men in the education process.

Perhaps one of the most prominent features known in Andalusia is; The cultural and scientific prosperity that prevailed in the country shortly after the Islamic conquest, which was the subject of attention of historians and literary and scientific translators of the East and Andalusians alike.
Ibn Bassam says: (... and in the sentence, most of the people of the countries of this horizon, the nobles of the Arabs of the East, opened them to the pillows of the soldiers of the people of the Levant, they took them down, so the offspring remained there in every region on a noble race, and hardly a country in it is devoid of a skilled writer and a compelling poet, praise - he has so much and that Haja is silent, Jarir's tongue ...).
Historians explained the Andalusians ’love for science and culture, their eagerness to learn, and their great efforts and enormous money for the sake of that. They do not give any effort and do not hesitate to prevent or give. On discernment, the ignorant who God did not help him to know with effort to be distinguished by his work, or he would be willing to see empty high on people because this is in them very ugliness and the world has most of the private and public are referred to and referred to it and warns of its value and remembrance of people and is honored by the neighborhood or the purchase of something More like that ...) (۲)
Andalusians ’appetite for knowledge and their attachment to it was not for fear of authority or a desire for material gain or social influence. Rather, their appetite for knowledge was for science itself, and then their scholars were masters of the arts of their science because they sought it voluntarily, not driven by a goal other than learning, and the man spent what he had of Money so that he knows, and whoever knows knowledge has become a place of honor and reverence, and people refer to him as Lebanon and be mentioned above) and Cordoba - as the center of the caliphate and the home of sovereignty and leadership - was an important center of cultural and scientific radiance and the focus of attention of scholars and students of knowledge from across Andalusia or outside it, Muslims And non-Muslims.
Ibn Bassam described Cordoba and what it used to occupy of the high and sublime status in terms of knowledge and culture: ).

The Arab civilization contains amusing ambiguities, and high models that indicate originality and creativity. Many aspects of our heritage are still unknown to scholars of our time, and education in subduction is one of them. In this study, we will try to define it and clarify its role and its cultural dimension by standing at its fields, stages, methods, and the role of Andalusian poetry in urging it, during the fifth century AH.

The Abbasid state weakened during its last days, neglect and disintegration, which led to the separation of parts of it. It has nothing to do with the sovereignty of Baghdad except for formal appearances, as it has its own administrations and its independent military and cultural affairs. Among the largest of these countries in the Levantine lands were the Zangid and Ayyubid states, which had a major role in pushing the wheel of knowledge and knowledge to far stages of sophistication and antiquity, despite the violent conflict with the Crusader West and the Tatar East.
The intellectual movement flourished in the era of the Zankites, especially during the reign of Nur al-Din Mahmud (d. 569), who was one of their greatest kings, and he was a lover of science and scholars, literature and writers, and from his passion for the world, he constantly gathered scholars in his council and consulted them in matters of his religion and world, surrounded them with his care and his graces, and prepared them for them The appropriate climate for their livelihood and work is considered to be the first for scholars in Islamic history. Among the famous jurists who came to him, Qutb Al-Nisaburi (d. 568). Abu Shama al-Maqdisi says: Nur al-Din interpreted it, took it to Aleppo at Bab al-Iraq school, and built a large school for Shafi’i for his credit.
The intellectual movement became more active during the Ayyubid era. Saladin Ibn Yusuf Ibn Ayyub (d.589) was the founder of the Ayyubid state and conqueror of the Crusaders in the fiercest battles and savior of Al-Quds Al-Sharif from the evils of the fiercest and aggressive group.
His court gathered a multitude of scholars and writers, such as the virtuous judge, Ibn Shaddad al-Qadi and Imad al-Din al-Katib, and did not meet - as Ibn al-Adim says - at the door of one of the kings after Saif al-Dawla bin Hammadan, he did not meet at his door, and added to Saif al-Dawla in love, favor and giving.
A large number of the Ayyubid family emerged in composing poetry, writing and classifying books on the one hand, building schools and taking care of their men, establishing libraries, and accompanying scholars and writers on the other hand, and they are as the poet said:
If you receive them you will meet their master like the stars with which the sari rests
In our research, we will highlight the impact of the two Ayyubid Zankid dynasties on education, and the great work they have carried out in serving knowledge and spreading knowledge.

Education performs a prominent and fundamental role in the process of development in society in terms of cultural, scientific, political, economic and social aspects. It is not just a tool that coordinates behind development, and that what happened in the history of education, and so far, is in many of its aspects driven behind impulses and urgent desires without being There is extensive scrutiny and planning characterized by a comprehensive and objective view of reality, especially in preparing curricula..Perhaps the astonishing speed with which the Arab world and society is developing in its various aspects is what necessitates our educational systems to respond to this reality of development, which necessarily requires a comprehensive and deep view.
In order to prepare a strong youth and a new generation by translating this deep comprehensive view, education must be based on following methods of preparing and training these shoots in various fields of life.
Perhaps one of the secrets of the progress and prosperity of Arab civilization is what lies in the freedom of education, as education was free from all restrictions, but only inclination and desire. Or medicine or mathematics will go deeper. The best study was what it was about the tendency of the origin in the soul.
Also, one of the requirements of scientific education is to rise to the level of responsibility in order to achieve better education and better learning of science leading to the preparation of a productive thinking generation that can meet the challenges of the future with efficiency and worth.
It is, then, with a national, socialist, civilized dimension at the same time, and that is what the leadership referred to in its statement that the type of Arab human being is now superior to the Arab man ten years ago. The honest image of the brightness of the rule he believed in and since its establishment, the theoretical bases of the revolutionary Arab ideology have emphasized the importance of the educated and cultured person.

Before I talk about this book, I hasten to say: What prompted me to write about this topic is the place of this initiative to eradicate illiteracy that will save many souls from the claws of ignorance that the shadows of knowledge will shed over them. . Ignorance has its flaws, and those who are armed with it are armed with a free-range weapon.
And the nations that solve their dilemmas ablution with the light of knowledge succeed in what they try, and overcome the difficulties and punishment they encounter. As for the nations that do not seek knowledge and do not enlighten it in solving dilemmas, it becomes difficult for their leaders, when they want to direct it towards a righteous life, to find it soft to lead, light in error. If the decision to eradicate illiteracy is a welcome gesture, it is an unacceptable gesture. We would like from the bottom of our hearts that our scientific renaissance be firmly built, exquisitely painted, and commendable.

The Mamelukes are of different races from different countries, including the Turks, Jirs, Romans and Tatars. They converted to Islam and settled in the Arab countries in their prosperous times, seeking security and a comfortable life. And when the Abbasid state weakened and the Islamic countries were divided into states, some of them deliberately multiplied the Mamluks and recruited them to protect them, as did the Ayyubid state in Egypt and the Levant, especially its last good sultans Najm al-Din - so their help became stronger and they took power after his death, and that was in the year of forty eight and six hundred AH And their kings succeeded in power for nearly three centuries, which ended with the Ottomans entering Egypt at the hands of Sultan Selim Al-Fateh in the year twenty-three nine hundred.
The Mamluk era was marked by remarkable civilization progress, which we can consider as an extension of the golden age during the Abbasid era. This is because of the aspects we have seen that we will mention. The Orientalist (Jeb) described it as a silver age of Islamic civilization. And science is concerned with the countries that have a wealth of civilization, so it is not surprising, then, that the Mamluk state was a field for scientific activity that made it carry the banner of knowledge after Baghdad and the countries of the Islamic East and Andalusia. And this was indicated by Ibn Khaldun, a historian of that era, in saying: “And if the great cities that were the minerals of knowledge had been destroyed, such as Baghdad, Basra and Kufa, but God - Almighty - had referred to them with greater means than those, and the science moved from them to Cairo and what is there from it Morocco is still available, and Omar is connected, and the education bond with it is in place.

Since Hulagu's invasion of Baghdad in 656 AH until the mid-nineteenth century AD, Iraq witnessed an intellectual backwardness that led to the obliteration of many of the features of the Arab-Islamic civilization, whose construction was established by the Abbasids in all fields of knowledge and knowledge.
Iraq was an arena for battles and rivalries, the strongest of which was the conflict between the Persian and Turkish states, which ended with the control of the Turks in the end, and had a bad effect on Iraq in all fields, especially thought and culture. And the rule of the Ottoman Turks over Iraq led to backwardness in various fields, especially after the Ottoman Empire became unable to withstand the legions of European armies in its wars that were an extension of the Crusades. All this led to the neglect of the Ottoman provinces, and a backwardness in thought followed, so people became ignorant, and the doors of learning were blocked in their faces, and education became a body without a soul, so its methods degenerated, its concepts sterile, its material weakened, its curricula were lost, the ignorance of its teachers, and its students were absent, even to imagine to A person lives in an atmosphere of complete ignorance, had it not been for what remained of religious studies aimed at serving Islam and preserving it from the futility of the absurd.
Perhaps the religious link that linked the Arabs with the Turks was the reason that preserved these studies’s fate from loss and neglect. Although the Ottomans mistreated the Arabs, they did not cut the thread that connected them with them, and with this thread, meaning Islam, they were able to take over the souls of the Arabs who - despite the harm they suffered from the Turks - did not cut this thread.
In any case, the nineteenth century witnessed an educational movement, which was manifested in the establishment of the teaching houses that students used to provide in order to draw from them the religious and Arabic sciences.
Despite the poor economic situation that characterized the nineteenth century as a result of the wars that exhausted the state, this situation did not resolve between people and the pursuit of knowledge, and the reason for this, in our opinion, is the tyranny of the religious spirit that we can manage in the hearts of people, for it was their reverence for Islam. And the Qur’an in particular has a strong incentive that drives them to seek knowledge and receive knowledge. Also (the establishment of modern printing presses ... the establishment of the telegraph line, the organization of postal affairs, and the issuance of newspapers and magazines had a far-reaching effect on alerting the minds) In addition to this, the link that existed between Iraq and the Arab world on the one hand, and between it and the Persians and Turks on the other hand, and to What people used to hear about the scientific and intellectual progress in Europe, all of these reasons opened people's minds and made them eager to learn in all its forms and various methods.

What prompted me to choose the stories of Dhanun Ayoub until the end of World War II to extract from them the evils of ignorance and its dangers to individuals and society is that Dhanun Ayoub is the most closely related story writer in Iraq to the literal reality of reality and most of them aspire to reform, and interest in changing the social reality from its deteriorating state in Iraq That period of feudal domination, the interference of foreign authorities, the ignorance of the people’s representatives in the House of Representatives, the bad regime of the monarchy, the succession of the administrative apparatus, the restriction of women and their confinement in their homes that do not leave them except in rare cases and in cities only, the deteriorating economic conditions and the prevention of knowledge and learning, and the standing of those with interests Against the spread of schools, and helping the reformer side from domination in matters of morals and people’s livelihood and freedom. Thinun Ayyub devoted each of his nine collections of stories that he issued until the end of the Second World War to a specific topic of interest to Iraqi society at the time. He was treated in (The Messengers of Culture ) 1937 The issue of education, and highlighted the woes that the Ministry of Education was burdened with in its administrative apparatus and teachers, and the loss of justice in the treatment of students. In his second group (Victims) 1937, he discussed the problems of women and what they suffer from the pressures of society and the family, and presented the reasons that led them to deviation, and blamed the ignorance that prevailed in society at the time. The Iraqi and seeks, through a romantic behavior, to change what it is capable of changing, so if the backward society stood in the way of achieving its will, it rebelled against it and lived its desired life in isolation from the reality of its society. As for his fourth collection (The Revelation of Art) 1938, it is a cry in the face of ignorance and backwardness and a statement of the importance of culture and arts in the lives of peoples. And presented in his fifth group (Tower of Babel) 1939, the impact of the deterioration of the political situation and the opportunism of the heads of parties in the life of the people and their backwardness and standing against any progress or reform.
After my extrapolation to the collections of stories that Dhanun Ayoub issued until the end of the Second World War, I found that many stories revolve around ignorance and backwardness, and it deals with the issue from two main aspects: the causes of ignorance and its consequences. I decided to divide the research into two main parts: The first part deals with the reasons that led to the spread of ignorance. In Iraq as presented by the writer in his stories. The second section is the consequences that ignorance leads to and the many disadvantages that result from it.

The Arab society before Islam in the Arabian Peninsula was based on the supremacy of men in the family, but with these rights of the man, women had a great position that corresponded to the greatness of the responsibilities that they carried out. The tribe’s strength in peace and war, as it used to contribute during the war by sponsoring the fighters, such as providing water, providing food, dressing the wounded, and encouraging men to fight, in addition to being a source of profit for her guardian who takes friendship upon her marriage, and it also suggests to poets with imagination and to men with ambition. These actions and attributes have a prominent place in society. And to signify her respect by the community from addressing her (inviolability), which came from respect and the housewife as evidence of appreciating her position in it, and she used to play an important political and social role. With the clan of his maternal uncles, it may be no less powerful than his link with his uncles, and this has a great impact on the rapprochement between the sons of the Arab community.

The illiterate in the language: the one who does not write or read is attributed to what he owes his mother, because writing is acquired, and in the Noble Qur’an: (And among them are illiterates who do not teach the book except my aspirations). The Messenger (PBUH) was said to be my mother, because the Arab nation did not write and did not read the written, and God sent him a messenger and he neither wrote nor read from a book.
And in the (Education Dictionary): “An illiterate is a person who has reached the age of ten or over and does not know how to read and write.
The developed countries mean education and spread it among the members of their people, and it is considered one of their responsibilities that they should undertake. This was known since ancient times when “the Greeks struck two wonderful examples that the examples of the state’s relationship with education, the Spartans followed the theory of state control over its affairs, while the Athenians followed (kinship policy) And they considered education to be a work of people, not a function of the state. These two theories took a philosophical manifestation in politics and education, and were evident in the writings of Plato and Aristotle. In his book (Laws) I suggest that education for boys and girls be compulsory.

The attention paid by the government of the revolution, headed by the president, in rebuilding society in line with scientific, technological and cultural development. In order to shorten the time for the benefit of the Arab people in all parts of the Arab world, it is the real motive that motivated me to write this short paper to explain the state of Iraqi society, which gives us the image of the Arab society, and through this research we stand on the basic points of society backwardness and then find basic treatments to raise the level of society culturally and culturally. And economical. If we perform the service entrusted to us, we will have performed part of our basic tasks in building this society and this nation in order to move it forward in order to continue the movement of progress and development in the world.

If language is considered the first basis of human civilization because it enabled man to communicate with his people and exchange experiences and opinions, then the invention of writing helped to preserve and accumulate over time, which contributed to the emergence and development of civilizations. Thus, historians have considered the invention of writing as a dividing line between two types of eras in the history of humanity: prehistoric and historical eras. This distinction is based on the premise that people in prehistoric times did not leave written traces, which the historian can refer to in his history of accidents, and all that he knows about these ancient ages is only known by speculative study of the remains and research on studying the age of rocks and fossils.
The credit for the invention of writing goes to the Sumerians, who knew cuneiform writing up to the year 2600 BC. M. Then the Egyptians and Phoenicians contributed to developing the alphabet and spreading it in the ancient world.
Writing was considered by the ancients to be a sacred thing because it seemed strange how a person could communicate with another person through some inscriptions he draws. Therefore, the Greeks called the ancient Egyptian writing "hieroglyphs", meaning the sacred planning or formation, and as long as writing allows its owner an ability of knowledge that enables him to simplify His control and influence over others, as it was monopolized by the dominant factions in ancient societies and considered this a sacred secret that no one could divulge into, which kept the masses away from knowledge and made it the monopoly of priests and rulers.

The researcher dealt with the problem of illiteracy in Iraq at that period in the history of the country (the monarchy), confirming that it represents a major social dilemma, as it is one of the factors of delay and decline in the ladder of civilization, noting with interest that the social factor for the spread of illiteracy is the loss of social justice among the sons of a single nation. He also pointed out that “if the standard of living in a society is very low and the majority of its members suffer from poverty and suffer from disease, then it is not surprising that we find them prey to ignorance and illiteracy.” It is worth noting that the writer who tried to link between the level of social development and the level of economic development finally reached the truth. The nature and manner of using the land economically depends mainly on the peasant’s awareness and salvation from illiteracy. Thus, economic development is an embodiment of social development in which literacy is a major pillar.

This research seeks to monitor illiteracy as a civilizational regression in various aspects of political and intellectual life, economic and social and disease, endemic to the life of the Arab nation, and its being an anomalous path for the movement of Arab history, in which the decline or civilization decline of the nation was revealed because the rule of illiteracy means:
A, there is a defect in the construction of reality, which emerged in the form of a gap and between what you propose, and the leadership aspires to achieve it and between the sick mentality of the masses, the mentality that the colonial powers struggled to establish in the reality of the nation, and based on separating the state of the masses from the political dimension of this situation, and creating impotence Audiences have to grasp the historical context of the stage.
B. There is an intellectual theorizing, rebuilt it, and helped to spread it, and the rule of its dimensions is compelling political circles and circles that exploit the nation in order to spread illiteracy, and in the best case focus on the cultural alienation of the Arab people, because those circles realized that it is not in their interest to have awareness on the one hand, and focused on On the other hand, the prevalence of intellectual subversion in the culture of the masses, because awareness and intellectual exudation attached to the soil of the nation means awareness of the dangers (and the diseases that it has produced and helped to highlight them by that theorizing, so those circles tried hard to establish the factors that help this disease and stabilize this civilizational competence.
C. There is a raging sabotage in the nation’s economic structure, which comes from the time of illiteracy, which created and produced a breakdown in the economic structure determined in the ignorance of the productive forces of the toiling masses - and in the lack of awareness of these forces to understand the importance and the temporal dimension and economy in expenditures and consumption, or in another sense and the permanence of the wasteful bleeding in materials And the means, the obstacles that led to the delay or delay at best emerged in the process of change and construction, which is represented as the prominent civilization feature in our current world.
Dr.. That there is a crisis and a social crisis that was created by illiteracy and appears in the form of diseases, breakdowns, the prevalence of "selfishness", the prevalence of self-interests, and the disruption of an important part of society, namely the woman and the contribution to the building process, the creation of palaces and the consolidation of the masses' impotence to probe the depths of the present, and decipher Blocking the future for new generations. In light of these limits in which we look at the problem, we see that "illiteracy" represents a civilized dilemma in the life of the Arab nation, and that its erasure embodies the solution or exit from this dilemma ... the solution that aims to explode the creative energies of the Arab man, so that he can participate and contribute to building the cultural edifice of the nation and humanity. For this reason, the political leadership in the Iraqi country sought to define the features, features, and the new civilized path of the nation, by marking literacy as a civilized solution to the political, intellectual, economic and social dilemmas of the Arab nation.