Adab AL Rafidayn

Despite the great number of what history tells us about the many invaders and great conquerors, it does not mention an invading nation that stirred terror and fear throughout the known world at the time, what provoked the Mongols in their rapid march that swept in a short period of time most of Asia and parts of Eastern Europe. The following article. In reality. It is only a brief account of this horror and fear that dominated the souls of people - at that time, for example, with what contemporary historians recorded for the events of this invasion, as well as the historians who came after it.
This terror provoked by the Mongols was not limited to the Islamic world, as they swallowed up most of its parts in Asia and destroyed and occupied its largest cities and capitals. But it went beyond to Western Europe. Not to mention the East, where they arrived with their invasions and sabotage Hungary and Poland.
We are not. Here . About the history of the Mongol invasion, as it has been discussed in detail in several volumes, but we will deal with the methods of the Mongolian invasion of Islamic countries in Central Asia to see what caused people to be terrified of them. And what this horror is justified is that it was only a horror stemming from the minds of historians who recorded the events. And they recorded this fear and horror?

The great success achieved by the University of Mosul in its excavations in the northern wall of Nineveh and its discovery of the Adad Gate, which is considered the most complete Assyrian gate discovered so far. The clear impact on pushing the university to expand its activities in the field of archaeological excavation and maintenance. Their contribution to uncovering the original civilizations of Mesopotamia and introducing the observers to the progress and prosperity of these civilizations in various scientific and cultural fields. Therefore, the university decided that Hina, affiliated to it, should study sufficient archaeological sites in the region and choose the appropriate ones from both sides: practical and scientific for her future excavations. The site of Shrikhan, "Sherif Khan", which is approximately eight kilometers away from Nineveh, was chosen. And less than this distance from the university center. We believe that the site contains important monuments of the Assyrian city of Tarpo, which were mentioned in a number of late Assyrian cuneiform texts. Also, the archaeological finds scattered on the surface of the site indicate the importance of the site and its containment of late Assyrian antiquities. As well . The proximity of the site to the university center and the city will make it easy to control and supervise the worker and train the students of the archeology department on excavation and maintenance work during the hours prescribed for them in the curriculum. In addition to these reasons, there has never been a large-scale scientific excavation at the site to reveal this city. And its plans correctly.
After selecting the site, the Directorate General of Antiquities was contacted to obtain its approval for the University of Mosul to excavate the aforementioned site. The directorate has agreed. Thankfully. Upon request and expressed its full readiness to cooperate with the university in this field. The university granted a license for exploration on 9/1/1968.

The theater was associated with a special perception among some writers that it was an Arab art that spread in Europe through Andalusia and then weakened until it faded in the Arab countries, then they took it back from Europe, and this perception does not stand up to research, as Arab sources did not provide us with evidence of the existence of theater in the Arab and Islamic society If we take out "shadow fiction" as an integrated theatrical work. What concerns us from this perception is their acceptance of the theater as an Arab heritage that they want to restore again, and the consequence of it in their concept of the theater’s function is to calm it down towards a limited purpose, which is that it is one of the biggest factors in transmitting wisdom and literature. The play is magnified for them as it gives him wisdom and advice. And they made the characters of the parades symbols to symbolize this purpose, that the theater. In its original sense. New art. He entered the door of our civilization in the modern renaissance that followed the French campaign against Egypt. And if we want to talk about theater as an art that has its origins and literature, we must omit from our conversation the colors of popular cabarets that may contain similar to this art but differ greatly from it. There must be a precise definition that allows us to distinguish this art from other popular entertainment colors, such as the shadow fiction, the qurah goz, and the works of imitators and popular poets. Such colors are not included in the record of this art, even if they contain some of its formal elements.
The theatrical image was not completed in the Islamic ages in Arab literature. The presence of the roots from which theater developed in Europe is clouded. I found markets in which poets contested sermons and poems in certain seasons, and these are the rituals of Hajj that represent the memories of Ibrahim Al-Khail and the life of his wife Hajar Umm Ismail. And the Arabs used to perform these rituals during ignorance After that, Islam recognized it as the rites of Hajj, the Sacred House of God.

It became the word economics in the present era. It is a frightening thing to crouch on the presence of people and direct them as he pleases, not as they want .. And evaluating the economy and putting it in its place must occupy it in the field of human life. It has become very difficult .. as long as this sector is the most sensitive sector. And the most close to the existence of direct and tangible man. Positivists will give it a value greater than its real value. And they create a space for it much more than its real area. And this miscalculation of the economy continued to grow and inflate until it reached the owners of the materialist school. To say that it is the only inevitable in human history. And he is the only one who controls the making of the existence of people and the shaping of their destiny ... As for who controls him and who makes him move from stage to stage. It is configured to configure. They say that his self-dynamism and his forced movement are what moves him through these stages and formations ... and man, man, is nothing but an age in the great wheel of the economy that rotates and revolves, and it is imperative that man rotates with it, speed and slow, depending on the nature of the existing existence. And soul? And will? And the mind? And social values ​​and self-desires? And human ambition .. Where is it? They answer that all these are nothing but temporary results or images reflected in the mirror of the economy that surrounds the universe from its four diameters !!
The succession of Omar bin Abdul Aziz is nothing but an example from the witnessed history to respond to this erroneous assessment .. Two years and five months during which Omar was able to show the world how the Muslim official can direct things and events as he wishes. And to move the experiments of history in the direction that is cooled ... and to set the values ​​and scales for all things, assets and activities that God Almighty has prepared for man to be happy and develop. And it accords with the laws of the universe.
Omar looks in the field of economics. He sees in people's economic life and their material organizations only one aspect of expressing the extent of the responsible person's ability to uphold the values ​​of truth and justice and the extent of his detachment in the struggle for these values. Or the human behind self desires. And interests close. And the fleeting pleasures, in which our thought of truth and justice are lost ... and then the restoration of matters in this field as in other areas - we will be realized as soon as the official commits his responsibility ... and his impartiality, nationalization and his dedication in order to achieve these values. And chase after injustice and wrongdoing represented by exploitation, oppression, control and enrichment at the expense of others. And adulteration to those with authority ... and many other internal motives that push people to form the economic system in the way that these desires and these privileges are dug for him.

The march of struggle which the working masses have waged throughout history proved that the basic goal of any revolutionary movement is to overthrow the old economic and social structures. Feudal or capitalist ones. And replacing them with new structures based on socialism and popular democracy.
These revolutionary movements are characterized. Habit . In particular, a behavior that has a deep and important foundation and a faith committed to the idea of ​​the class struggle as the main engine capable of mobilizing and directing the masses for the sake of the continuation of the revolution and the preservation of its gains. This behavior is the only guarantee that prevents the absorption of the toilers revolution by the privileged or the opportunists. It also prevents the deviation of the principles of the revolution behind slogans usually raised by some of the bourgeois elements that were not able to during periods of struggle. From turning against its class reality, liberating it from it, and joining with the march of the toilers.
At the same time we stress that the behavior of the revolutionary fighter must be characterized by a deep awareness of the nature of the class struggle waged by the toiling masses. We also affirm that this awareness must be based on an analytical understanding of the historical roots of each of the structures that the revolution intends to overthrow and change. Thus, it is easy to understand the roots of the reality that the revolutionary masses live and struggle with, and have the means to embark on sound and broad steps towards a better future.
Based on this, I will try here to shed some light on the struggle that the toiling peasant masses lived in in Iraq in its middle ages.

Romance is not a literary doctrine. As much as it is an expression of a psychological condition. Born by human revolution against all restrictions.
I am not among those who see that any literary doctrine ends when another literary doctrine is established, so this remains and that goes. Because none of these doctrines is born and developed by psychological, social and political conditions. It never ends as long as there are souls feeling and moving. And it goes through the same conditions that others go through before. Rather, it is an expression of a certain literary doctrine in Bibi, an expression of the conditions in which he lives. Affects. And is affected. And the literary case is then according to a civilized and humanitarian dictionary that is repeated over the days and years.
And if romance was born in France two centuries ago. It is because the political conditions. And the terrible defeat that led to the crushing of the French psyche was the factor that moved the souls of poets and writers to express within this literary doctrine that rebelled against all the restrictions that the classical doctrine was invoking, so the hope that the French people dreamed of was no longer a mirage after the defeat of Napoleon the Great. His dreams were a mirage that does not end with his reality. Hence the expression of poetry from the human self, with all the harsh psychological conditions involved in this self. It is the hope of salvation from thinking about a human setback. And losing his great hope. And the owners of this doctrine did not see dressing up with words. Neither in the choice of expressions, nor in this system that is exquisite in the systems and the tendency behind artificiality is nothing but a reactionary stage in literature, which must be replaced by a literary doctrine that is not bound by restrictions or boundaries. All that distinguishes it is that the poet is free to catch the word. And choose meanings. And free to express the human soul, which, during these circumstances, became a necessity for diving into the depths of literature and art.
Hence, romance was an advanced literary stage, which came on the ruins of classicism, but this does not mean that romance remained alone in the field, as symbolism soon came to revolt on this revelation that characterized Romanticism and saw symbolism in this ambiguity, which is one of its best signs of measure. It is measured by art and poetry. Because, in her opinion, disclosure is nothing but a failure to express profound expression that the helpless cannot know.

The peace in which we have lived since the end of World War II, cannot be interpreted as a phenomenon in which human society was able to get rid of the war entirely or the possibility of its occurrence, as the tremendous development in nuclear weapons and their systems, especially the mutually destructive potential of the two great countries. It did not lead to the belief that the war denied itself. The war was, and will not be equal to, social systems, even if some countries claim their peaceful tendency - as a model for one of the ways of dealing between them in international relations, and force in turn will accompany the war on the basis that it is the basic tool that states resort to to achieve their goals and protect the national interest in the event of failure of the roads. Other peaceful.
And the war of which mankind has not known any previous experience: general or limited nuclear war is not intended to destroy the offensive tendency of the enemy by destroying his military ability to resist and forcing him to submit to our demands. Rather, the goal of a general nuclear war is to destroy the civil, human, social and economic foundations of the enemy. Among the nature of the war that is being talked about is that it does not distinguish between the parties concerned and others, and does not adhere to moral rules and international custom even in declaring war, because it is based on surprise.
Among the radical phenomena in international relations during recent years is the case of emphasizing the nuclear destructive capacity of the superpowers, the Soviet Union and the United States of America, and we find these countries seeking with all their technological knowledge and a scientific and economic base in order to multiply and improve their destructive capacity, and therefore they took weapons. The various nuclear systems in terms of type, range, weight, and systems are accumulating horizontally and vertically, and it has become difficult to reduce the perennial danger and threatening the human entity and the difficulty of reaching international agreements and measures that reduce the risk of a general nuclear war. If not completely remove the risk. In political and strategic circumstances like this, we see many countries seeking by every means to join the group of nuclear states, and it is strange that we find many asserting that their security is maintained by increasing the level of risk ... In the name of security, states continue their nuclear tests. In the name of security, hydrogen weapons must be manufactured, and in the name of security every lethal and destructive weapon must be developed, and in the name of security we must challenge one another .... Thus the situation becomes more dangerous.

This research aims to study the settlement of the petroleum refining industry in Iraq, by applying the industrial geography approach. Interest in studying the geography of industry is increasing in many developed countries of the world. As a result of the development of geography first. And the increasing prestige and importance of the industry second. Accordingly, there is nothing wrong for the geographers of Iraq to contribute to the study of this new vital topic in order to establish its foundations and principles and to lay the rules for it. It is true that the geographer is not a maker and there may be little or much industrial culture available to him. However, it can deal with many aspects of knowledge, including industry. Processing
Geography based on analysis and synthesis. In light of its interconnected and interconnected relations with the region of its settlement and with the relationship with other regions, then linking the facts to give the full picture of the region through the different distribution patterns. That image that expresses the viewpoint of geography.

The ascetic movement appeared in Islam as Muhammad "PBUH", and his early followers, used to perform all or part of the night as worship and worship. Islam has set limits and conditions for its followers that relate to asceticism, such as fasting, prayer, Hajj, Zakat, and the prohibition of alcohol. However, at the same time, Islam did not forbid its followers to enjoy the adornment of God that He gave to His servants from the good things: The Almighty said: (Say: Who forbade the adornment of God that He brought to His servants and good things out of sustenance. Say: It is for those who believe in the life of the world purely on the day of resurrection. For a people know) however. The sources told us that a group of the first Muslims had taken the path of asceticism, and they were the people of the class. The first century in Islam was unique to the many factors that encouraged the emergence of asceticism. The Islamic religion was the main proponent of this movement.
The ascetic movement grew in abnormal political conditions in the first century AH, as the long-running civil wars during the era of the Companions and the Umayyads, the violent extremism that characterized political parties, and what Muslims suffered from those who were saved in their Islam by some despotic rulers. Course led. To the increase in the believers' feeling of asceticism in this worldly life and its pleasures, placing their hopes in the hereafter and finding in the Qur’an and Sunnah the best directed in their ascetic life. And they stood indifferent towards the rulers at the time.
But the ascetic movement gradually became strong and violent and spread in all parts of the Muslims. After the ascetic movement was purely religious at first, some Sufi elements entered it and eventually turned into the oldest form we know of Islamic mysticism in the third century AH and what follows. The Khurasani asceticism played the main role in the growth This free ke.
The organizers of the ascetic movement in Khorasan were among the most famous Muslims of pious Islam, according to the Hanafi school of thought. The movement won the strong sympathy of the rulers and blessed some of these pious people with administrative and religious positions, such as the presidency of cities, the judiciary, and the sermon, and others ascended to these jobs as well as abstained from the worldly life and its possessions, and turned their eyes towards the next and placed their hopes in it. From asceticism in Khorasan in the second century AH, flags that influenced the ascetic movement emerged, and among the most prominent of them were: Abraham bin Adham al-Balkhi and Abdullah bin al-Mubarak.