Diyala Journal of Human Research

-Measuring the mental trial among middle school students1
2- Building a suggested indicative program in the manner of restoring the knowledge structure for middle school students.
In order to achieve the objectives of the research, the researcher built the mental trial scale based on Sternberg's theory (Sternberg, 1990). The number of positions of the scale reached (28) positions and was presented to a group of specialists in the fields of educational and psychological sciences, measurement and evaluation, thus achieving the apparent validity of the scale, as well as The validity of the construction was verified, as for the stability, it was found in two ways: a re-test amounted to (0,74), and a Vakronbach amounted to (0,80), and the current research is determined by middle school students in the morning schools of the General Directorate of Education of Diyala / Baqubah City Center for the year (2019-2020) The research community reached (400) students, who were chosen by the simple random method, and the results showed that the students had a lack of mental trial, and depending on the results of the research, the researcher made a number of recommendations and proposals

Our study came on the subject of Banu Mazin and their role in the Kharijites, a religious sect that came out against Imam Ali bin Abi Talib  by accepting arbitration in the Battle of Al-Safayn and fought them most intensely in the Nahrawan incident in the year 38 AH.
Bani Mazin had a great role in eliminating the external Mirdas movement at the hands of Abbad bin Alqamah Al-Mazini and after that and the emirate of Qatar bin Al-Fujaah Al-Mazni for the Kharijites in 65 AH / 684 AD and their wars against the Caliph Abdul-Malik bin Marwan in 72 AH / 692 AD and their differences between them and the killing of Qatari bin Al-Fuja’ah Al-Mazini in the year 79 AH/697AD.
Our study included the Kharijites linguistically and idiomatically, the emergence of the Kharijites, the reasons for their upbringing and their sects, the elimination of the external Mardas movement and his pledge of allegiance to Qatari Ibn al-Fuja'ah al-Mazini, the Kharijites' war with Caliph Abd al-Malik bin Marwan, the differences between them, the death of Qatari Ibn al-Fuja'ah al-Mazini, the conclusion and summary.

The following research aims to identify (Psychological Immunity among University Students). The sample of research is (400 male and female students) from University of Diyala and were chosen randomly proportional layer. To achieve the aims of the research, the researcher constructed (Psychological Immunity) scale depending on Theory of Olah (Olah,2005) for psychological immunity. The researcher checked the psychometric characteristics of scale by extracting virtual validity and construction validity, and factor validity. Also, the researcher extracted stability by three means which are re-test were stability factor reached (0.82) and Alpha- Cronbach reached (0.88) , and half retail reached (0.88), the scale in its final form concluded (48 items).

Arabic scholars at early ages took care of the semantic development that has afflicted the Arabic word, as many Arabic works contain it. It contributes to the enrichment, growth, and development of the language, as it helps to treat and manufacture linguistic dictionaries, and works to discuss linguistic issues. It has great importance in the life of Arabs, as the attention of modern linguistic studies has been focused on monitoring the manifestations of the semantic development of the Arabic language in the works of the ancients, especially in the book Islah al-Mantiq translated as "Reform of Logic" by Ibn Al-Skeit (D. 244A.H), which is the first important in the statement of semantic development for the Arabic word. The title of the research has settled on (appearances of semantic development among modern scholars in the reform of logic for the son of the skeet (T244H), as the researchers began to talk about the vision of modern scholars in the manifestations of the semantic development of words in (reform of logic), and then discussing examples of semantic development, and (semantic generalization) was the first appearance in this study, as it showed the position of the modern scholars in (reform of logic), and then moved to the second appearance (semantic allocation) so it showed the vision of the modernists in (reform of logic). The researchers discussed in the third appearance entitled "Semantic transition", which is the most widespread manifestation in linguistic books, especially (reform of logic), and under this appearance the modern researchers crammed a lot of words after monitoring It's from the book "Logic Reform."
The research was concluded with several most important conclusions.

The vegetable oil industry has a great importance to increase its food and industrial uses where it enters into the manufacture of soaps, insulators, inks and residues into the manufacture of animal feed. The pngsical, economic and human features found in the area of study helped to establish four manufacturing plants. The research discussed a general definition of the vegetable oil industry and its geographical distribution and conducted an analysis of the strategy of S.O.W.T for the possibilities found in the study area, which aims to analyze the internal and external environment of the treatment in the study area. The results of the study showed that the pngsical and economic human features found in the study area enables it to rely on a developmental strategy for the development of plant oil in the district of kalar and Khaniqeen

present study aims to identify the negative psychological emotions among mothers of autistic children and for all members of the sample. In addition to that, this paper aims to recognize the differences of negative psychological emotions among mothers of autistic children.
In order to achieve the objectives of the current study, the researchers prepared a tool, which is a scale of negative psychological emotions based on Frijida theory. This scale is consisted of (36) positions distributed into six areas. The scale has been presented to a group of specialized experts to verify the face validity of the tool. Therefore, all positions have been valid and subsequently adopted by researcher. The scale has been applied to a sample of (400) mothers of autistic children, and the data have been processed statistically.
After presenting the results, it found that the calculated T value, which hits (10,045) from the tabulated value, which reaches to (1.96) at a degree of freedom (399) and a level of significance of (0.05). Therefore, these results indicate that the negative psychological emotion among mothers of autistic children is high.
As a result, the goal of this research paper is achieved. According to the outcome, the researcher recommends making use of the tool used in the current research and utilizing it to identify and measure negative psychological emotion.

Batista played a prominent role in Cuban politics in the year 1933, as Cuba witnessed a revolution during the thirties of the last century in which various sectors and cultures in Cuban society participated. Batista's name shined through the censors' revolt that he led on September 5, 1933 against the government of Carlos Manuel de Spades. Batista became the new leader of Cuba through the experience he gained in his life, and he obtained the support of the army officers loyal to him. That coup constituted the real beginning of the political change in Cuba represented by the military taking over the reins of power in Cuba, and Batista became an actual ruler who ruled the country indirectly from behind the scenes and this policy was supported by the United States of America.

The research aimed to identify the effect of a counseling program based on brief counseling in developing the listening skills of educational counselors in the Directorate of Education of Baghdad Governorate, Rusafa I and II.
To achieve this goal, the following null hypotheses were required to be tested:
1) There are no statistically significant differences at the level (0.05) between the scores of the experimental group in the pre and post tests on the listening skills scale.
2) There are no statistically significant differences at the level (0.05) between the scores of the control group in the pre and post tests on the listening skills scale.
The current research identified the educational counselors in the Directorate of Education of Baghdad Governorate, Rusafa, first and second for the academic year (2020-2021 AD), and the statistical analysis sample consisted of (300) counselors who were randomly selected from the research sample. On two groups of (10) mentors for each group in the experimental and control groups, the researcher built a scale of listening skills, which consisted of (45) items in its initial form, and it was presented to a group of arbitrators in measurement, evaluation and psychology to ensure the apparent honesty and construction sincerity, where the scale became (40) final paragraph. The results showed that the counseling program based on brief counseling had an effect on developing listening skills for educational counselors in the Directorate of Education of Baghdad Governorate, Rusafa I and II. In light of the research results, the researcher presented a number of recommendations and suggestions.

The multifaceted parsing represents a significant topic in Arabic grammar, due to its important role in the word structure. The research dealt with this kind of multifaceted parsing of the accusative indefinite in the holy Quran, to show an important aspect of the multifaceted parsing and its causes, the possibility of the root verb the largest share of research, so the study to starting the item by mention the root first and then another face. The analysis starts with verb root due to its frequent presents, then the possibilities of the structure accusative indefinite are mentioned. Then mentions the Qur'anic verse and then elaborates on the potential multifaceted parsing of this word. The article consists of an introduction and two sections and the conclusion.

This research presents a model of the animated image in the forms of hunting and expulsion in pre-Islamic poetry. As the animated image is one of the types of sensory images that depend on sense as a basis for it. So that the paintings give vitality, and make them lively and vibrant paintings, so they achieve fun and aesthetic for the recipient, and keep him away from boredom and monotony. As Sounds, movements, colors and others represent a turning point for the recipient. The animated image has an important and effective role in shaping images, scenes and paintings and broadcasting artistic beauty in them. Whenever poetic images are devoid of movement and animations, they become stagnate, and their share of beauty and literary pleasure, which they can achieve for the recipient, is reduced.
Among the most important elements that make up the animated image are: sounds, colors, present tense verbs, and words indicating turbulence and vibration, which in themselves carry movement, as well as what is achieved by simile, antonyms, etc., and everything that can give the poetic image a movement and vitality, especially if the description is solid, so it breathes life out of nowhere.

This research deals with the growing role of eunuchs in the Ottoman Empire (Bashir Agha as a model). The palace, many books and articles have been written about them, but they were in ambiguity and isolation throughout the history of the Ottoman Empire. As well as their connection and closeness to the sultan on the other hand, and this paved the way for Agha Dar al-Saada to be one of the influential people in the Ottoman state, especially with regard to the sultans’ decisions to isolate and assume senior officials in the state and the court, as they had the largest role in many internal political interventions, as will be We see him in thwarting the Patrona Khalil revolution and eliminating Patrona and his followers.

The research dealt with (the role of the Republican People's Party in the Senate and municipal elections for the period 1977-1979). Because the party was planning to form the government, and if it wins, it can form the government, and indeed it succeeded in its plans and formed the government, but the party did not invest its success in addressing the deteriorating situation and the situation led to it losing the Senate elections in 1979, which led it to submit the resignation of the government People's Party.

The current research aims to identify the level of anger emotion among sports coaches, and to achieve the goal of the research the researchers built the measure of anger emotion based on the theory of (Ellis 1977). The scale is of (36) items in its initial form. The statistical characteristics of the scale were extracted and confirming the stability of the scale in the two ways Alpha-Cronbach has reaching (0.981) and the method of half fragmentation reaching (0.85). So, that the scale in its final form consists of (32) items, and a sample of the research community was selected about (150 coach) of sports trainers in the Ministry of Youth and Sports / Department of Governments and Governmental Affairs. The researchers applied the measure in its final form and the results of the research concluded that the sample has a high level of anger and in light of these results the researchers made a set of recommendations and suggestions.

The idea of fencing cities has matured in various ancient civilizations, including the Mesopotamian and Nile Valley civilizations, as well as the Greek (Greek) and Roman civilizations, as the need was necessary to protect civil life and the achievements of its development, in the face of the multiple and varied risks that threaten it, whether natural or human, especially during times of war hard and harsh. The Arabs knew the walls before Islam and their importance, albeit with narrow limits, and then they took care of them throughout the Islamic ages until the Abbasid era, which witnessed the construction of many cities. The research section has two sections, the first dealt with the issue of building walls in ancient civilizations, while the second section deals with the city walls in Islamic civilization.

This research aims to study the relationship of the negation style with (not) to the semantic domains that are used to express them in the Holy Qur’an in Suras (Al-Baqarah, Al-Imran, An-Nisa, and Al-Ma’idah).

This research deals with (Diseases and Epidemics and their Treatment Methods in the Book of the Great Legal Rulings by Ibn Al-Kharrat Al-Ishbiliyah (581 AH/1185 AD). The study consists of an introduction and three main fields. Each one is concerned with a specific aspect of the study.
The first one focuses on the scientific biography of Ibn Kharrat Al-Ishbili, while the second deals with the research method, and the third sheds light on diseases and epidemics and the important way that used to treat them.
Finally, the study ends with a conclusion and a list of sources and references.

The current research aims to identify the fragile self-esteem of university students. The study sample consisted of (500) male and female students from the University of Diyala, who had been chosen by the random stratified method with a proportional distribution. To achieve the objectives of the research, a fragile self-esteem scale has been built, which consists of (30) items. The face validity and construct validity of the scale have been verified. The reliability of the scale has been verified by two re-testing methods, and the reliability coefficient was (0.86), and the tool’s reliability coefficient reached based on Alpha Cronbach’s method (0.83). All the following statistical means (one-sample t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient, z-test, and Cronbach coefficient) have been used through this research.
The current research reached the following results:
There is no fragile self-esteem among university students.

Nouns of verbs are short vocabulary that indicate the meanings of their verbs that are estimated from their meanings and increase in terms of conjugation with time. Actions ; Such as the connection with the nominative pronouns or the feminine ta’ and others, and they do not include factors that affect them, such as the nominative, accusative and affirmative as in the present tense. The nouns of the verbs are all built up because they are similar to the working letters in that they are working and not working. In this research, I collected a number of the names of verbs transmitted in dictionaries and books of linguists and grammarians, and then I summarized, explained and clarified them.

The current study aims to identify the effect of the flexible groups strategy on achievement and the development of critical thinking among scientific- branch of fourth-grade students in Arabic grammar. The researcher adopted the steps of the experimental approach and used a partially controlled design for two groups, namely experimental and control groups, with a pre- and post-test. The sample has been chosen intentionally. However, the groups have been selected randomly by (32) students in the experimental group and (33) in the control group. To achieve the goal of the study, the researcher prepared the study’s requirements and means by determining the scientific material, identifying the behavioral goals according to Bloom’s classification of the cognitive domain, as well as preparing the teaching plans for the experimental group according to flexible groups strategy and teaching plans for the control group.
The researcher prepared the achievement test, which consists of ((40)) items of the multiple choice type , and the critical thinking test consisting of (45) items according to the skills identified by Watson - and Glaser for critical thinking. After applying the experiment and using the specific statistical means, it was found that there was a statistically significant difference at the level (0.05) between the average of the two groups and in favor of the experimental group, in which the students who studied the material according to the flexible groups strategy and the development of critical thinking.

Psychological reception is based on penetration into psychological depths. Because the human soul, at a certain moment, expresses its potential in an unconscious way, and such unconscious expression is dynamically linked to penetration into the depths of the creative soul in particular; To reveal the emotions within it that may be the first basis in forming the mechanism of receiving when the researcher. Psychological reception is based on the interaction between the text and the reader, with the creator’s psyche unconsciously revealed by various techniques, including: repetition, for example, deep language, the void generated by something absent that creates a gap between the text and the reader.

The current research aims to spot light on the most important social, economic and cultural characteristics of the residents of the accommodation units bypassing the city of Bani Saad, and also to study the nature of these characteristics and its impact on the emergence of such abuses. The study depends on the analysis of social, economic and cultural characteristics in order to find the appropriate solution to this problem or reduce its effects according to the procedures followed to reach the final solution
In fact, most families live in Bani Saad district below the poverty line due to their association with seasonal jobs that do not have a fixed income, in addition to the constant migration to this area which forced people to establish a new accommodation, knowing that most of the immigrants have low incomes that do not help to buy or even to rent a house due to the high prices in this district. Therefore, the human aspect must be given great importance when searching for a solution to this random phenomenon that exists among low-income people, Through the development of future government programs for the purpose of housing families who are unable to bear any financial expenses by owning them free housing in addition to creating job opportunities for young people of both sexes (males, females) in order to improve the economic capabilities of most families throughout the city of Bani Saad.

The Islamic nation was distinguished by its great history in all scientific fields, especially the valuable efforts made by scientists that contributed to the establishment of this distinguished and great history, and the manuscripts that were found are considered among the most important works of that period because it documented the history of the Islamic nation since the appearance of the Prophet Mohammad, may God bless upon him, until the present time.
In fact, this study focused on what was found from previous historical narratives by the efforts of the early historians who started their manuscripts, especially with regard to the fragrant Prophetic biography and its important historical events. Later, the narrators relied directly in transmitting information on those narrations that reached them through these people who transmitted the news with their chains of transmission from their sheikhs to those narrators until it was written down in their books, and then it reached us, and among them was (Issa bin Younis Al-Subaie) who considered one of the important scientists and worthy of being the subject of a study, as this research focused on his personal life and his most important achievement.
The research consists of an introduction and two chapters, the first dealt with (Issa bin Younis' Personal Life) and the second focused on (His Journey in seeking knowledge with Examples of His Sheikhs and His Students) and then end with a summary dealing with the most important results that were found in this historical research.

The opera was a significant musical model as the social and internal life in Europe had been elucidated its performances and musical types and even through the presented stories, which the artist considered as a means of reaction towards the rulers and the influential people. It also showed the enthusiasm of some peoples towards taking care of their people's culture, such as Italy, the origin country the opera, and reflected the wide fame of its artists in Europe and how their movements between European countries conveyed Italian art in a real way to France, Germany and England. This research dealt with the topics of the experimental beginnings of opera art, the musical transformation occurred in this art, and the way with which it spread outside Italy. In the conclusion, the researcher summed up the most important facts that the research reached.

The research aims to identify the influential personality of university students. And to identify the differences in the influential personality of university students according to the gender variable (males - females). To achieve the research objectives, the influential personality scale was built according to Martins theory (Martins, 2019). After he followed the scientific steps in constructing it and verifying its validity and stability, the scale was applied to a sample of (200) male and female students chosen by the stratified random method with a proportional distribution. The study data were processed statistically by using one-sample t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient, z-test and alpha-Cronbach coefficient. The results revealed that the research sample has an influential personality compared to the theoretical average of the scale. There are no statistically significant differences according to the gender variables (males, females), and the current research came out with a number of recommendations and suggestions.

Baqubah - Mandali Road is one of the main important roads not only at the level of Diyala province, but also at the level of Iraq, due to the location of the distinguished position which reached to the Mandali border port with the Islamic Republic of Iran.
This road led to the creation of the density of the volume of transport on the road, especially the movement of large-carrying vehicles (trucks), as this is the consequence of the disastrous accidents occurrence. Given to its importance, it has been studied in this research by analyzing the traffic accidents that occurred on the Baquba-Mandali road for the period from (2010-2019), according to their number and number of deaths and injuries, and then their distribution according to sections. The road has been divided by the researcher, and it found through the data obtained from the Traffic Directorate at Diyala province , that the total traffic accidents occurring on the road during that examined period amounted to (284) traffic accidents, (98) deaths, and (674) cases of injury, and the year 2018 was the highest year in the accidents on the road, with (48) accidents, (20) deaths, and (125) injuries, while 2015 came as the lowest year in terms of accidents on the road, with (19) traffic accidents , (5) deaths, and (35) injuries

Praise be to God, Lord of the Worlds, and prayers and peace be upon the one who was sent as a mercy to the worlds, and upon his companions and followers, and those who followed his trail to the Day of Judgment.
We dealt in our tagged study entitled (Negative Phenomena in Andalusian Society from Ibn Sahel Al-Andalusi’s book “The Media in the Calamities of Judgments” by Ibn Sahl Al-Andalusi (486 A.H. - 1093 A.D.)) and it is one of the rare studies that left a bad impact on the souls of Andalusian society. It was in the period of the kings of the sects, and the study was divided into an introduction and a preface that explains the definition of catastrophes, linguistically and idiomatically, and two sections. Conclusion and a list of sources and references

Education is one of the important sectors that has affected and continues to affect any society, especially the Iraqi society, especially the Diyala society, which was somewhat advanced in terms of scientific and cultural aspects due to its proximity to Baghdad. The Ottomans took control of Iraq in general and Diyala in particular, as educational conditions were almost non-existent, because the schools in Baqubah, Khalis and Mandali did not meet the citizens’ need to educate their children, so mosques, mosques, and kotatayeb were the ones that were relied upon in educating their children.
This research came to study the importance of education in Diyala (Khorasan) at that time during an important era that preceded the First World War (1914-1918), which brought about several variables on the local scene of Diyala (Khorasan District). Diyala. The research dealt with the study of the educational situation in Diyala (Khorasan) at the end of the Ottoman era (1908-1917), which is the period during which Diyala was affiliated to the Wilayat of Baghdad, as the Ottoman authorities did not pay enough attention to education in Diyala, and did not leave the reform movement that took place in the Ottoman Empire. In the second half of the nineteenth century, clear effects on education in Iraq in general and Diyala in particular, except during the reign of Governor Midhat Pasha (1869-1872). They were not at the required level, the percentage of educated people did not exceed half of the population in the district, and the schools continued to operate, and their curricula were simple, and education was conducted in the Turkish language. In addition, some Iraqis were afraid of these reforms, because they believed that they would lead to the strengthening of The Ottoman authority over them, and therefore education did not see sufficient attention until after the era of conditionality 1908. Diyala witnessed the opening of a number of schools in Baquba, Mandali, Al-Khalis, Shahrban, and Khanaqin.
The nature of the research necessitated dividing it into three sections preceded by an introduction and followed by a conclusion. The first topic dealt with education in Diyala 1869-1908, and the second topic was devoted to examining the reality of education in Diyala 1908-1914. As for the third topic, it touched on the most important educational curricula in Diyala, and the conclusion was devoted to the most important conclusions obtained by the research. The research required a reference to some unpublished documents that we obtained from the Ottoman archives of the Turkish Prime Minister’s Office in Istanbul (Basbakanlik Osmanli Arsivi), in addition to the published Ottoman documents or what is known as the salamis, especially the salnames of the province of Baghdad, which are annual reports issued by the Baghdad State Administration, and for letters The theses are of great importance and enriched the subject of the research with valuable information, as well as many sources related to the subject, foremost among which is the book of Jamil Musa Al-Najjar (Education in Iraq in the last Ottoman era 1869-1918). dispense with, including, for example, the newspaper, Sada Babel, and the magazine “Lughat al-Gharb”.

COVID-19 has impacted several parts of people's lives and has emerged in the majority of global countries, so we need to understand its causes, symptoms, prevention, and treatment. This inspired us to conduct a pragmatic analysis of medical speech during COVID-19.
The present study tackles some of the pragmatic aspects of medical guiding video clips of COVID-19 that were designed by the World Health Organization (WHO) Thus, the current work targets the following aims in the data under scrutiny: (1) looking at how medical discourse uses the five types of speech acts and their functions (Pragmatic acts) in medical discourse to comprehend how they contribute to meaning and the progress of the action; (2) analyzing the patterns of metaphors, the forms of their use, and the ways they are used, especially war metaphors, to understand their effect on the reality, social life, and development of the pandemic; (3) seeking a convincing and influential alternative to be used in media discourse instead of using the war metaphor;. In relation to the above-mentioned aims, the following hypotheses are set: (1) International organizations have a great role in coexisting with COVID-19. (2) There are ways to replace the war scenario with more positive cognitive frames; (3) The COVID-19 pandemic has been classified as suspicious information, owing to the extensive dissemination To achieve the aims of the study and verify its hypotheses, Two video clips from World Health Organization (WHO) were selected to analyse due to Mey's (2001) pragmatic act model .

References to disease, illness, sickness are recurrent in English; British and American, poetry due to living in epochs of anxiety that result in various types of physical and psychological diseases. Thus, in their different attempts to cope with such issue which directly affects people's way of living, way of thinking, and way of behaving, poets put their fingers on the problem of how to accepting, or not accepting the notion of being diseased. Some poets chose to commit suicide as a means of escape from being sick, whereas others preferred to accept their illness in all its consequences. Bearing this in mind, this paper aims to shed light on Jo Shapcott's special method of dealing with disease in her poetry, mainly, her "Mad Cow Poems." It is to find out a new perspective of accepting the notion of getting sick as a means of 'the new normal,' via finding creativity through and in illness

Recognizing that non-verbal communication is regularly considered as a crucial since it plays a major influence in human behavior more than a verbal message. Understanding the importance of nonverbal behaviour as one aspect of communication competence is necessary for effective communication. The meaning of a nonverbal message depends on its context, which is a recurring a vital subject in the communications discipline's study of nonverbal behaviour. In the current research, particular focus is placed on nonverbal communication in the classroom, with a particular emphasis on the nonverbal communication skills of pre-service teachers during their practicum period., in terms of body language , facial expression and eye contact. So, the current research aims at investigating Iraqi EFL pre-service teachers’ applications of nonverbal communication skills in practicum period as well as finding out the differences among the aspects of non-verbal communication skills, which are body language, facial expressions and eye contact. Two hypotheses have been verified as follows : Iraqi EFL pre-service teachers’ have deficiency of using non-verbal communication skills in practicum period. In addition, there are no statistically significant differences among the aspects of non-verbal communication skills in practicum period.
The sample is chosen from the department of English, morning studies, at College of Education for Humanities , University of Diyala ,for the academic year 2021-2022 . The sample includes 30 pre-service teachers, which is selected through using a proportionate stratified random sampling technique for the purpose of the research. A checklist form is constructed ; a 60 – items , to investigate Iraqi EFL pre-service teachers’ applications in non-verbal communication skills .The checklist is duly validated by experts to be used for collecting data. . More than one method has been used to calculate the instrument reliability coefficient. Data collected are analyzed using suitable statistical methods. The research results find out that EFL Iraqi pre-service teachers’ applications have deficiency in nonverbal communication skills in the classroom learning environment at the educational institutions. A number of recommendations are made in light of the findings.