Kufa Journal For Veterinary Medical Sciences

This study was conducted to isolate and diagnose species of mites that cause mange in sheep and investigate percentages of infestation in different regions of AL- Najaf Province and also the effects of age, sex of animals on the prevalence of the disease were studied .

The results of the microscopical examination of the skin scraping were revealed that 54 of the sheep were infested with mites with an overall percentage of infestation 7.17%.

In this study one genus of mange mites were recorded that parasitized sheep Psoroptes communis var ovis which found on back, shoulder, fat tail regions of animal body.

The prevalence of the infestation was highest in sheep older than two years (9.02%) and the lowest in sheep with age younger than two years (1.9%). The prevalence of mange mites in male sheep was 0.8% versus 8.2% in females. Statistically there were significant differences (P>0.05) according to the age and sex of animals and the differences in percentages of infestation were significant ( p< 0.05) according to different regions of study.

The gross pathological changes of the mange mites on the infested skin were the laceration of epidermis with a scar formation and the skin’s loss of flexibility, toughness with sclerosis, fissuring and dryness, and the highest regions of animal body infestation by Psoroptes were the back , shoulder and fat tail .

The aim of this work was to study the morphology of the ovaries of rabbit at last peroid pregnancy in order to understand the effect of pregnancy on the development of follicles. Twenty local breed pregnant does in estimated ages, five does prepared for every stage beginning from 22, 24, 26 and 30 days by which gestation occurred. Their ovaries were removed, fixed in 10% of formalin and routinely processed of histotechnique for histological studies. The observations of histological examination shown that the cortex was occupied with different types and various sizes of follicles, Corpora lutea were also observed in ovary at each stage of present study. These results show, and according statistical analyses of the numbers of primordial and primary follicles become decrease with progressive of pregnancy. The diameter of primary follicles can be different according to the average diameter of the oocyte. The results showed that decrease rate of secondary follicles formation through all pregnancy stages of present work compare with the rate of primary follicles. The ratio of follicles growth to atresia folliclea in pregnancy is lower than that of the female at cycle stages. The morphometerical result showed that the increase in rate of the tertiary follicles in last day of gestation.

The aims of the present study is to isolate the fungal species associated with ewe abortion and to examine the histopathological changes in the placenta associated with fungal isolates .In addition to study the genetic information of TNF alpha gene, intensity and score of TNF-alpha protein in aborted and normal placenta by PCR and IHC respectivly.

Frozen placental tissue and paraffin embedded tissue belong to aborted and normal groups were used for assessment of TNF alpha gene by studying the genetic information of TNF-alpha gene in aborted and normal placental sample by PCR .immmunohistochemical study was carried out to determine TNF protein in the placental sample. The same frozen placenta tissue samples were also used for DNA extraction to detect TNF alpha gene in the two groups.

A fragment of (238 bp ) of the TNF alpha gene was amplified by PCR using primers ,the sequence of sense and antisense primer for TNF alpha gene was:

GAA TAC CTG GAC TAT GCC GA,

CC TCA CTT CCC TAC ATC CCT (bp 238) Gene Bank: X56756.

The study showed that 10 fungal species were isolated from aborted placenta with high percentage of these isolates was recorded in March ,.The fungal isolates were variable according to region of sample collecting ,high percentage in the AL-Manathera(36%),followed by Al-Kuzweenia (34%) and Al-Shabaka(30%).

The fungal isolates include Coccidioides immitis (16%). Asperigllus.fumigitus (14%), Trichophyton, Rhodetella rubra, and Aspergillus.ochraus ,(10%) for each one . Candida kruzei,(8%). Aspergillus.flavus and Geotrichum ,6%) for each one . Prototheca..zopfi, Saccharomyces.cerevisia, Blast.capitatuss, Cryptococcus uniguttultus and Candida zeylanoides,(4%) for each one .

This study revealed the presence of ~238bp band in addition to the ~300 ,400 and 600 bp desired fragment in PCR products that related to aborted samples compared to normal one .,this may be due to polymorphism within the TNF gene itself.

We found a significant elevated TNF alpha protein in inflammatory cell (macrophage) of aborted sheep placenta (increasing of intensity and score), while no changes could be observed for pro-inflammatory molecules in the control sample (normal delivery)

The current study expressed correlation between polymorphisms in TNF- alpha gene ,immunohistochimistry and the fungal isolated species.

The histopathological examination showed acute suppurative placentitis, necrosis of chorion villi, congestion of blood vessels with fibrin deposition in the villus stroma and inter villus space, in addition to calcification in the villus stroma and sloughing and desquamation of cytotrophoblast .numerous yeast and spheriols were detected in the placental tissue by periodic acid Schiff reaction(PAS).

Objective :- The aims of the present study are to determine the toxicopathological and pathophysiological effects of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), with measurement residual quantity of CCl4 in liver tissue by (HSGC) method.

Methodology :- 40 Swiss strain white mice were used, average weigh about 30 –32 g , divided into three groups, the T1 and T2 group were administrated with (100 and 200 mg/kg/body weight CCl4 respectively , given via intraperitoneal injection two does weekly for 40 day). While the 3rd group served as control. Clinical signs were reported during the course of the study, then at day 40 post treatment , all animal were sacrificed, blood were collected at 20 and 40 days of treatment period for biochemical test and post mortem examination was done and any gross lesions were reported, liver section was taken for pathophysiological examination, also for measurement residual accumulated in tissue by Head-Space Gas Chromatographic analysis (HSGC) method.

Results :- All results showed that CCl4 caused significant increase of serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activity. Histopathological picture of liver, showed damage of liver parenchyma, disappear arrangements of hepatocyte, loss of hepatic cord, with congestion and dilatation of blood vessel also coagulative necrosis and apoptotic cells. Infiltration of inflammatory cells (macrophages &lymphocyte). Also high quantity from CCl4 was residual in hepatic tissue.

Conclusion :- The present study investigated that the CCl4 affected on the liver tissue, and causes histopathological lesion with elevation of liver enzymes specially ALT& AST , with accumulative effect in liver tissue after measurement by GC system. And the degree of influence depended on the concentration of the toxic dose .

Brucellosis is one of the common bacterial zoonosis in the worldwide caused by organisms belong to the genus Brucella, However, animal Brucellosis is a serious problem worldwide and is endemic globally and disease of sexually matured animals and commonly transmitted to other animals by direct or indirect contact with infected animals or discharges such as: aborted fetuses, placental membranes or fluids. Fifty samples from internal organ of aborted fetus and the same number of aborted placenta were collected from aborted ewes positive to Rose Bengal test. For isolation and identification of Brucella from placenta and stomach contents , the standard procedures (Alton et al., 1988) were followed. The isolates were further confirmed by molecular techniques. The results showed that Br.melitensis was isolated from all animals that expressed Rose Bengal and serum agglutination test positive .The agglutination with monospecific A and M antisera were performed and these test revealed that the bacterial isolates expressed three Biovar as following ,Biovar 1(M,50%),Biovar 2 (A,26%) and Biovar 3 (0,24%). The number of this Biovar were varied according to collect area of the samples, high percentage (44%) was seen in the ALmanitherh ,,followed by AL Shabeka (30%) and AL Kuzweenah (26%)

The results of PCR assay explained that 22 bacterial isolates showed a single amplified DNA product (44%) ,two bands at the level of 273 and 680 bp were seen in 8 isolates (16% ) and four bands at 273,680,750 and 850 bp were reported in 20 isolates(40%).

A case was a local breed queen 3 years old ,with history of parturition since 4 days and suffering from mild diarrhea with steatorrhea. The cat was examined clinically and the feces was examined by both direct and concentrated method. The clinical examination reveal that all vital sings were within normal values. There were no any trophozoites detected in both direct and flotation methods . despite , just one cyst was detected in direct smear there were numerous cysts were demonstrated in centrifugal flotation method by magnesium sulfate with 1.20 specific gravity.

Candida albicans one of the most fungi which isolated from clinical samples that cause many problems to humans, animals and birds. Candidiasis is an opportunistic endogenous mycosis in that perturbance of the microflora or other debilitation of the host. So, this study come to focused on genotyping and antifungal susceptibility profile to Candida albicans isolated from broilers.

Ten isolates of Candida albicans were obtained from crop of broilers, samples was collected from poultry diseases lab. in Najaf veterinary hospital of different cases of enteritis broilers. All isolates were identified morphologically and biochemically by Hicandida identification kit and genotyped according to 25s rDNA of transposable intron I region of chromosome R.

The results showed that all isolates belonged to the genotype A with amplification product (450 bp). Antifungal sensitivity profile by disc diffusion method showed no resistant to nystatin, ketoconazole and micanazole while three isolates (30%) showed resistant to fluconazole.

A study survey was carried out in Al-Najaf slaughterhouse to show the prevalence of hydatid cysts among the slaughtered animals during the period from 1/1/2011 to 30/12/2011, the slaughtered animals were local breeds ,both sexs ( male & femal) , different ages and from different region in Al-Najaf governorate. To detect the lesions of hydatid cysts we followed gross examination by naked eye and palpation with hands . The study sample include(47849 sheep, 30684 goats,18911 cattle ,).The morbidity of hydatidosis was 0.71 % (696 animal from 97444) among the whole slaughtered animals ,with a value of 1.07 % in cattle , 0.53 % in sheep , 0.77 % in goat . the highest infection rate in cattle, and goat was in spring (2.05 % ,1.24%) respectively . while in sheep was in summer (0.62%). The study also show that highest infection rate of cattle, sheep and goat with hydatidosis was in May (3.41 %, 1.32%, 1.86%) respectively . The morbidity of liver cyst was 8.331% ,as the follow (8.35% in cattle, 8.32% in sheep and 8.31% in goats) , while the lung cyst was 7.831% as the follow (7.658 % in cattle,7.528 % in sheep and 8.307 % in goats).

Clinical, and some biochemical parameters have been studied in local sheep and goat affected naturally with hypozincemia in Al-Najaf province, Iraq. The study was conducted on 25 local Iraqi sheep and 15 goat, the age of these animals were between 1-2 year old. Twenty clinical healthy sheep of the same ages were used as control. Affected sheep and goat showed signs of alopecia (36.36% , 27.27% ) abnormal skin (rough, thickened, wrinkled, cracked and dandruff ) (45.45% , 27.27% ), paleness of mucous membranes (63.63% , 36.36% ), loss of appetite (63.63% , 36.36% ), decreased growth rate (36.36% , 18.18% ), swelling of joints (18.18% , 9.09%) and pica (9.09% , 9.09% ) respectively. No significant difference has been detected in body temperature, whereas respiratory and heart rates were significantly increased in affected animals in comparison with control. The biochemical results revealed significant decrease in serum zinc and alkaline phosphatase level in diseased animals than in control one.

Writing a scientific articles or thesis or dissertations has vital role to impart the ideas of the researcher to interesting audience and to enhance scientific communication. Postgraduate students in the field of biology in Iraqi Universities must write and present a thesis or a dissertation as a partial fulfilment of the requirements to obtain their MSc or PhD degrees. Introduction chapter, in these thesis or dissertation, must be written clearly and aims to justify the significance of the research working and to link the work to other previous research. Introduction writing process is getting growing problem as it shows differed styles of writing not in compatible with standard guidelines. Hence, this article aimed to focus on the studying the context style of introduction chapter in biological thesis or dissertations. The study included analysis of 124 thesis and dissertations, and interviewing 114 postgraduate students to discuss the introduction writing process. Introduction writing context was analyzed and evaluated according to the standard guidelines for scientific writing. The interview focused on scientific background, knowledge and approaches of student to how to write introduction. The results revealed that students showed significant defect and very poor knowledge in introduction context writing. Deviation from standard guidelines was noticed in all thesis and dissertations introduction writing criteria. All students claimed that they hadn’t passed any syllabus concerning writing process, and their writing style depended on transferring or copying the styles of previous written thesis or dissertations even they were not correct. The study strongly recommends introducing specific syllabus for scientific research methods and scientific writing for postgraduate students before starting their thesis or dissertation writing.

This study was conducted to investigate the stability in experimentally induced resistance in sensitive Escherichia coli for comparison with clinical resistant strains of the same microorganism so the first step was collected of 14 strains of E.coli from different disease cases: diarrhea (children= 6, calve= 3, poultry= 1), UTI (urine= 2), mastitis (milk= 2). And identificated these strains by using biochemical tests.These strains were divided to sensitive and resistant strains to cefquinome (β-lactam antibacterial) according to the results of sensitivity test (Agar well diffusion method). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) by tube dilution method (TDM) was estimated to 8 selected strains (4 sensitive and 4 resistance) for comparison. The MIC values for sensitive strains were 0.007, 0.003, 0.017 and 0.005 µg/ml, for resistant strains were 372, 400, 42 and 25 µg /ml for cefquinome respectively. The second step was to induce resistance to sensitive strains in vitro by exposing the microorganisms to sub inhibitory concentration (1/4 MIC) of antibacterial for 14 passages through which the bacteria was reidentified by using a differential media to exclude any contamination.The new MIC values were 1.25, 0.8, 2.0 and 1.5 µg/ml for cefquinome respectively. The comparison method was employed to study the degree of stability of resistance in sensitive and resistant strains against this drug are in vivo by multiple injections (three times) of standard suspension test microorganisms in mice followed by reisolation and reidentification from liver. The mean of drop MIC value for sensitive strainswas 10.34 folds, and for resistant strains was increase in1.40folds for cefquinome, which represent statistically significant a drop in the values of MIC for sensitive strains but in the resistant strains not significant because a slight elevation in the values of MIC.

One hundred and thirty significant bacteriuria were detected. The study showed higher incidence of UTI in females (73.08%) than males (26.9%). The E. coli isolates which grown on culture of all the 130 urine samples with significant bacteriauria were 60 ( 46.2 %) . The isolates which were resistant to ampicillin and amoxicillin 53(88.3%) . The ability of E. coli isolates to AmpC production were tested; the results have revealed that 23 (43.4%) isolates produce AmpC β-lactamase. PCR amplification results have shown that eighteen E. coli isolates possess AmpC β- lactamase gene. The results in this study showed 8 (44.4%) had blaFOX gene and 7(38.9%) had blaCIT while 5(27.8%) of E. coli isolates had blaDHA and 9(50%) had blaEBC gene.

The study was aimed at determining the synergistic effect of crude ethanolic extract of AL-Najaf propolis (EENP) with antibiotic (Ampicilin and Gentamycin) against Salmonella typhi by the method of disc diffusion. Result revealed that EEP a good antibacterial activity against bacteria at different concentrations 100,50 mg/ml and the results of Apmicillin–propolis combination on the bacterial isolates were; synergistic to words Salmonella Typhi. Statistical analysis showed significant differences between effect of Apmicillin and Apmicillin –propolis combination on bacterial isolates ,there was no significant differences between gentamycin and gentamycin–propolis combination at level (P≤0.05). but there are additive effect on salmonella typhi.

The present study was done to investigate the protective effect parsley extract against liver ,kidney ,pancreas damage induced by sodium valoproate in rats,The protective effect of alcoholic parsley extract against toxicity induced by sodium valproate (SVP) in male rats was studied. These experiment was carried out along 7 weeks, twenty four male rats divided into three equal groups. Group (1) was kept as normal control (given vehicle), while rats of group (2) were given orally SVP in a dose of 500 mg/kg /day. While group (3) protected by parsley extract dose of 200 mg/kg /day and receive orally SVP in a dose of 500 mg/kg /day for 7 weeks at end of experiment animal were scarified and tissue of liver ,kidney and pancreas were isolated for study histopathological changes .

The histopathological changes of liver reveal mild degree of steatosis reflected by micro vacuoles of the cytoplasm , Loss of normal arraying of hepatocytes indicates mild degree of liver atrophy , central vein. Focal liver necrosis, the dead cells are replaced by leukocytic infiltration .The histopathological changes of kidney tissue treated with valproate reveal The proximal and the distal convoluted tubules show hydropic changes(small white vacules within the cytoplasma and The glomeruli show hypercellularity. More ever study reveal there is no histopathological changes could be detected in pancreas except there is interstitial edema in animal treated with valproic acid.

Conclusion: Petroselinum crispum(parsley) exhibited significant anti-hepatotoxic activities and protective activity on kidney damage induced by valoproic acid .

A present study was carried out to investigate the effects of Pomegranate Peel Powder (PPP) on the lipid profile and body weight gain ratio on hypercholestrolemic male rats. PPP was added to hypercholesterolemic diet by (10%, 15% and 20%) as dietary fiber supplement. Forty adult male albino rats were randomly divided into five groups (8/group). First group (A) kept as control negative, second group (B) control positive given hypercholesterolemic diet, while group (C, D and E) Given hypercholestrolemic diet plus (10%, 15% and 20%) of PPP respectively. Food consumption was recorded daily. Blood samples collected at the end of the experiment (28 days) for measuring the following parameters: serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, LDL and VLDL. At the end of the experiment animals were scarified to measuring the kidney to body weight ratio, liver to body weight ratio. Results indicated that all (B, C, D and E) groups showed significant (P<0.05) changes in all tested lipids profile comparing with group A. On the other hand, the groups (C, D and E) revealed significant (P<0.05) decrease in all tested lipids profile comparing with group B except HDL in group E. Furthermore, all (C, D and E) groups had significant (P<0.05) decrease in body weight gain ratio and food consumption when compared with group B. Moreover, kidney and liver weights to body weight ratio had highly significant (P<0.05) decrease for all (C, D and E) groups comparing with group B.

This experiment are accrued to study effect of addition of garlic powder and nigella sativa of biochemical and production characteristic in broiler chicken , the group experimental roundly divided in to three groups as following group one control the second and third give 4% garlic powder and nigella sativa respectively in day 25 to 45 of experiment.

The result show decreasing in significant concentration of mean of albumin , total protein and glucose in broiler that feed on ration contain garlic powder and nigella sativa in 4% in concentration of significant (p<0.05) and non significant changes in cholesterol concentration mean and heart weight , as well as nigella sativa group show significant decreases in live weight.

This experiment was shown decrease in feed conception in garlic group than black seeds group when compared with control group .

Study was conducted in the province of AL- Muthanna to investigate the parasite Eimeria that causes coccidia in sheep The study is the first study conducted in the province of AL- Muthanna, collected 180 samples from different areas in the province of AL- Muthanna included (AL-Samawa;AL- Rumaitha; research station and agricultural experiments and the massacre of AL-Samawah for the animals before slaughter) .
The results showed that the incidence of the overall study areas were (67.5%), the highest infection appeared in the AL-Warka (42.6%) and lowest in the research station and farm trials (11.11%), while the incidence in AL-Rumaitha (29.7%) and in AL-Samawah (16.7 %), the results showed during the months of the year that the highest proportion of infection was in the month of February(46.3%) and lower than in January (33.4%) and lower proportion of infection in March and December, respectively (12.97%), (7.4%). The results of the study and a significant effect for the lifetime of sheep on the incidence of the parasite at a level (P <0.05) as the highest infection rate at the age group (7 months and below) and by (66.67%) than it is in the age group (greater than 7 months) as it was (33.33%). The results also show there is no significant difference at the level of probability (P <0.05) between the incidence of males, which amounted to (48.16%) and females that were (48.14%), although there are differences calculation. The clinical signs represented in sheep infected with diarrhea chartreuse mixed blood ,smelly and sometimes contain clues mucosa, has appeared on the infected animal anorexia and general weakness also appeared on some dehydration, disarmament wool and roughness texture, and marked weight loss, but pathological changes were in intestine of infected sheep were congested with a white nodular lesions on the mucosal surface of the intestines were scattered on the mucous layer lining the ileal, and fasting and cecum.

The aims of this research was showed the effect of oxytocin injection after parturition on rate of retained placenta in dairy cows.

The research done in the biggest dairy cow station south - West of Baghdad which have cow with Friesian and Holsteincross breed.

Divided these research cows in two group , first group had 120 unipara cows and second group 150 multipara cows, the resultes was show before used the oxytocin hormone 54% and 63.3% normal partertion for first and second groups of cows with dystocia 46% and 36.7% , retained placenta rate was 26% and 20.7% of both group.

After used the hormon 50 I.U /i.m within 3 hours after parturition . the first group ( 111 ) unipara cows and 140 multipara cows, the normal parturition showed 56% and 64.5% with dystcoia 44% and 35.5% with retained planet rates 18% and 16.5% or both group.

The result A now No significant (P<0.05) different in the value between groups.

The study was conducted to detect the presence of bacterial and fungal contamination in imported semen straws used for Artificial Insemination (AI) in cows and antibiotic sensitivity test for those isolates. For this purpose, a total of 118 imported semen straws from local markets in Baghdad and some veterinarian clinics from December 2011 to February 2012 transported directly to the laboratories of Unit of Zoonotic Diseases (College of Veterinary Medicine / Baghdad University) frozen in liquid nitrogen (-196 ºC), the cultured on brain and heart broth and Sabouraud dextrose broth with routine biochemical tests, as well as antibiotic sensitivity test was done using 11 antibiotics. The results revealed isolation of Bacillus subtilis 34 isolates (28.81%), Staphylococcus aureus 27 (22.88%), and E. coli 13 (11.07%), also mixed infection was registered B. subtilis + S. aureus found in 9 straws (7.63%) and B. subtilis + E. coli in 3 straws (2.54%). The results of antibiotic sensitivity showed resistant strains of S. aureus against most antibiotics used, while B. subtilis and E. coli showed intermediate sensitivity to many antibiotics. In general, all isolates were sensitive to Azithromycin and Ceftriaxone. Fungal isolation showed Penicillium 16 isolates (13.65%), Aspergillus 7 isolates (5.93%), Alternaria 4 (3.39%), and Cladosporium only 2 isolates (1.69%). It could be concluded that there was a need to use a dose of Azithromycin to get rid of contamination and using of hygienic precautions in artificial insemination and using of disinfectants for sterilization of instruments and tools to avoid contamination.

A point prevalence study was conducted to determine the prevalence of Eimeria species in house reared chickens in Al- Muthanna province in western south of Iraq. 129 fecal and intestinal samples were collected. The total infection with Eimeria species was 21.7%. Highest infection rate was 28.5% with E. acervulina while lowest infection rate was 7.1% with E. brunetti and E.tenella. The highest prevalence rate was in months of November (52%) while lowest rate in February 3.3% and there was significant effect of months on proportion of positive samples at P<0.05.

Evaluation of the phytochemicals date palm leaves , .which have been shown the presence of many medical compound that are significant to the human health like tannins , alkaloids , trepenoids , carbohydrate , phenols, amino acids and flavonoids . So, the recent research activities are focused to assess natural sources date palm leaves antioxidants compounds .This is what explains the use of herbal drugs have gained importance in recent years which its efficacy and cost effectiveness few . Therefore, there is more growing trend in searching for antioxidants of natural origin.

This research was studied for the period between November 2012 – February 2013. which included compared the numbers and species of bacteria and fungi found in the air inside and around the slaughterhouse. The results of statistical analysis show significant differences between the numbers of bacterial colonies isolate of air between inside and around the slaughterhouse during the months of study especially during the first month of the study and during the second month for the fungal colonies with no significant differences between the numbers of colonies isolate of air inside and outside the slaughterhouse . Study proved that total numbers in the air was about 196 bacterial colony and 22 fungal colony for environment inside slaughterhouse and 266 bacterial colony and 43 fungal colony for environment around the slaughterhouse. The results showed that eight types of a bacteria was isolated : Staphylococcus aureus, formed highest appearance frequency (16.68% ) in both inside and around the slaughterhouse, E.coli (16.64% ), Streptococcus pyogenes (9.69%) , Bacillus subtilis(7.55%), Salmonella enterica (3.83%) , Enterococcus faecalis(15%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (14.09%) , Pseudomonas aeruginosa (16.34%), and isolated and diagnosed five types of fungi from the air around the slaughterhouse which are: Aspergillus flavus, Asper. niger, Mucor sp., Pencillium notatum, Pencillium sp., and four types of fungi inside slaughterhouse expect Asper. niger, and was the highest appearance and frequency of the fungi in the inside and around Pencillium notatum (26.25%). This evidence of air pollution, the bacteria and fungi, have an important role both in spreading of diseases for humans and animals by the contamination of meat and in addition that are handled within the slaughterhouse and therefore dangerous to the health of the consumer to that air polluted in and around the slaughterhouse.

The antifungal activity of aqueous and organic(acetone and methanol) leaf extracts of Anastatica hierochuntica was evaluated a gainst some common pathogenic fungi using the paper disc diffusion method .ALL the extracts were active against the test organisms with the methanol extracts showing the highest activity against candida albicans (28 mm zone of inhibition ), Cryptococcus neoformans(24 mm zone of inhibition ) ,fusarium oxysporum and penicillium digitatam ( 18 mm zone of inhibition ), followed by the acetone extracts against penicillium digitatam ( 16 mm zone of inhibition ), at 250 mg /ml . the aqueous extracts demonstrated the lowest activity (8 mm zone of inhibition ),against penicillium digitatam and (6 mm zone of in hibition) against Aspergillus niger at 250 mg /ml .preliminary phytochemical studies revealed that the leaves contained Hydrocarbonate, glocoberin ,Aminoacid ,glycoside ,Asteroids ,carbohydrate ,flavonoid (one structure: isovitexin and four structures flavonoloids, campferol ,Raminoglocozid ,Rutin ,Qurcetn ) ,Alkaloids, tannins.

The activity of the extracts was stable at high temperatures and at acidic PH ,but decreased at alkaline PH .the minimum Inhibitory concentration ( MIC) and the minimum fungicidal concentration ( MFC) of the extracts ranged between 12.5- 150 mg /ml .the plant contain chemicals substances that can be used in the formulation of very potent antifungal agents that can be used for the treatment of Mycotic infections.