journal mustansiriyah of sports science

Sports training is concerned with improving the various foundations and factors that have an active role in developing the sports level for various sports. One of these foundations is physical and skill preparation, which is the basic foundation for improving the various physical, skill and mechanical qualities of players, whether in team or individual games, which inevitably affects the level. Skillful, and muscular balance is one of the important things to consider when training. Muscles usually work in pairs, as the possibility of training a particular muscle or muscle group leads to muscle imbalance.An increase in the strength of the working muscles without a corresponding increase in the strength of the corresponding muscles exposes them to increased stress. Hence, the problem arose in preparing exercises for muscular balance according to electrical activity to develop physical capabilities and achieve high jumpers. The study aimed to find out the effect of muscular balance exercises on the research variables. The researcher chose (5) of High jump players for young people, the main experiment was applied to them, and the researcher concluded that the exercises contributed to a development in physical capabilities and the variable amplitude of electrical activity and achievement

Injuries to the posterior muscles are among the common injuries that affect many people, especially athletes whose movements are characterized by rapid running, as in football, which is a team sport whose movement paths are represented by speed, sudden stops, and changes of direction. The researcher noted the result of high effort in training without taking into account the distribution of effort over the course of Week well and continue training without taking into account the players who suffer from pain in the posterior muscles and thus lead to injury. The aim of the research is to prepare suggested rehabilitative exercises for those suffering from partial tear of the posterior muscles of the second degree for football players of first division clubs. The experimental approach was used with a pre- and post-test for one group and included a community. Research on (10) injured people who play football for Baghdad Governorate clubs, and the researcher reached the following conclusions, where there was a positive improvement and recovery from the second degree posterior muscle injury and a return to normal condition.

When choosing learners for table tennis sport, the trainers seek to be smart and accuracy in the performance of the skill and work during the training to develop it , The problem of research lies in the existence of a difference between learners in the type of intelligence in general and with the liquid intelligence in particular. There is a difference in the level of learners in the accuracy of performing the sending skill in table tennis. Therefore, the two researchers decided to conduct a study through which the relationship of liquid intelligence is recognized with the accuracy of the performance of the transmission skill in table tennis. The two researchers used the descriptive approach in the style of correlational relationships on a sample consisting of (30) students from the first stage in the Faculty of Administration and Economics (Al-Mustansiriya University). My test was applied (fluid intelligence - transmitter accuracy) On the research sample, and after conducting the required statistical treatments, a number of conclusions were reached, the most important of which was that liquid intelligence has a positive correlation with the accuracy of performing the transmission skill, that is, the more liquid intelligence, the greater the accuracy of the transmitter with table tennis in the research sample.

Sports training is an organized and purposeful educational process scientifically directed towards preparing athletes in stages Growth and development in various preparations (physically), skillfully, technically, tactically, mentally and psychologically. The importance of the study lies in the use of special training to develop speed endurance and an attempt to increase the effectiveness of training and raise the level of achievement in the 800 meters for men. Therefore, the two researchers decided to contribute to developing appropriate solutions that help in developing the training process and thus developing physical capabilities. Personality and digital achievement among advanced 800-meter runners. The study aimed to: Prepare special training according to race speed to develop speed endurance. Identify the effect of special training to develop speed endurance. Develop the achievement of 800 runner athletes. Meters for men. The study hypothesizes that there are statistically significant differences for the experimental and control groups in the post-tests of speed endurance training and 800m completion for men. The two researchers used the training curriculum in their current study to suit the nature of the research problem. The sample is the players of the national team in the Iraqi Athletics Federation men’s 800 meters event for the 2022-2023 season, numbering (12). Tests were conducted on them and the training curriculum was applied (8) weeks and carried out at a rate of (3) units per week, and the time to perform the exercises was (50-45) minutes. After conducting the pre- and post-tests, the data was presented, analyzed and discussed through the data processor using the SPSS statistical system. Through these results, the two researchers reached the conclusion that The training curriculum that was applied had a positive and effective impact on developing speed endurance, which was reflected in achievement. Hence the recommendations came to prepare training programs according to the level of the players, in proportion to the physical abilities as well as the type of sporting events, and to focus on developing the qualities of endurance and speed while playing.

To verify the existence of a relationship between the objective selection of middle school principals and organizational failure, the researcher used the descriptive approach using the method of correlational relationships on a sample of (50) teachers of physical education in schools in the center’s punishment, chosen in an intentional manner, and after adapting the two scales and distributing them to the research sample, collecting the data and treating them statistically, and then Presenting, analyzing and discussing the results, the researcher reached the most important conclusions, including: Administrative myopia and bureaucratic dysfunction lead to organizational failure, and as a result affect decision-making and performance control, which causes a state of lack of trust between the school administration and teachers, which affects learning. Trust, organizational experience, and multiple decision options lead to positive results, and losing them leads to failure. The researcher recommends that the responsibility of selecting school leaders is a difficult responsibility that falls on the educational leaders (in the Ministry of Education and the General Directorates of Education), and the necessity of conducting many tests and interviews for applicants for the position of school principal, through which he is appointed as a school leader.

The research activities and objectives focused on preparing a training program using the alternating intermittent training method, which is a combination of speed and strength and its effect on the level of concentration of ketones and 206-ribose acid for basketball players. The research community was selected from elite (Premier League) basketball players for the season (2022-2023). For the air defense applicants, who numbered (16 players), the researcher used the experimental method by designing two groups - control and experimental). The training curriculum period lasted (60) days, i.e. (8) weeks. After that, (CC 5) of blood was drawn from the upper arm area from the individuals. The research sample before and after implementing the training curriculum that was developed and applied. The researcher reached the conclusion that training using the intermittent training method, that is, a combination of speed and strength, led to an increase in the concentration of both ketones and Micro RNA-206 in basketball players.

The aim of the research is to Preparing special exercises using equipment to develop agility and coordination for preparatory school students, and in addition to knowing the effect of exercises by using equipment in developing (agility and coordination) for preparatory school, The researchers used the experimental method ,the experimental approach was designed by designing two equal groups with a pre-and post-test, and they represented the research public with preparatory school students for ( fifth grade), the research sample was randomly selected from the research community and their number was (20) they were divided into two groups in a random manner with an equal number (10) students for each group. the results showed that the special Exercises using tools have a positive effect in developing agility and neuromuscular coordination. Diversity in the specific exercises and progressive increasing the level of difficulty has a positive effect on developing agility and neuromuscular coordination. The researchers recommend the necessary of using special exercises by physical education teachers to develop agility and coordination. Also using equipment in exercises, with an emphasis on preparing special and diverse exercises that takes into account individual differences.

The objective of the research is to prepare the training of the intensity of competition (Insanity), and to recognize its impact on the development of some muscle strengths and attacking skills of the players of the National Center for the Sports Talent with Handball in Baghdad Governorate. The research curriculum is represented by the two-group experimental approach with tribal and remote tests. (14) Player of the National Center for Sports Talent with Handball Ages (15-17) years, divided into two equal groups, one experimental and the other control. The special trainings were prepared by the researchers, and carried out over a period of two months by (4) training modules per week, and the statistical bag SPSS was used to process the data.
The researchers concluded that exercises prepared by researchers have had a positive effect on improving some of the muscle strengths of the two research groups and Training prepared by researchers has had a positive impact on the development of attacking skills of handball players.
The researchers recommend that Adopt training (Insanity) in strength training and handball skills for players of sports talent centers with handball. Use of Insanity training in various games and events.

The current research aims to identify the effect of using two methods of guided and undirected discovery in learning some forms of basketball shooting among the research sample. To achieve this goal, the researcher adopted the experimental method, while the research community represents the students of the second stage / Al-Batoul Middle School for Girls / Al-Karkh Education Directorate. The third for the academic year 2023-2024, and the number of them is (282) female students distributed among (8) classes. Three classes were chosen by a simple random method (lottery). Then the researcher determined the research variables, which were represented by the forms of basketball shooting (shooting from standstill). (Jump shooting, peaceful shooting), and the researcher prepared an educational curriculum for the two experimental groups using the discovery method (directed, semi-directed), while the control group used the imperative method followed by the subject school. After obtaining the results, the researcher adopted the statistical program (SPSS), and concluded that Learning in the semi-directed discovery method is better than learning in the directed discovery method and the method followed (imperative) in learning some forms of basketball shooting, and she recommended applying the two types of discovery method (guided and semi-directed) as a scientific method in learning some forms of basketball shooting

The goal of the research is to prepare skill exercises and educational units in a flipped learning style to develop some attacking skills, and to know their impact on the development of students’ basketball skills. Here the research problem appeared as a result of the technological development taking place in developing skills, so the researchers worked on introducing methods that keep pace with this development, which is the choice of learning. The inverse of using complex exercises according to representative systems and working to employ them to develop some of the students’ attacking basketball skills, where the researchers used the experimental method to suit the nature of the research, and the sample was chosen intentionally, the students of the fourth stage of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences / Al-Mustansiriya University, who numbered (30 students) , and the researchers hypothesized that there is a statistical significance for the test results of the research groups in developing some attacking skills in basketball, and the researchers concluded that attacking exercises have a positive effect in developing skill abilities, and that the flipped learning strategy according to learning styles has a positive role, and it was found that the prepared educational units The researchers showed great effectiveness in developing the mental, physical and motor abilities and capabilities of the research sample through the results achieved by the research sample. The researchers recommended the use of attacking exercises for flipped learning to generalize and develop motor programs for basketball skills in colleges of physical education, and attention to offensive exercises because they help to develop various abilities for various sports skills and events.

Recreational culture for physical education teachers can be considered the key to success in the practical and theoretical aspects of the lesson vocabulary. The problem of the research lies in the lack of a clear understanding among some physical education teachers of the concept of recreational culture and its relationship to the level of morale, which has a clear impact on adaptation to the different circumstances they face. The research aims to Preparing a measure of recreational culture for physical education teachers and preparing a measure of morale for physical education teachers, as well as finding the correlation between recreational culture and morale among physical education teachers. The descriptive approach was used in the manner of correlational relationships. The research sample amounted to (45) teachers and constituted a percentage of (60 %) of the research community, and the SPSS statistical package was used. The tools used in this research included the use of two measures of recreational culture and morale. The most important findings of the study of the research are the necessity of holding introductory seminars that clarify the concepts of recreational culture and morale to be viewed and benefited from. Physical education teachers have paid attention to the concepts of recreational culture and morale for their role in increasing sports awareness among physical education teachers, conducting further studies and research related to the levels of morale among teachers in light of the relationship with other variables.

The study addressed the preparation of special exercises according to the traditional intensive and distributed learning method followed and its impact on improving the achievement of talented high jumpers and Baghdad clubs, as the study aimed to prepare special exercises according to the traditional intensive and distributed methods, and to identify their impact on improving the achievement of talented high jumpers, Baghdad club jumpers, and jumpers of the National Center for the Care of Sports Talent - Ministry of Youth and Sports. The objectives of the research were to prepare exercises according to the intensive and distributed learning methods. As for the research hypotheses, were there statistically significant differences between the results of the pre- and post-tests of the experimental and control research groups in teaching and improving the achievement of talented high jumpers and Baghdad club jumpers from the sample members. The research community was determined as the talented National Center for the Care of Sports Talent, Ministry of Youth and Sports and Baghdad club jumpers, numbering 14 jumpers, who were deliberately selected as the research community for the high jump activity. The implementation of the special exercises for the research took (8) weeks, with (2) educational units per week (Saturday and Tuesday). After the specified period, the test was repeated for the requirements of the study, as statistical treatments were carried out using the bag (spss) by adopting the two tests (T) for independent and interrelated samples. Conclusions showed that the first group with intensive exercise was superior to the second group that used the traditional distributed exercise followed in terms of teaching and improving achievement in high jump. Accordingly, the recommendations came in the necessity of adopting the exercises specific to the intensive method in teaching and improving achievement for talented high jumpers and Baghdad club jumpers.

He called on the countries of the world to pay unparalleled attention to the junior category in all aspects, considering that juniors are the broad base through which future champions in the game of football grow. He established special football schools for this category in which they receive theoretical lessons in the game of football, and all aspects that characterize the game have been invested in. The youth base expanded, which led to an increase in competitive sports levels as a result of the physical and skill preparation of the players. When developing training programs, the research problem was based on the researcher’s experience as an international player and former coach, and currently an analyst in the sports programs for the Iraqi national team’s matches. He noticed that there is a weakness in the level of compatibility capabilities, which affected Negatively affects the performance of the passing skills and the agility of the dribbling skill.
The study aimed to identify the effect of combinatorial abilities on the passing skills and agility of dribbling performance among the Iraqi junior football team aged 17 years. To achieve this, the study was conducted on a sample of 20 players for the junior team participating in the Asian qualifiers for the World Cup, and they were randomly distributed equally into two experimental and control groups. The experimental group underwent the exercises suggested by the researcher, while the control group underwent the program followed by the trainer, where the proposed exercises were applied for a period of (12) weeks at a rate of (3) training units per week, as the researcher used the experimental group to suit the nature of the study.
Before and after applying the exercises, tests were conducted on the two skill variables, passing skill and agility in dribbling performance, and the program used the statistical package (spss) to analyze the results.
After conducting the necessary statistical treatments, the study concluded that the proposed exercises had an impact on the skill of agility in rolling performance, with statistical significance between the pre- and post-measurements, and in favor of the post-measurement.
The results of the study also showed that there were statistically significant differences in the variables of passing skill and agility in dribbling performance between the experimental group, the control group, and the experimental group. The researcher recommended several recommendations, the most important of which are: using the proposed exercises in developing the passing skill and agility in dribbling performance in the various football clubs, schools, and academies in Iraq.

The research aims to know the effect of the format model and their retention of the educational material and the extent of students’ motivation to exert the maximum possible effort in learning skills. To achieve the goal of the research, the experiment was applied to two groups of students, control and experimental. The research sample included students in the fourth year of literary middle school, who numbered (12) students. In an intentional manner, due to the cooperation of teachers and students with the researcher, the tests recommended by specialized experts were used, and by calculating the arithmetic averages, the results showed that the arithmetic averages of the group that studied using the format model were higher than the averages of the group that studied in the usual way. Likewise, their retention of the educational material was higher, and the researcher reached conclusions, the most important of which is that the nature of the selected exercises is proportional to the capacity of the sample, which led to an increase in work motivation, and that the use of various exercises using the format model in the special preparation stage has a positive and effective impact in learning the skills of handling and scoring, and among the most important recommendations. What the researcher arrived at is to follow the appropriate model or method when choosing exercises for the educational unit, taking into account the ability and characteristics of the student and taking into account the principle of individuality in education. Conducting further research on this model in other classes and different subjects, which helps in learning the skills of handling and scoring in indoor football

The researchers adopted the descriptive approach. The research sample consisted of (12) Iraqi youth national team players. The researchers used the statistical package SPSS version (23), which includes the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, analysis of variance, and least significant difference (LSD). The research included measurements of wrist angles on the left and right sides during the chair rotation test. Significant differences appeared in most of the research variables, and the researchers recommend that some of these variables can be relied upon in the classification and formation of the team for young basketball players and not be limited to observation by the classifiers.

Introduction and the importance of research into the role of short anaerobic lactic phosphatogenic exercises using the critical speed index in the 400 m event cp37. Critical speed training works to mobilize and develop the physical capabilities and energy systems that dominate specialized events and increase the development in the level of functional conditioning balance using a new method in determining the times and timings of running. The specified distances are maintained in order to reach the target time through precise training resulting from the use of shorter distances and higher training intensity to develop the level of certain physical and functional capabilities. The problem of the research lies in the weakness and low level of the critical speed of the phosphoric and lactic phases within the concept of work The critical stage in the 400 race is the final stage of the race, which results from weakness and decreased ability Anaerobic Short Medium, Disabled CP37.
The research sample consisted of national team players in The effectiveness of running mp3400, and special physical and functional tests were identified in the research and a method was used Integrated training for two months during the special preparation period. Research tests were conducted and the results were achieved Good results in the level of functional and physical abilities And the critical speed rate for deaf runners. And he arrived The researchers reached the most important results:
• . Critical speed drills at work Phosphatic and lactic acid have a clear effect on the rate of speed and maximum speed endurance.
• Lactational ability training is more important and effective. m..c37 in Angan level running time

The study included five sections. The first section covered the introduction and the importance of research, where it is possible to rely on functional adaptations. It is considered the most important indicator and the first in Jump on the water, the fitness potential as well as knowing the level of training by measuring the functional indicators of the players so that the research problem is manifested in knowing the levels of the athletes and their training levels. There is no clear indication of the measurement of athletes' levels except through the level of adaptation of sports equipment to the athlete. It is known that the level of adaptation of the functional system reflects the level of training. This is achieved by the size and intensity of training for each swimmer. The most important results were obtained through the following functional tests (heart rate, physical efficiency Pwc170, maximum oxygen consumption, Vo2max, and hemoglobin Hb) Through the indicators of the tests mentioned, which confirmed the level of training programs in two types in addition to the requirements of exercise and privacy for each type of sporting events so that it can be considered to have been achieved research objective

The rapid global development in training methods has led to a development in the level of players’ abilities and the level of their skill performance. Therefore, we must keep pace with this development in level by developing the capabilities of our players for fast performance, high endurance, and accuracy in performance, even during effort. From this, the idea of research emerged into preparing anaerobic exercises to develop the player’s ability to play under high effort and maintain performance accuracy at the same time. The aim of the research is to: Prepare anaerobic exercises for handball players and find out the effect of these exercises on some of the complex offensive skills of handball players.The researcher used the experimental method with pre-post measurement for one group, and the research sample included 14 players aged 14-17 years.The researcher concluded that anaerobic training has a positive effect on the complex offensive skills of handball playersThe researcher recommends using aerobic exercises to develop players' complex offensive skills because they have a positive impact on improving the accuracy of performing these skills.

Psychological immunity is one of the important concepts that has emerged recently in positive psychology as a set of personality traits that make the individual able to bear the effects resulting from psychological pressures and psychological exhaustion and resist the resulting feelings, feelings and thoughts that make him safe from what they suffer from. Circumstances It is important to study the psychological immunity and its relationship to the level of performance of the referees in the Premier League in football, in order to be a step in achieving the development of referees and raising their levels in the future. The current research aimed to identify the level of psychological immunity and the level of performance in matches for the referees of the Iraqi Premier League in football for the season 2022-2023 The researcher used the descriptive approach in the manner of mutual relations and through the results, the researcher concluded that the football referees of the Iraqi Premier League for the season 2022-2023 are characterized by a high level of psychological immunity in matches. foot and for the purpose of standing on the extent of their psychological readiness.
Keywords: immunity, level of performance, premier league.

The rise of professional football in Iraq in recent years has led to the emergence of new dimensions. One of the most important aspects in football is player transfers, and the characteristics of professional players have attracted the attention of clubs and fans. This is evident daily through the interaction with what is new and innovative in various fields and specialties. Clubs are interested in other indicators when hiring coaches, selling or transferring players, including financial indicators, with price being the most important factor occupying the peak position in the marketing mix. Hence, the research problem arises as there is no general theoretical agreement on these indicators. Some studies focus on individual indicators, while others focus on collective and organizational indicators. The problem was highlighted by questioning the most important factors in pricing and evaluating football players in the Iraqi Premier League. The researchers used a descriptive approach and purposively selected the research community, represented by 235 professional players in the Iraqi league. They proposed (3) areas in the questionnaire for the characteristics of professional players, with (20) items distributed among the three areas. They relied on transfer contracts to determine the price and concluded that there is a direct impact of indicators (characteristics of professional players) on the price value of players, with human capital forming the highest causal relationship for the characteristics of professional players with the price value of players.

One of the most important aspects of the football business is the transfer of players, as the value of professional players in the Iraqi Premier League is an important topic that arouses the interest of many actors in the world of football, that the factors that determine the cost of transfer vary greatly between market segments and can be distinguished in different dimensions. Hence, the problem of research arises in that there is no general theoretical agreement on these indicators, so that some studies focused on individual indicators and others on collective and organizational indicators and the problem emerged through the question What is the relationship between pricing and evaluation of football players in the Iraqi Premier League with the internal factors of the Iraqi Premier League system? The researchers used the descriptive approach and the research community was chosen intentionally and was represented by the professional players in the Iraqi league, which numbered 235, and proposed (3) areas in the form for the characteristics of professional players, proposing (20) items distributed over the fields.tudy of Some Causal Relationships of Professional Players' Characteristics with ...

The importance of the research is evident in the relationship between kinesthetic perception and the skills of chest handling and dribbling in basketball, which raise the level of the players’ skill and mental abilities in order to obtain good results to raise the level. It requires the player to realize the sense of the distance of the tackle in areas near and far from an opponent and his absence, in addition to the sense of time and hate. Hence, the researcher saw the need to study the relationship between sensory-motor perception and the skills of striking and handling, the chest in basketball in order to contribute and raise the level of these abilities. The players have youth basketball, in Baghdad Governorate.
The research aims to identify the relationship between sensory-motor perception and the tapping and chest-handling skills among junior Rusafa first basketball players aged 16 years and under.
The researcher hypothesized that there is a statistically significant relationship between sensory-motor perception and the skills of striking and chest handling in basketball among the junior Rusafa first basketball players aged 16 years and under.
The researcher used the descriptive approach in the form of correlational relationships because it suits and explores the mutual relationships between these facts and variables. As for the research sample, it reached (15) players out of (20). The researcher excluded (5) players from the same research sample to conduct the exploratory experiment.
In light of the results obtained by the researcher through observation and recording and his use of appropriate statistical methods and methods, the researcher was able to reach the following conclusions:
1- Mental abilities play great importance in the accuracy of performing basic skills, especially the chest handling skill among junior basketball players.
2- Sensory-motor perception is of great importance in the chest handling skill of junior basketball players.
3- Sensory-motor perception plays a major role in the striking skill of junior basketball players.
In light of the conclusions the researcher reached, he recommends the following:
1- Directing coaches to conduct sensory-motor ability tests periodically to evaluate the level of players, which would help coaches develop their training curricula in a scientific and objective manner according to the different training stage.
2- Conducting similar studies on other sensory-motor skills and abilities that the researcher did not address.
3- Conduct similar studies on sensory-motor skills and abilities at the level of national teams and other age groups of basketball players.

The study aimed to Building a scale (management by wandering) for directors of youth and sports forums from the point of view of those working in them Identify the level of management by walking around the directors of youth and sports forums from the point of view of their employees. The current research population consisted of (217) workers in youth and sports forums in Salah al-Din Governorate, who were chosen intentionally. The construction sample included (152) workers in youth and sports forums in Salah al-Din Governorate, and they were chosen by a simple random method (lottery) with a ratio of (70.04). %) of the total research community. The researchers used statistical data through (arithmetic mean, standard deviation, percentage, t-test for two independent samples, Pearson's simple correlation coefficient, Cronbach's alpha coefficient, and the hypothesised mean equation).The researchers reached a number of conclusions that the directors of youth and sports forums in Salah al-Din Governorate have the ability to evaluate professionally and objectively their employees in an impartial manner through their field trips in the corridors of their forums and verify the accuracy of job performance data about them. Also the directors of youth and sports forums in Salah al-Din Governorate seek to develop the administrative and organizational model to achieve the principle of participation in opinion and decision-making in the environment of their forums. The researcher recommended that Encouraging directors of youth and sports forums in Salah al-Din Governorate to adopt the foundations and dimensions of itinerant management adopted in this study, which will contribute to the organizational prosperity of their forums.

Identifying life satisfaction among bodybuilding players of Al-Amana Club / Baghdad. Identifying the relationship between psychological needs and life satisfaction among bodybuilding players of Al-Amana Club / Baghdad. The researcher used the descriptive approach using the survey method, and the research community was identified with bodybuilding players, which numbered (60) players in several clubs. The experiment was applied to the research sample of (20) players for the Baghdad Municipality Club, and the percentage reached (33.333%) of the percentage of the research community. Players satisfy high psychological needs, which helps them continue playing the game. The conclusions were: Psychological satisfaction was achieved among the players by giving them the opportunity to practice sports comfortably and freely. Psychological satisfaction was characterized by the fact that it represents the sporting aspect, and there may be non-sporting aspects that are not satisfactory. The satisfaction that appeared among the members of the research sample became clear that they were satisfied with Life, and this is what the results of the research showed. Satisfaction with life was clear among the research sample because they lived with this game and it became their practical and professional life. The recommendations were: working to motivate the players and satisfying their psychological needs in order to continue this sport, working to support the sport of bodybuilding for its benefits. It has a great impact on the individuals who practice it because it works to change their internal personality and external appearance.

The aimed of study:
1- Building a scale (career guidance) for physical education teachers in Salah al-Din Governorate.
2. Identifying the level of career guidance among physical education teachers in Salah al-Din Governorate.
The current research population consisted of (353) physical education teachers in secondary schools in Salah al-Din Governorate for the academic year (2023-2024), as they were chosen in a deliberate manner, and the construction sample included (247) physical education teachers in Salah al-Din Governorate, and they were chosen randomly. The simple (lottery) method represented (70%) of the total research population, and (22) teachers were excluded because their forms were not included, representing (6.23%), so that the construction sample consisted of (225) teachers, distributed as follows:
(30) teachers represent the exploratory application sample and represent (49.8%) of the research community, and (195) teachers represent the construction sample and represent (55.24%) of the research community. The application sample included: (106) physical education teachers. In Salah al-Din Governorate, with a percentage of (30.02%) of the total research community.
The researchers used statistical data through (arithmetic mean, standard deviation, percentage, t-test for two independent samples, Pearson's simple correlation coefficient, Cronbach's alpha coefficient, and the hypothesised mean equation).
The researchers reached a number of conclusions, the most important of which are:
1- Secondary school principals in Salah al-Din Governorate have the ability to positively influence the behaviors of their teaching staff according to the capabilities they possess in career guidance.
2- There is a discrepancy in the level of readiness of secondary school principals in Salah al-Din Governorate to carry out their job duties, including follow-up and job guidance for the performance of physical education teachers and enhancing them through effective communication.
In light of the conclusions, the researchers reached a number of recommendations, the most important of which are:
1- Encouraging secondary school administrations to adopt the foundations and dimensions of career guidance used in this study to manage and lead their schools and their staff, especially physical education teachers, to develop their level of job performance and professional competence.
2- Adopting awareness, educational and development programs prepared by the critical friend supervisor of secondary school administrations to develop and enhance their level of career guidance to develop the effectiveness of the performance of physical and social education teachers.

The study aimed to Identify the effect of varied resistance training on some physical abilities and their development for young handball players,The research population consisted of players from the Sulaymaniyah Handball Club, youth category, totaling (18) players. As for the research sample, it was deliberately selected from the backcourt players, totaling (8) players representing (44.44%) of the club’s player population and (100%) of the backcourt player population,The researchers conducted the survey experiment on Sunday, June 11, 2023, at 4:00 p.m. in the sports activity hall in Kirkuk. The main experiment was conducted on Monday, June 19, 2023, at 2:00 p.m. in the sports hall of Sulaymaniyah Sports Club, ending at 2:30 p.m,The results were statistically analyzed using SPSS statistical package,The researchers reached several conclusions, the most important of which are,There is a positive effect of using varied resistances on the studied physical abilities,The greatest improvement in the studied physical abilities was in trunk strength and arm explosive strength, As for the main recommendations,Emphasize the use of resistances and plyometric training for handball players and other age groups, both male and female, Conduct similar studies that include other physical, kinetic, kinematic, and physiological variables to achieve better results and recommendations.

The study aimed to identify the contribution ratio of the elements of speed and agility in slalom dribbling tests in soccer, and then to modify these tests by adjusting the distances between the markers. The research sample consisted of (56) players. The researchers used the descriptive survey method due to its suitability for the nature of the research.
The following tests were used: the zigzag dribbling test, the 25-meter dribbling test between markers, the dribbling test between markers, as well as the 30-meter sprint test to measure speed, and the 7-meter zigzag run test to measure agility.
The data were processed using statistical methods (mean, standard deviation, skewness coefficient, regression, and the differences between correlation coefficients for a single sample).
The researchers concluded that in the zigzag dribbling tests where the element of speed contributed, the distance between the markers was (3) meters or more. In contrast, in the dribbling tests where the element of agility contributed, the distance between the markers was (2) meters or less.
The study recommended that the distance between the markers in zigzag dribbling tests in soccer should be (2.5) meters.