Al-Nahrain Journal for Engineering Sciences

Breast cancer is one of the greatest frequent tumours among females in Iraq. Medical ultrasound imaging has become a common modality for breast tumour imaging because of its ease of use, low cost, and safety. In the present study, Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) feature extraction approaches were used to classify breast ultrasound imaging. The CNN model used is composed of four-layer for breast cancer ultrasound image analysis. Two types of free datasets were used. These data were divided into groups A and B. Group A has three classes, namely benign, malignant and normal, while group B has two classes, namely, benign and malignant. The proposed technique was assessed based on its accuracy, precision, F1 score and recall. The model's classification accuracy for data A was 96%, whereas for data B was 100%.

Nowadays, robotic exoskeletons demonstrated great abilities to replace traditional rehabilitation processes for activating neural abilities performed by physiotherapists. The main aim of this review study is to determine a state-of-the-art robotic exoskeleton that can be used for the rehabilitation of the lower limb of people who have mobile disabilities as a result of stroke and musculoskeletal conditions. The study presented the anatomy of the lower limb and the biomechanics of human gait to explain the mechanism of the limb, which helps in constructing a robotic exoskeleton. A state-of-the-art review of more than 100 articles related to robotic exoskeletons and their constructions, functionality, and rehabilitation capabilities are accurately implemented. Moreover, the study included a review of upper limb rehabilitation that has been studied locally and successfully applied to patients who exhibited significant improvements. Results of recent studies herald an abundant future for robotic exoskeletons used in the rehabilitation of the lower extremity. Significant improvement in the mechanism and design, as well as the quality, were observed. Also, impressive results were obtained from the performance when used by patients. This study concludes that working and improving the robotic devices continuously in accordance with the cases are necessary to be treated with the best results and the lowest cost.

Reclaimed (recycled) asphalt pavement (RAP), the most recycled material worldwide, is the mostly reclaimed material utilized in hot mix asphalt. Polymer (Crumb rubber) incorporation frequently leads to enhanced durability and resistance to heat cracking and rutting, two forms of permanent deformation. It also relieves stiffness and minimizes fatigue damage. This study aims to gather all previous RAP-related research and crumb rubber CR, so that the impact of using these materials on mechanical, physical properties of asphalt pavement, environmental effect and cost effective are clarify and explained. The finding of this research proved that the use of RAP and CR provide considerable structural and financial enhancements to the construction.

This study aims to review flow-induced vibration one of the repercussions of vibrations is caused by fluid movement. In general, the investigation of the structure of the systems affects the efficiency of the components that construct those systems. This review examined the influence of generated vibrations and internal pressure on fluid transport pipes using theoretical calculations, practical tests, and numerical analysis to identify and test the dynamic behavior of static fluid transport pipes. The experimental study considered the natural frequencies caused by the fluid pressure effect under various stability situations. The flow of all liquids, such as oil, water, gas, air, and vapors, through the pipes, was tested, and the mathematical models were correctly adjusted. All empirical, theoretical, numerical, and analytical research agrees that several approaches exist to develop, modify, and improve these metrics. However, one factor affecting rheological measurements is vibration, which was addressed as needed in the middle of the 20th century due to major discoveries that damage could be rooted in vibration. Established on the determinations, they provided mathematical models paired with pressure and velocity measurements of moving fluids and the influence of produced or uninduced vibration. This study demonstrates that additional empirical investigations, particularly more detailed analytical methodologies, are urgently required to produce better findings.

The axial capacity and pile transference of loads under static loading have both been well reported, but further research is needed to understand the dynamic lateral responses. The pile load imposed during an earthquake may increase, but the soil’s ability to support it may fall as a side effect of the vibration leading to more settlement. The key objective of this work is to identify what led to the substantial lateral destruction of the piles during the seismic event due to the kinematic effects. These failures were related to discontinuities in the subsoil as a result of sudden changes in soil strength due to shaking. The kinematic stresses exerted in a single pipe pile constructed in two sand layers under two different situations (dry and saturated states) are investigated in this study using numerical modeling. The bending moments were higher in the saturated sand soil than in the dry one which may be attributed to liquefaction. Generally, the acceleration increased through the loose layer (from bottom to top), and then significantly settled within the dense layer. It could be shown that using this modeling, one can estimate how a pile foundation will behave under "kinematic" loading driven by earthquakes. Therefore, the design and installation of drilled aluminum or steel piles in sand soil could make use of these present observations.

A numerical study was performed of natural laminar convective heat transfer to its concentrated triangular enclosure around a horizontal circular cylinder. The air-filled enclosure kept the inner and outer cylinders at uniform temperatures. The Boussinesq density approximation to the momentum problem and the control volume approach iteratively resolved the governing equations to explain buoyancy. CFD results show that the velocity behavior increases by increasing Ra, so the stream lines becomes more sluggish and less uniform behavior and vortices gets less circulated pattern. The rotation angle α has significant effect on vortices, at 90o gives the higher range of velocity zones of free convection with higher range. The thermal boundary layer seems to be larger in rr=0.455 as compared with rr=0.345 and decreases by increasing α. The larger variation of isotherms and thermal boundary layer appears at lower α because the higher heat transfer rate occurs at higher α and becomes maximum at 90o. Eight correlations of average Nusselt number have been deduced as a function of Rayleigh number for the taken values of aspect ratio and enclosure angles of rotation and inclination.

The study aims to evaluate the current flood carrying capacity and its change after some cross sections developments for the 110 km reach of Tigris River and Kmait flood escape system. This reach extends from Ali Al-Gharbi station to Amarah Barrage station. The model is calibrated by using set of data at the Ali Al-Garbi gaging station, that includes flow varied between 790 to 470 m3/s during April 2019. Manning’s n coefficient value of (0.03) is selected as it has the minimum least-squares root difference of (0.148) between the measured and estimated water levels. The results show that the current capacity of Kmait flood escape and this Tigris River reach are 280 m3/s and 1100 m3/s, respectively. According to the study of strategic for water and land resources in Iraq, 2014, scenarios are conducted for some cross sections development to improve the capacity of the reach to 2750 m3/s. Results of applied development show that Tigris River can safely accommodate a flood wave of 2750 m3/s when modifying the cross-sections in different locations, and raising the banks level in three locations, 0+00, 79+00 and 95+00km. Earthworks volume of development of the reach is 247603200 million m³, with the total cost of 490 billion IQD.

Utilization of additives can be an effective way to improve the durability and performance of HMA, making them more resistant to Moisture and deformation. Plus, they can reduce the need for maintenance and repairs, saving you time and money in the long run. In this study, CKD was used in place of limestone as a filler in the asphalt mixture in proportions of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%, and polymer SBS 4%by weight of asphalt. According to the findings, replacement-content CKD had the highest asphalt content. When the CKD is between 25% and 50%, Stability, Flow, and Indirect Tensile Strength are improved, while the density of the asphalt mixture decreases and the amount of air voids increases at higher ratios. While SBS leads to an increase in the hardness of the adhesives. As a consequence, the stability of the SBS-containing mixes resulted in higher values than the control and additive-containing mixtures (CKD), as well as a decrease in the number of air voids. According to the results, CKD should not constitute more than half of the filler weight in the asphalt mixture.

The most important way for joining the non-welding aluminum alloy is Friction stir spot welding. Three parameters effect on efficiency of welding: tool shape, rotational speed, and plunged time, are chosen to study for welding 6061T6 aluminum alloy. Each of the above parameters has three variables as: pin shapes (square, cylinder, and hexagonal), plunged time (50, 70,100) sec and rotational speeds (710, 1120, 1800) rpm hybrid approach which is consist of the experiment run, neural network and social spider optimization is used to optimize the welding conditions by finding the maximum ultimate force. The best condition of the weldments is (square, 710rpm, 100sec) with maximum shear force 4740N. The best results obtained from hybrid optimization with experimental results; with discrepancy of 2%.