MUSTANSIRIA DENTAL JOURNAL

Background: The routine method of removing caries is nonselective, causing a detrimental biological consequence and triggering anxiety, fear, and pain for children. As a result, this study aims to compare three minimally invasive treatments by the evaluation of an anxiety level pain assessment. Materials and Methods: A controlled clinical trial was conducted on a total of 45 children aged 7-8 years who had primary molar and active caries lesions. The children were divided into three groups: the 38% e-SDF (Group S), the Brix3000 (Group B), and the CeraBur (Group C). The children were presented with a facial image scale to evaluate their level of anxiousness. Chi-square, Kruskal-Wallis, and post-hoc pairwise tests were used to analyze the data, and the statistical significance (p-value) was determined to be significant at p≤0.05. Result: This study revealed a variation in the child\'s anxiety level during caries removal. There is a significant difference in anxiety scores between the three treatment methods (P = 0.009). Post-hoc pairwise comparisons revealed a significant difference between the S and C groups (P = 0.002). Conclusion: Silver diamine fluoride was a simple, efficient, and least invasive method for treating dental caries and eliminating the need for local anesthesia.

Introduction: Dental crowding is a frequent feature of malocclusion, which is characterized by a reduction in the arch perimeter resulting in teeth displacement and rotation. The difficulty with cleaning crowded teeth leads to plaque accumulation and predisposes to the development of dental caries and periodontal disease.
Aims of study: To investigate any potential relationship between dental hygiene and crowded teeth.
Methodology: This is an analytical cross-sectional study. The investigation was conducted in the dental department at Dijlah University College with a total number of samples of 200 subjects: 50 male and 50 female participants with normal aligned teeth, in addition to 50 male and 50 female participants with crowded teeth who are between 18-24 years of age. The crowding status (moderate and severe) was assessed clinically to determine tooth alignment. While the oral hygiene condition was evaluated using the Oral Hygiene Index Simplified (OHI-S) index.
Results: Independent samples T-test was applied to evaluate the data. According to the results of the current study, the average OHI-S score for subjects with normally aligned teeth is 1.55 while individuals with a crowding status display an average OHI-S score of 1.748. The study\'s findings indicate that there is no significant correlation (p-value=0.315) between dental crowding and oral hygiene.
Conclusion: According to the results of this study, teeth irregularities and crowding had no effect on oral hygiene.

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of Zircos–E etching solution and sandblasting with Al2O 3particle on the roughness of zirconia ceramic.
Material and methods: 45 monolithic zirconia discs (Vita YZ HT) with measurements of 2 millimeters in height and 10 millimeters in diameter were produced. All samples were machined, sintered, and the surface of each disc was smoothed using 600, 800, and 1200 grit aluminum oxide paper. Three groups were created based on the surface treatment applied to the discs, group (A): no treatment (control), group (B): sandblasting, and group (C) Zircos-E solution. Using a profilometer, the zirconia\\'s surface roughness has been investigated for each group. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) has been utilized to analyse the morphological alterations of a specimen from every group. One-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD tests have been utilized to assess the data at the 5% significance level.
Results: The zirconia surface roughness value was significantly increased by sandblasting with 50µm AL2O3 (1.921 µm). The zirconia surface roughness value did not significantly change after chemical treatment with Zircos-E etching solution (0.910 µm), as compared to the control group (0.601 µm).
Conclusion: Acid etching has little impact on zirconia surface roughness, whereas zirconia surface roughness increases after AL2O3 sandblasting.

Vascular and neural components, including the lingual artery, the submental artery, and its anastomoses, in addition to mylohyoid nerve branches, all pass via the lingual foramina (LF), which are located on the lingual midline of the mandibular symphysis of the jaw. Numerous procedures, such as implantation, tori excision, and genioplasty, are performed in the anterior mandibular midline, where the LF is commonly present. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), a more current scanning modality, offers 3-D images with great spatial resolution, minimal irradiation dose, and precise assessments of the anterior mandible\'s bone structures on a variety of planes. Bleeding, tongue elevation, and edema of the mouth floor are common surgical complications of anterior mandibular implants. This review is designed to see if the anatomical variations of the LF can be properly evaluated for implant and surgery using CBCT. Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and the Iraq Virtual Library employ them for database searches. The identification of up to four LFs and a similarly low proportion of accessary LFs are notable.

Purpose: to assess the erosive effect of antibiotic suspensions on the enamel of primary anterior teeth by using surface microhardness and scanning electron microscopy examination.
Materials and method: The study utilized sixty anterior primary teeth. After preparation, the samples were divided into two groups, thirty samples each. The samples in group (1) were subjected to a suspension of amoxicillin. Samples in group (2) were subjected to the Cefixime suspension.
Results: Significant differences were seen in enamel microhardness among the tested groups after the antibiotic syrup cycle. An independent sample T test was conducted to demonstrate that there were no significant differences in surface microhardness readings among the tested groups at the baseline of the study. While after three weeks of exposure to the antibiotic syrup, all groups experienced a decrease in enamel microhardness; the highest value was for Cefixime followed by Amoxicillin.
Conclusion: Due to their acidity, antibiotics, which are frequently prescribed to youngsters, can erode primary enamel.

Aim: Different surface treatments were developed to enhance zirconia-resin cement bond strength. Conventional etching with hydrofluoric acid is not effective in enhancing bond strength, however, recent emerging acid etching formulations are thought to enhance zirconia-resin cement. The purpose of the current review is to clarify and summarize zirconia acid etching solutions that were tried to be used as a surface treatment, and to show its capability to enhance zirconia-resin cement bond strength.
Materials and methods: PubMed and Google Scholar were searched for studies that investigated (zirconia etching) and (shear bond strength), and (zirconia etching solution), 11 studies were found, 6 of which matched the study criteria and were included in this review.
Conclusion: highly corrosive acids in high temperature and concentrations could enhance the shear bond strength of zirconia to resin cement.

Introduction: The accurate assessment of skeletal maturation and residual growth is critically important in orthodontics, especially in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus growing subjects in which the available data on their growth are conflicting and are mainly derived from cross-sectional studies. Aim of the study: This study aimed to examine the association between the calcification stages of the second mandibular molar, the maturation of the middle finger phalanx, and the chronological age of the patients. Material and Methods: The sample consisted of 80 Iraqi subjects of Type1 Diabetic Mellitus (T1DM), 40 males and 40 females. For each subject, two per apical radiographic were used, one for the mandibular right second molar and the other for the middle phalanx of the middle finger (MP3). Demirjian method (1973) was assessed for the ossification of teeth, while Staging of the Middle phalanx of the third finger radiographs was done according to the Rajagopal and Kansal method. Result: The results showed no significant association between skeletal and dental maturity for both genders in T1DM growing subjects and a negative association can be seen between dental age and skeletal age in total, male and female T1DM subjects. Conclusion: mandibular second molar calcification stages of Demirgian\'s classification are unreliable as a skeletal maturity indicator in TIDM.

Background: Supernumerary teeth can appear anywhere in the oral cavity and are found in addition to standard primary and permanent teeth, both clinical and radiographic examinations usually lead to the diagnosis. Their definite etiology has not yet been completely understood. These teeth either erupt normally or remain impacted which may lead to many clinical complications. This study aimed to present clinical cases with supernumerary teeth including their management strategies.
Methods: Three clinical cases were considered in this study.
Case 1: 20 years aged healthy female complained of a hard mass in the nose with a rough texture clinical examination and radio-graphical examination showed a hard mass resembling a tooth was detected on the floor of the nose. The treatment was endoscopic removal of the ectopic tooth which was completely developed, under trans-oral general anesthesia.


Case 2: A male child with 9 years old complaining of missing multiple permanent teeth. The specialist observed that the patient had impacted upper laterals on both sides otherwise they weren\'t visible in the oral cavity. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) image showed un-erupted upper lateral incisors, The treatment consisted of surgical removal of supernumeraries under local anesthesia.
Case 3: A healthy 9-year-old male child with a new tooth erupted in the roof of his mouth. A computerized tomography CT scan with clinical examination showed a mesioden between upper centrals. Extraction of mesiodens with nearly 2 cm in length was done under local anesthesia.
Conclusion
Supernumerary teeth may present as single or multiple teeth on one side or both sides of the maxilla and mandible; the favorite site is the premaxilla. When they are identified and diagnosed, they should be managed to prevent future complications, either aesthetic and/or functional problems.

Objectives: Periodontitis is a complex disease, the reason of which remained unclear. Folic acid belongs to B complex vitamins. It is vital for the formation and division of new cells, as it serves as a crucial cofactor in DNA synthesis. Without the presence of folic acid, epithelial cells fail to divide correctly. Folic acid levels can be influenced by a number of factors, one of which is cigarette smoking. This study aimed to measure serum concentration of folic acid among patients with periodontitis associated to their smoking behaviors. Materials and Methods: The study included 75 subjects; divided in the following groups: group-I: 25 Smokers with periodontitis, group-II: 25 Non-smokers with periodontitis and group-III: 25 Non-smoker with healthy periodontium (control group). Clinical parameters were recorded including: Plaque Index(PLI), Gingival Index GI, Bleeding On Probing (BOP), Probing Pocket Depth(PPD) and Clinical Attachment Loss(CAL). Blood samples were taken and evaluated in the laboratory for folic acid levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ELISA technique. Results: Significantly low concentration of folic acid encountered in serum of smokers with periodontitis as compared to healthy non-smoker controls (P < 0.001). Additionally, smokers with periodontitis showed significantly higher PLI, PPD and CAL means than non-smokers with periodontitis
Conclusion: The results of the present study indicate that folic acid levels were decreased significantly in smokers with periodontitis. Smoking has a negative impact on folic acid level and periodontal health.

Abstract:
Aim: This study investigated the effect of applying rosmarinic acid (RA) as dentine surface pretreatment on the immediate microtensile bond strength (µTBS) after 24h of water storage and delayed µTBS after 5000 thermocycles using 1-step self-etch adhesive (1-SEa) on artificial caries affected dentine (ACAD).
Method: In this experimental in vitro study, the dentine surface of 40 premolars were exposed and subjected to a pH-cycling procedure for ACAD induction. Next, teeth were divided randomly into two groups (n=20 each): ROS-group that was treated with RA solution (100µM RA in 5% ethanol) for 5s then dried for 5s, and control untreated group. One sample was taken from each group for surface analysis with SEM. Following bonding and composite build up procedures, the specimens were sectioned into 1mm2 beams and subjected to microtensile test after 24h (immediate) or 5000 thermal cycles (delayed). The fractured beams were examined under stereomicroscope to determine failure type. Data were analysed with t-test of independent variables, significance level was set at 0.05.
Results: ROS-group showed a significant increase in the immediate µTBS compared to control (p=0.003), while the µTBS of both groups were decreased significantly following thermocycling (p<0.001), without any difference between them (p=0.1598).
Conclusion: Rosmarinic acid can enhance only the immediate bond strength of 1-SEa on ACAD.

Aim: The aim of this research is to evaluate and compare the cyclic fatigue fracture resistance of three different EdgeEndo file systems.
Method: A total of forty-five NiTi files of EdgeFile X7 (25 taper 6), EdgeX7 Utopia (25 taper 6), and EdgeOne Blaze Utopia (25 taper 8v) were used. Cyclic fatigue resistance was evaluated in a double-curved simulated artificial canal at 37℃ temperature. An endodontic motor (x Smart Plus; dentsply) was used. The motor rotated the files at 350 rpm speed until they fractured. Fracture length, time, and number of cycles to fracture were documented. Files examined under SEM to identify the topographic characteristics of the fractured file fragments. The statistical analysis of the results was done using the one-way ANOVA analysis of variance with Tukey HSD.
Results: EdgeOne Blaze has demonstrated a significantly greater NCF compared to both EdgeX7 Utopia and EdgeX7 (P < 0.05). Additionally, there was a significant difference in the NCF among EdgeX7 Utopia and EdgeX7 (P < 0.05).
Conclusion: Cyclic fatigue resistance significantly improved in the new NiTi files that have FireWire Blaze heat treatment.

Background: The material most frequently employed in the dental industry is polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA). Temporary dental restorations, including those for complex indications such as implants or large-span bridges, are manufactured using this material. However, its numerous limitations render it unsuitable for application in all situations. Consequently, individuals utilizing removable prostheses must be concerned regarding the potential for fracture. The purpose of this study: examined the effects of various particle sizes of 5% hydroxyapatite (which was prepared from ostrich eggshell powder) on the roughness and compressive strength of heat-cured acrylic resin. Materials and Methods: A total of 28 cylindrical samples composed of pink heat-treated acrylic resin were fabricated and subsequently categorized into four experimental groups; Group A (Control without any additive), Group B (Particle size 80µm), Group C (Particle size 70 µm), and Group D (Particles Size 50 µm). Each group consisted of seven samples categorized according to the varying sizes of hydroxyapatite particles. The test groups homogenously blended at a weight percentage of 5% of ostrich eggshell powder. Subsequently, an assessment was conducted to determine the collective compressive strength and surface roughness of this groups. Result: The results of the investigation showed significant variations in compressive strength for group B (107±3.742 MPA), group C (103.43±5.192 MPA), and group D (98.43±7.323 MPA) concerning the different sizes of hydroxyapatite particles compared to group A (74±4.163 MPA). While there was a significant increase in surface roughness for groups B (3.22±0.014), C (2.41±0.018), and D (2.36±0.077) compared to group A (1.451±0.073).

Conclusion: Varying the particle size of hydroxyapatite added to the thermosetting acrylic resin (80μm, 70μm, and 50μm) increases both the material's compressive strength and surface roughness.