Journal of Physical Education

It demands different response situations, such as speed in attack or speed in defense for all team members, speed in decision-making and control of the ball, and creating better opportunities to achieve a state of superiority and victory over the V.S team. The importance of research appears in providing quick response training (Q R T) in order to contribute to strengthening some Physical abilities such as strength, speed, agility, passing and scoring skills. As for the problem of the research, it is observed that some players cannot make a quick decision, so they look at the goal and take time to make the decision and respond, which may cause the attack to fail and lose possession due to the loss of the element of surprise and confusion of the defenders. The research aimed to identify the effect of quick response training (Q R T) on some physical abilities and skill performance among junior soccer players and specialized school players aged (14-16) years, and to use quick response training (Q R T) training on the experimental group. It was concluded that adopting training Quick Response (Q R T) works to develop some of the physical abilities of emerging soccer players, and it was recommended that training programs be designed to develop the speed of motor response and accuracy of scoring and passing.

This research aimed at detecting to morale level of disabled players as well as knowing the differences in degree of morale and influence of experience, educational achievement and age on it. The researcher used the descriptive method according to the case study method in addition to the morale scale prepared by the researcher after ensuring validity, reliability, and objectivity of this scale. The subjects were (25) players from Anbar Governorate teams who participated in tournaments for 2022-2023 season. The researcher concluded that level morale of the players was low, in addition that there was no effect of educational attainment, experience, and age on the level of morale. Finally, the researcher stressed the necessity to pay attention the humanitarian, social, as well as technical and administrative aspects of clubs and federations in addition to spreading familiarity, love and affection among players and encouraging team play.

The research aimed to examine decision-making among the administrative bodies of sports clubs participating in the Iraqi Premier League for the 2022-2023 football season. The researchers employed the descriptive (survey) method, which suits the nature of the study. The research population comprised 177 members of the administrative bodies of sports clubs involved in the Iraqi Premier League for the 2022-2023 season. A questionnaire was used to gather the necessary data to achieve the research objectives by applying a survey form designed to assess decision-making within the administrative bodies of these sports clubs. The main findings indicated that the decision-making practices of the administrative bodies of the Premier League football clubs were statistically significant, suggesting that these bodies possess the capacity for effective decision-making in addressing general issues. The effectiveness of decision-making among these administrative bodies, as measured by the scale, involved defining the problem, identifying and evaluating available alternatives, choosing the suitable alternative to solve the problem, and monitoring and evaluating the implementation of the decision, though they faced challenges in data and information collection.

This research aims to investigate the effects of S.S.G. exercises on motor and skill competencies in individuals aged 12 to 14 years. The playing style fulfills several objectives for coaches to enhance the proficiency of their players, particularly in age-specific categories. Motor abilities immediately influence skill capabilities, thereby conferring a significant advantage to the team. Age groups require emphasis since they constitute the essential foundation for elite teams and the extensive base for national teams. Consequently, they ought to be advanced to more rigorous and meticulously designed training to attain superior performance levels. The experimental approach employed a one-group design, with a sample including 15 players from the Baghdad Karkh Sports Talent Center for football. A collection of instruments was utilized, comprising goals of diverse heights and dimensions, ten regulation soccer balls, cones and markers, training platforms of varying elevations, a POLAR-TEAM intensity measuring device, and a protractor. The statistical software (SPSS) was utilized to compute the mean, median, standard deviation, skewness, and T-test for linked samples. The researchers determined that the motor and skill abilities of the study group improved at varying rates; nevertheless, the effectiveness regarding endurance and rolling speed was limited. The activities executed resulted in a more significant enhancement in skill capabilities relative to motor abilities. The implementation of applied exercises tailored for various age groups in training centers involves the design of diverse exercises, configurations, and environments, as well as the number of participants. Additionally, it focuses on developing more effective playing strategies and underscores the utilization of modern equipment to precisely calibrate training intensity standards, including the system. POLAR-TEAM.

The importance of research has emerged through training during the transitional period and maintaining a certain level of physical and functional capabilities, highlighting the correct planning, and including the transitional period in the annual coach\'s curriculum until football players reach advanced levels, through various exercises that are different from the main event practiced by the player, and with moderate intensity.
As for the research problem, it was focused on the fact that there is a lack of focus by the coaches on the transitional period because they believe that it is outside the training season. This is what drives the player and the coach to start from scratch at the beginning of each new football season, due to the clear decline in the level of physical and functional performance. Therefore, the researcher decided to study this problem and develop appropriate solutions to it through various training for the transitional period and its impact on maintaining the level of some physical and functional capabilities of the Iraqi Premier League players in football.

Football is one of the most important team sports, played by men and women, young and old, across all age groups. The physical development in this sport is attributed to athletic training and modern technology, which have greatly contributed to the advancement of sports in general. The competitive nature of football requires precise and rapid physical skills to achieve outstanding performance. Speed is a fundamental element in football, making the use of devices such as heart rate monitors and GPS tracking systems essential during training and matches.
The aim of this research is to enhance the performance of Al-Talaba Sports Club players in Baghdad by scientifically improving their speed. The significance of the study lies in creating competitive exercises based on scientific data using global tracking technologies to improve performance during training.
According to the research study, there is a physical weakness in the players\' speed, which makes the use of the GPS Playertek Plus tracking device necessary to develop their speed. The research contributes to data analysis, designing competitive exercises, and improving match performance. The study highlights that players\' speed development is significantly influenced by competitive drills that utilize GPS tracking device readings, emphasizing the importance of integrating this technology into sports training. GPS tracking devices help improve team speed both collectively and individually.

The aim of the research was to construct two specialized scales: one for measuring cognitive load and another for mental stress, and to identify their levels among young 110-meter hurdles athletes. Furthermore, the research aimed to design a psychological counselling program to mitigate the levels of cognitive load and mental stress among these athletes. The research hypotheses posited that there are statistically significant differences between the pre-test and post-test results of the experimental group in cognitive load measurement, and that there are statistically significant differences between the pre-test and post-test results of the experimental group in mental stress measurement. The experimental method was adopted, employing a one-group pre-test and post-test design. The sample included 8 young athletes specializing in the 110-meter hurdles, who were deliberately selected following a survey using the two scales, representing 42.105% of the target population. The total population comprised 19 young 110-meter hurdles athletes from the Al-Jaish Sports Club during the 2023/2024 sports season. Additionally, a similar population from other Baghdad sports clubs practicing the same discipline was utilized, comprising 5 athletes for the pilot study and 105 athletes for the scale construction sample. Two specialized scales were developed for this category of athletes, tailored to the specific requirements of the current research, through the adoption of several systematic steps. Subsequently, a psychological counselling program was designed to address and reduce both phenomena under investigation, using diagnostic measurement as a basis. The program was implemented as part of the research experiment, which commenced with the application of the two scales measuring the investigated phenomena during the pre-tests on Sunday, March 3, 2024. This was followed by the implementation of the psychological counselling program for 110-meter hurdles athletes, conducted weekly on Mondays from March 4, 2024, to April 10, 2024. The experiment concluded with the post-tests on Thursday, April 11, 2024. The data were analysed using the SPSS system, leading to the conclusions and applications that the cognitive load and mental stress scales are suitable for young 110-meter hurdles athletes. These scales demonstrated effectiveness for their intended purpose of measuring these two phenomena and meet the scientific standards and requirements necessary for the acceptance of scales in sports psychology. Furthermore, the practical applications of the psychological counselling program designed to reduce cognitive load and mental stress levels were found to be appropriate for young 110-meter hurdles athletes. It is essential to prioritize diagnostic psychological measurement and its applications for young 100-meter hurdles athletes to monitor their psychological state and address or mitigate psychological issues before they escalate. Moreover, it is crucial to consider the specific characteristics of the training and competitive environment of 100-meter hurdles athletes, as well as the specialized concepts of sports psychology, when designing appropriate psychological counselling programs for this category of youth.

The significance of the research emerged through the development of certain muscle groups (chest muscles and maximum strength) in the sport of bodybuilding, which requires intensive exercises using a device that controls the angles of muscle work. This device greatly contributes to creating a qualitative training breakthrough that aligns with the demands of bodybuilding by determining the movement path of the exercise to achieve the goal the researcher aims to explore in using the muscle angle control device. The focus is precisely on this in exercises to develop certain muscle groups (chest muscles and maximum strength) so that they harmonize with the development objective.
As for the research problem, there is fatigue or a drop in effort in specific parts during the exercise’s movement path. This involves performing traditional exercises that have been in practice for many years across all bodybuilding exercises. The transition in the amount of effort exerted on the muscle along the range of motion for the involved body parts is required to address the state of fatigue and reduced effort in those parts, which demands greater muscle pressure in each exercise according to the working muscles. The result of this is to generate an intensification of the effort exerted on the muscle. Since the researchers work in training and development by supervising the training of many athletes practicing this sport, it was found important to move towards designing an innovative device that demonstrates control of muscle work angles in executing exercises. This is something not currently available in the Iraqi, Arab, or global training environments specialized in bodybuilding.

The research aimed to prepare pivotal stability exercises with moving contraction for young basketball players, and to identify the effect of pivotal stability exercises with moving contraction on the electrical activity of the rectus femoris muscles of basketball players, and to identify the effect of pivotal stability exercises with moving contraction on the accuracy of shooting skill from a fixed position with a basketball. The boundaries of the research community were represented by young basketball players at Al-Karkh Sports Club, whose total number is (14) players, who are continuing their training for the sports season (2023/2024). The research sample was deliberately selected from them using the comprehensive enumeration method at a rate of (100%) of their original community. After determining the measurement tools, (24) training units were prepared for pivotal stability exercises with moving contraction, as they were applied over a period of (8) weeks at a rate of (3) training units per week, and the experiment was conducted during the special preparation period for the sports season (2023/2024), as the experiment began by applying the pre-tests on Sunday corresponding to the date (12/3/2023), and then applying these exercises to the experimental group players for the period from Monday corresponding to the date (12/4/2024) until Wednesday corresponding to the date (1/24/2024), and completing this experiment by applying the post-tests on Thursday corresponding to the date (1/25/2024), and the results were processed using the (SPSS) system to be the conclusions and recommendations that preparing the pivotal stability exercises with the moving contraction and applying them is suitable for young basketball players, and that applying them helps improve the level of the electrical signal (EMG) by increasing the level of the peak and decreasing the area, and helps improve the level of shooting accuracy from a fixed basketball for young basketball players, and it is necessary when preparing pivotal stability exercises with the moving contraction when training shooting accuracy from a fixed basketball to adopt the principle of experimentation in that the point of influence is on the leg muscles to increase the level of neuromuscular control for the stability of muscle contraction in the two thigh muscles, and it is necessary to take into account not to exaggerate in increasing the allocated time For core stability exercises in the main part of the training unit, take into account the balance of training with the other muscles of the body.

The aim of the research to identify the details of the reality of the organizational environment for educational supervisors from the point of view of physical education teachers in Baghdad, and the two researchers relied on the descriptive approach on a sample chosen randomly from teachers and teachers of physical education who are continuing their time in their primary schools for the academic year (2023/2024), the total number ( 1730) individual, and they are distributed by (180) primary schools in the six education directorates in the capital, Baghdad, who are actually continuing the official working hours of the permanent owners and the number of those who number (1562) individuals, who were chosen for the survey Sam (0.694 %) of their origin society, as was chosen for the application sample (450) individuals included in the research in various schools of education directorates in the capital, Baghdad, and they represent (26.012 %) of their origin society, After the adoption of the organizational environment scale for educational supervisors, the main survey of the time period was conducted from Monday, corresponding to the date (4/8/2024) until Monday, corresponding to the date (6/4/2024), and results were addressed using the statistical bag system (SPSS) to be The conclusions and recommendations are that the educational education supervisors are an intermediate level of the organizational environment from the point of view of physical education teachers in Baghdad, and the point of view of physical education teachers in Baghdad has achieved an advanced level of the possession of educational physical education supervisors to justice the recommendation of the reward that raises the level of the organizational environment phenomenon, Raising the level of the organizational environment for educational education education supervisors needs to pay attention to organizational standards from the point of view of physical education teachers in Baghdad, and it is necessary to work to raise the organizational environment for educational education education supervisors because of its role in raising the level of change management they have to better levels, It is necessary to work to raise the level of organizational standards for educational education supervisors, because of the importance of raising the level of the organizational environment for them, and it is necessary to find ways to build direct cooperation seminars between the six directorates of education in the capital, Baghdad, with academics specialized in sports administration directly, to provide them with what It is new to raise the level of the organizational environment and the management of change for educational education supervisors

The research aimed to prepare a psychological counseling program for the coaches of the Sports Care Center in the gymnasium, and to learn about the impact of the psychological counseling program in reducing irrational ideas and causal attribution of the coaches of the Sports Talent Care Center in the gymnasium, to assume that there are statistically significant differences between the results of the tribal and posttests of the research group Experimental in the scale of irrational ideas, and there are statistically significant differences between the results of the tribal and posttests of the experimental research group in the scale of the causal attribution scale, The experimental approach was adopted by designing one experimental group, and the current research problem population was represented by coaches of various categories at the National Center for Nurturing Sports Talent in Gymnastics in Baghdad, a total of (18) coaches for the adult (2023/2024) sports season. The main research sample for application was chosen from them intentionally using a survey method. The number of the procedural research group, whose arithmetic mean exceeded the hypothesized mean for the scales of irrational thoughts and causal attribution, reached (12) trainers to represent the experimental research group with a percentage of (66.667%) of their community of origin. The research procedures for building the two measurement tools of the paper-and-pencil type also required selecting a similar sample from outside the boundaries of the problem. The research procedures concerned them with verification of scientific conditions and statistical analysis, and (43) coaches from clubs in the capital, Baghdad, were chosen for them. And after the completion of the construction of the two scales, (7) counseling sessions were prepared and applied in the research experience on the experimental group coaches, and then tackled their results with a system (SPSS), and the conclusions were that the irrational ideas and the causal attribution of the coaches of the gym gynecology center enjoyed the conditions and scientific transactions to accept tools Sikomitry measurement in sports psychology, and the preparation of the psychological counseling program based on reducing the level of irrational ideas and causal attribution is suitable for the coaches of the Sports Talent Care Center in the gymnasium, and the psychological counseling program helps in reducing the level of irrational ideas and the causal attribution of the coaches of the Sports Care Center in the gymnasium, As for the research recommendations, it is necessary that it is necessary to pay attention to the gymnasium measurement according to the determinants of mathematical psychology to track the condition of the coaches of the Sports.

Workers in the field of educational sciences seek to advance the level of their students, and one of the most important of these sciences is sports sciences, which have their own methods and techniques in line with the levels of each age stage, which requires the subject teacher to be well versed in all modern teaching methods and techniques. The research aimed to prepare special exercises in accordance with the strategy of Wheatley in learning the skills of transmission and receiving volleyball for students of Najaf High School for the distinguished, as well as knowing the preference of using (Wheatley strategy or the approach followed) in the research variables as well as to choose the school team participating in the Najaf Education Championship, and the researchers used the experimental approach with two control and experimental groups with pre- and post-tests and conducted two tests (transmission from the bottom, receiving the transmitter) and the research sample was represented by the fifth preparatory grade school students for the academic year 2023-2024, which numbered 24 students from a community of origin numbering 72 students, as they were selected in a simple random way (lottery) and were divided into two control and experimental groups, and each group (12) students’ The statistical bag (SPSS) was used to extract the results, and after presenting and discussing the results, it was concluded that there is a positive impact of Wheatley's strategy in learning the skills of transmission and receiving volleyball between the pre-post-tests for both groups as well as between the control and experimental groups and for the benefit of the experimental group, and the researchers recommend the need to use the Wheatley strategy on other games, and pay attention to updating teaching methods and techniques in line with age groups.

The importance of research in analyzing the level of offensive skill performance for the high smash and serve skills according to a computer-based analysis program on professional players in the Iraqi Premier League in volleyball. Through the researcher’s follow-up of the matches of the Iraqi Premier League in volleyball, they found that the clubs that contracted with professional players there is a disparity in the level The skill performance of these professionals, especially the level of performance of some offensive skills. The objectives of the research were to analyze the level of skill performance of professional players for the serving skill and to analyze the level of skill performance of professional players for the spike hit skill according to the location of the spike hit on the court (1, 2, 4). The researcher used the (data) program. volley) to analyze the effectiveness of the offensive skill performance of professional players, which extracts an analysis of the level of skill performance for the serving and spiking skills. The conclusions of the research were There is a weakness in the level of performance of the serve skill of both types of ace and fluter among professional club players, and the level of performance of the ace skill from position (2) is better than the level of performance of the skill of ace from position (4). There is a discrepancy in the performance level of the skill of ace from position (1). ) between one match and another based on the level of performance of the competing team. The recommendations were training on accuracy, concentration and speed in hitting the ball on the ace and fluter to increase effectiveness and introduce fun and suspense into training types of serves as well as increasing motivation.

The aim of the research was to prepare a scale of obstacles to achieving quality performance, field application from the point of view of fourth-stage female students, to identifyOn the difficulties and obstacles to achieving quality performance through field application from the students’ point of view for the topic (school administrative procedures, learners, cognitive achievement, school tools).The researchers used the descriptive approach in the research procedures as it is an appropriate approach to achieve the research objectives.,The following questions were asked:There are obstacles and difficulties faced by female students during the process of choosing schools, dealing with school administrations, and the difficulties faced by female students during field application. Therefore, the importance of this study came in knowing the obstacles facing female students.The scale of obstacles to achieving quality performance consisted of 24 paragraphs, as it included four axes, each axis had 6 paragraphs. The first axis was school procedures, the second axis was learners, the third axis was students’ cognitive achievement, and the fourth axis was school tools. The number of fourth-stage female students reached 128 female students who graduated for the academic year 2022-2023. A proportional random research sample was chosen at a rate of 78.12% From 100 students.The researchers concluded that the scale of obstacles to achieving quality performance field application from the point of view of fourth-stage female students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Baghdad, the quality of field application depends entirely on school variables (school tools and procedures and knowledge of students and learners) and the researchers recommend that there be a scientific study regarding the quality of schools before field application, developing educational methods and approaches in colleges for implementers, having the sports lesson at the beginning of the school schedule, holding workshops with school principals to develop the field application process

The importance of the research here comes as an initial initiative that may represent in its results a basis for comparison between everything new and modern in the world of training and qualification and traditional methods in training operations, through knowing what is the possibility of applying the principles of total quality management in training and through the opinions and viewpoints of those in charge of the training process from administrators and trainers in the education directorates in different regions of Iraq, as they are the closest to the existing reality.
It is also worth noting that most researchers who have addressed the topic of total quality management and its applications have greatly enriched their research with the concept of total quality, but their studies and research that they conducted did not address the relationship of the training process to the concept of total quality management, especially with regard to training various teaching cadres and the specialization of physical education in particular. Accordingly, the researcher did not find (according to his knowledge) any studies that addressed this topic, which represents great importance in the success of the work of the educational institution. The problem of the research lies in the clear delay in the level of the process of qualifying and training physical education teachers through the qualifying courses held by the Educational Preparation and Training Department in the Ministry of Education and the importance of applying the comprehensive quality strategy and trying to employ it in the aforementioned training and qualification processes. The research aims to identify the degree of importance of applying the comprehensive quality management strategy in the process of training and qualifying physical education teachers . The research is limited to the directors and directorates of preparation and training and the governorates of central and southern Iraq, as well as a section of specialized professors and specialized supervisors who represent the training cadres accredited by these directorates and the governorates themselves and for the academic year (2023/2024). The research community consists of (9) directors of preparation and training in the Ministry of Education in the governorates of central and southern Iraq and (14) professors and specialists in the field of physical education and training programs, so that the research community became composed of (23) of the aforementioned categories . After that , the researcher designed the scale in a manner that is compatible with the research sample and used the scientific foundations and appropriate statistical methods that produced the scale in its final form with (27) paragraphs. The scale was applied to the research sample and the most important results of the study were: By coming up with a number of results, the most important of which was the application of modern training and educational techniques in teaching physical education, as well as the great support in various fields for trainees and trainers. The researcher also came up with a set of recommendations and proposals, the most important of which was the necessity of selecting competent and unique elements who have the ability and knowledge in modern teaching techniques according to the perspective of comprehensive quality as leaders. An administrative body based on the training process, as well as establishing and activating departments for comprehensive quality management in all training centers for training teachers and for various specializations within the Ministry of Education

The study aimed to prepare a set of qualifying exercises to improve the muscular strength of the muscles surrounding the ankle joint by applying different resistances according to the nature of the movement of this joint, which is one of the second moving joints (flexion, extension and rotation of the right and left) in order to increase the efficiency of all muscles working on this joint according to those movements and identification On the impact of these exercises and assume that there will be statistical differences between the two tests of the research sample. The researcher used the semi-articulated experimental method with a pre- and post-test for one group. The injury was evaluated on the women's national team players during the season (2021-2022), who numbered (18) players, aged (18-20) years, body masses ranging from (51.5-72.5) kg, and lengths ranging (1.61-1.71) meters With an average of (1.68) meters, and the number of the final sample members reached (6) players, representing (33.3%) of the original research community. The following (arithmetic mean, standard deviation, T.test for correlated samples). The results of the study showed an improvement in the kinematic stretches and the strength of the ankle muscles on the various axes of the movement of the foot. He added, however, that the level of development of the strength of the ankle muscles was greater than the level of development of the kinetic stretches. The researcher recommended the necessity of applying the exercises that were used in the research in the case of an ankle sprain for its effectiveness in improving the functional duty of the foot, and conducting similar research and studies for the rest of the games and on the ankle joint, and special exercises should be prepared for the ankle muscles to avoid injury in the future.

Lower neck pain is one of the problems facing all ages, especially the elderly, as it revolves around the causes of this pain from many diverse factors. The aim of the research is to use special intense exercise accompanied by intermittent electrical stimulation to get rid of lower neck pain among professors of the College of Science - University of Baghdad for ages. (40-60) years and to identify the extent of the effect. The research assumed the presence of statistically significant differences. The research sample represented professors at the University of Baghdad - College of Science who suffer from continuous pain for the period between (10/15/2023) and (1/15/) 2024) and their number is (5), The researchers used the experimental method, a single experimental group design with pre- and post-tests to suit the nature of the research problem. The SPSS program was also used to process the data statistically. According to the results collected, it was concluded that the special intense exercise accompanied by intermittent electrical stimulation contributed to getting rid of pain through... Reducing the degree of pain within a short period. The researchers recommended using these special exercises and intermittent stimulation as guidance to relieve pain in other similar cases.