Al-Nahrain Journal for Engineering Sciences

1

الاستدامة و النسيج الحضري التقليدي البيت البغدادي انموذجا

جاسم عبود الدباغ

Pages: 1-35 English

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اثر التشريعات البنائية على تدهور الهيئة العمرانية لشوارع بغداد التجارية

سعد خضير محمود الجميلي

Pages: 36-46 English

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Abstract

تحقيق عدة اهداف منها ما يتعلق بتنظيم مراكز
المدن وضواحيها وشوارعها وقطاعاتها، لتجنب
الفوضى والعشوائية في استعمالات الأرض،
والارتقاء بالمظهر العمراني والجمالي لتلك
المدن، من خلال تبني مجموعة من القوانين
والتشريعات التي تنظم علاقة المؤسسات المعنية
بإدارتها وبين أصحاب العقارات والمستثمرين
من جهة، وإضفاء الطابع الجمالي والمتعة
لمستخدميها من جهة اخرى .
أصبحت الشوارع التجارية ذات الاستخدام
المختلط في الوقت الحاضر، تشكل ألاماكن
العامة التي يلجا اليها الناس يوميا، لأغراض
التسوق والتسلية والمشي والجلوس والانتظار،
ويقتضي توفيرها اقصى ما يمكن من الخدمات ،
بعد ان كان مخطط لها ان تكون مخصصة
للحركة والانتقال من مكان الى اخر ، ولذلك
برزت الحاجة الى العناية والاهتمام بها
وصيانتها كونها تشكل ألاماكن المحببة
والمفضلة للناس.
ونتيجة لذلك تسعى الدول الى إصلاح مدنها
وتطويرها من خلال إعادة النظر بضوابط
البناء، استجابة الى حركة وحاجة الناس الى
شوارع امنة ومريحة ذات كثافات متوازنة،
وتوفير معايير الراحة والجمال والأمان والحماية
البيئية وسهولة الوصول اليها إضافة الى تحقيق
افضل استغلال لقيمة الارض.
تتركز مشكلة البحث في ندرة المعرفة حول
تردي الهيئة العمرانية للشوارع التجارية للمدن
العراقية ومنها مدينة بغداد والناتج عن اختلال
العلاقة بين نسبة ارتفاع المباني الى عرض
الشارع.
يركز البحث على تحليل بعض قوانين البناء
المحلية لمدينة بغداد وضواحيها التي أسهمت في
تردي الهيئة العمرانية لمعظم شوارعها
الرئيسية، والتي تعد الهيكل العمراني والحضري
لها، بدلا من الارتقاء بها ، ومن هذه القوانين ما
يتعلق بارتفاع المباني للشوارع التجارية
والمختلطة الاستخدام، وتحديد مسافة الارتداد
والبروز لتلك المباني. سيتم ذلك من خلال تناول
معايير الاحتواء الفضائي التي تعمل عليها
وتسعى الى تحقيقها معظم الدراسات والبحوث
والدول للارتقاء بالهيئة العمرانية للمدن،
ودراسة مدى تطابقها وتعارضها مع قوانين
تنظيم البناء المحلية .
أظهرت نتائج البحث بان ضوابط البناء المحلية
الحالية لا تستخدم هذه المعايير رغم تحديثها
المستمر لتلك الضوابط، مما سيؤدي الى
الاستمرار في تدهور الهيئة العمرانية
واستمرارية معاناة الناس من استخدامها.
يوصي البحث باعتماد معايير الاحتواء الفضائي
التي تحدد ارتفاع المباني وتغيير مسافة البروز
للمباني التجارية وجعلها مساوية الى مسافة
الارتداد، لتقوية الاروقة التي تطل عليها إضافة
الى توفيرها الحماية البيئية ، وتقوية الشعور
بالاحتواء الفضائي والجمالي لتلك الشوارع .

3

Traffic Noise Effects on the Efficiency off Teaching and Studying Classrooms

Khalid Hmoud Modhhi, Aodai Abdulillah Ismail

Pages: 138-155 English

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Abstract

Traffic noise is unpleasant sounds generated due to vehicles and pedestrians activities. Its effect on the efficiency of teaching and studying classrooms continuously increases. That is because of the population growth, vehicles ownership increasing, scientific development, and urbanization process, which leads to variety of traffic noise sources and increasing the generated noise level Students opinion at fifteen different classrooms is used to investigate the traffic noise effectiveness on the teaching and studying classrooms efficiency. Different characteristics of students, and survey with questions of short answer and multiple-choice are selected for this aim. Level of generated traffic noise from both vehicles and pedestrians was measured inside some classrooms to study its relation with some characteristics of both vehicles and pedestrians. Also this study shows some of suitable treating manners to mitigate the traffic noise and increase the teaching and studying classrooms efficiency.

Keywords

classrooms generated noise. Traffic noise

Abstract

الضوضاء المروري هو عبارة عن الأصوات المزعجة والمتولدة عن فعاليات المركبات والسابلة. إن تأثير الضوضاء المروري على كفاءة القاعات الدراسية يتزايد باستمرار. إن هذا التزايد هو نتيجة للنمو السكاني, تزايد مالكي السيارات, التطور العلمي, و عملية التمدن مما يسبب تنوعا في مصادر الضوضاء المروري و ازديادا في معدل الضوضاء المتولد. آراء الطلبة في خمسة عشر قاعة دراسية استخدمت لتحري تأثير الضوضاء المروري على كفاءة القاعات الدراسية. خصائص مختلفة للطلبة, استبيان مع أسئلة ذات الإجابة القصيرة و متعددة الخيارات تم اختيارها لهذا الغرض.مستوى الضوضاء المروري المتولد من كل من المركبات و السابلة تم قياسه داخل بعض القاعات الدراسية لغرض دراسة العلاقة بينه وبين بعض الخصائص العائدة إلى المركبات والسابلة. أيضا فإن هذه الدراسة تضمنت بعض وسائل المعالجة المناسبة لغرض تقليل الضوضاء المروري و لغرض رفع كفاءة القاعات الدراسية.

4

Nonlinear finite element analysis of prestressed concrete box section beams

Ihsan A. S. Al-Shaarbaf, Hiba Emad Abbas

Pages: 156-167 English

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Abstract

This study presents a three-dimensional nonlinear finite element model suitable for the analysis of prestressed concrete box beams up to failure. Concrete was modeled using three-dimensional 20- node isoparametric quadratic brick elements, while the prestressing and reinforcing bars were modeled as one dimensional axial members embedded within the concrete elements. The behavior of concrete in compression is simulated using an elasto-plastic work hardening model followed by a perfectly plastic response, which is terminated at the onset of crushing. In tension, a smeared crack model with orthogonal cracks has been used with the inclusion of a model for the retained post-cracking tensile stresses and a model that reduces the shear modulus of rigidity after cracking. The nonlinear equations of equilibrium have been solved using an incremental-iterative technique based on the modified Newton-Raphson methods. The numerical integrations have been carried out using the 27-Gaussian- quadrature integration rule. Different types of prestressed concrete beams have been analyzed, and the finite element solutions are compared with the available experimental data. The finite element results obtained were the load-deflection response. Several parametric studies have been carried out to investigate the effects of some important finite
element and material parameters on the behavior of prestressed concrete box section beams. In general, good agreement between the finite element solutions and the available experimental results has been obtained. A study was made to compare the finite element ultimate moment of prestressed concrete box beams obtained for different values of compressive strength of concrete and area of prestressing steel with the provisions of the ACI-Code (318M-05). It was found that the predicted values of the ultimate moments obtained using the finite element analysis are in good agreement with the corresponding values obtained using the provisions of the ACI-Code (318M-05).

Keywords

Box Beams finite element Prestressed concrete

5

Fabrication of Germanium Detectors by Using Nd-YAG Laser

ليث مخلص عبد الجبار, زياد طارق الدهان

Pages: 168-179

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Abstract

Germanium detectors were fabricated by doping n-type germanium samples with boron. Boron powder was spread over germanium and bombard with Nd: YAG laser of wavelength 1064nm at different energies of (200,500)mJ to diffused the boron atoms inside the germanium wafer. Different measurements were carried out to characterize the detector made.

Keywords

Detector Germanium laser

Abstract

تم تصنيع كواشف الجرمانيوم بتطعيم عينات الجرمانيوم من نوع n-type) ( بمادة البورون حيث رش مسحوق البورون فوق عينة الجرمانيوم ثم تسليط ليزرالاندياك ذات طول موجي 4601 نانومتر بطاقات مختلفة 066 و 066 ( ملي جول لغرض ( ` ادخال ذرات البورون داخل شرائح الجرمانيوم . طرق مختلفة استخدمت لغرض تعير الكاشف المصنع.

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Influence of Types Anti-Fungal Admixtures on the Concrete Mix

Dalia Shakir Atwan

Pages: 180-191 English

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Abstract

In recent years, the antifungal concrete is developed by using several materials as admixtures. In this present study, the antifungal activity of concrete was evaluated against specie of fungi; Aspergillus niger which can be easily discovered in the interiors and exteriors of buildings by using two types of organic antifungal agents which are known commercially as Bleach and Savlon. Besides, the investigations also extends to evaluated the effect of these agents on the some basic properties of concrete produced such as:
slump, compressive strength and absorption tests. Generally the results show that the all concrete mixes produced with different concentrations (0.5-2 % by weight of cement) for agents exhibited inhibitor effect for growth that fungi with varying degrees. Furthermore, most properties of activated concretes with antifungal agents demonstrate noticed decrease compared with properties of reference concrete.

Keywords

absorption anti-fungal admixture bleach compressive strength fungi growth resistance savlon Slump

Abstract

في السنوات الاخيرة, تم تطوير الخرسانة المضادة للفطريات بأستخدام العديد من المواد كمضافات. وفي هذة الدراسة الحالية تم تخمين النشاط المضاد للفطريات في الخرسان ةضد صنف معين من الفطريات بالامكان اكتشافه بسهولة داخل وخارج الابنية باستخدام نوعين من المضافات العضوية المضادة للفطريات والتي تعرف محليا بالقاصر والسافلون. بجانب ذلك, امتدت الفحوصات ايضا لتشمل تخمين تأثير تلك المضافات على بعض الخصائص الاساسية للخرسانة المنتجة مثل الهطول, مقاومة الانضغاط والامتصاص.وعموما اظهرت النتائج
بأن كل الخرسانة المنتجة وبغض النظر عن التراكيز المختلفة للمضافات ) 5و 2 0 % من وزن السمنت( أبدت - تأثير مانع لنمو تلك الفطريات وبدرجات متفاوتة. فضلا عن ذلك, فأن معظم خصائص الخرسانة المفعّلة بالمضافات المضاد للفطريات اظهرت نقصان ملحوظ مقارنة بخصائص الخرسانة المرجعية.

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Corrosion of Aluminum Alloy in Chloride Medium Containing Pseudomonas aerginosa Bacteria.

Zuheir T. Khulief. Al-Tai

Pages: 192-207 English

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Abstract

This paper reports the microbiologically induced corrosion (MIC) behavior of aluminum alloy in the chloride medium containing Pseudomonas aerinosa bacteria. MIC studies were performed at room temperature for 15 and 30 day in 2% NaCl electrolyte. System I consisted of 2% NaCl by weight (i.e.,uninoculated) as the control system; system II consists of system I inoculated with Pseudomonas aerinosa bacteria. Corrosion analyses by (Tafel polarization resistance and weight loss method); surface analysis (i.e Microstracture examination; Roughness test and X-Ray diffraction analysis) and microbiologically analyses (i.e Sampling; biofilm formation; isolation and identification) were used in this study. The result of Tafel polarization resistance and weight loss method showed that the bacteria caused increasing of corrosion current and increasing the rate of corrosion compared with system I. Surface analysis showed that the bacteria caused pitting corrosion and increasing the surface roughness compared with system I. The results of microbiologically analyses showed non-uniform and heterogeneous biofilm form on the surface of aluminum alloy after immersion in system II and show the role of Pseudomonas aerinosa bacteria in accelerating pitting corrosion of aluminum alloy in the chloride medium.

Keywords

Aluminum alloy. Microbiologically analyses bacteria Bioflim Chloride medium Corrosion Microbiologically induced corrosion

8

Kinematic analysis of human gait cycle

Sadiq Jafer Abbass, Ghaidaa Abdulrahman

Pages: 208-222 English

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Abstract

Kinematic system is used in gait analysis to record the position and orientation of the body segments, the angles of the joints and the corresponding linear and angular velocities and acceleration. Gait analysis is used for two very different purposes to aid directly in the treatment of individual patients and to improve our understanding of gait through research. The purpose of the study is to show an ideal kinematics appearance of human gait cycle for walking in order to get measurement values that can be depended on in the hospitals of rehabilitation, the centers of physical therapy and the clinical of medical sports as a reference data for kinematic joint parameter. In this study, 20 subjects and one abnormal subject (undergoes foot flat) were selected from the society; the 20 subjects were not to have any pathology that would affect gait and had to be unfamiliar with treadmill walking, then a video recording was made for them by using a single digital video camera recorder fitted on a stand of three legs in a sagittal plane while subjects walked on a motorized treadmill one by one, the treadmill is often used in rehabilitation programs because it allows standard and controlled conditions and it needs small space. Then by special motion analysis software (Dartfish) was used to study the knee and hip joint kinematics and the spatial –temporal gait parameters (step length, stride length, stride duration, cadence) from the video recording. Results obtained from the Dartfish program are important in understanding that the knee and hip angles differ in each gait cycle, similarly to spatial- temporal parameters, the spatial- temporal parameters differ in each gait cycle analyzed for subjects.

Keywords

dartfish Gait analysis gait cycle kinematic analysis treadmill

9

Modeling Design of Solar Heating System for Absorption Refrigeration System with Partial Loads & Studying the Collectors arrangements

Mohammed Hadi Ali

Pages: 238-259 English

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Abstract

This paper presents a modeling design for a solar heating system to be used as a driven - powered thermal energy to a single – stage absorption cooling system using Lithium Bromide solution, by using flat – plate collectors, storage tank, auxiliary heater and 3 – way valves. The study also goes into partial load control by flowrate variation through the generator section and to study the effects of series and parallel collector's arrangement arrays on the solar heating system performance.
The study is focused to evaluate the performance of the solar heating system throughout the summer season. The effects on performance have been explored for various design variables and operation conditions.
In this paper, it was reached to a general formula for a collector outlet temperature arranged in series and compared to a parallel arrangement.
The performance calculations indicate that:
 There is no significant difference in storage tank temperature for both parallel and series arrangements.
 The collector's outlet temperature wasn't greatly affected by the storage tank capacity (size).
 The storage tank temperature increases with partial load
 Percent increases, i.e. as the thermal load decreases.

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Studying the Electrical Conductivity of Different Carbon Fillers Reinforced Polyvinyl Chloride Composite Materials

Nirvana A. Abed Al ameer, Walla W. Jameel, Nagham S.Hassan

Pages: 260-268 English

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Abstract

The aim of this study is development the electrical conductivity of composite materials which used three fillers of carbon reinforced PVC at different weight fractions. The experimental results showed that carbon black was more effective than carbon fiber and synthetic graphite at low weight fractions, it reached (0.229 S/cm) whereas it was (0.109 S/cm) and (0.104 S/cm) of each carbon fiber and synthetic graphite respectively. At (40%) weight fraction the electrical conductivity was increased to (0.216 S/cm) and (0.226 S/cm) of each carbon fiber and synthetic graphite while it was inattentive with carbon black. Hybrid composites were investigated also; the result appears that maximum value of the electrical conductivity at combination of (20%) weight fraction of fillers, it was (0.592 S/cm).

Keywords

carbon fillers. electrical conductivity polyvinyl chloride

11

Study the Effect of Different Parameters on the Corrosion and Inhibition Rate for Copper in Saline Solutions

Huda Dhiaa Abdul Kader

Pages: 269-285 English

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Abstract

The corrosion of copper in highly concentrations of NaCl in present and absence of sodium soccinate (SS), has been reported using weight loss, and potentiodynamic polarization measurements. NaCl solutions were studied at stagnant condition and different temperatures (35-55oC), constant temperature and different rotational velocity (400 – 1200 rpm). The maximum inhibition efficiency at 35oC and decrease with increasing temperature and rotational velocity. The inhibition efficiency of 0.006 M SS obtained by weight loss measurements is about 14%, increasing to about 65% in 5 M NaCl solution and about 6. 76 %, increasing about 64.13 % in 1 M NaCl solution. The potentiodynamic polarization measurements showed that SS is a mixed type inhibitor. The inhibition mechanism involves adsorption of SS on the copper surface.

Keywords

Copper inhibition efficiency NaCl solutions sodium soccinate

12

Planned Reliability Improvement Calculation of Iraqi Super Grid Applying Fuzzy Logic Method

Yesar Noori Lafta

Pages: 286-293 English

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Abstract

Reliability is an essential measure and important component of all power system planning and operation procedures. It is one of the key design factors when designing complex, critical and expensive systems. This paper presents a fuzzy logic approach for reliability improvement planning purposes.
Evaluating the reliability of the complex and large planned Iraqi super grid ;as Al- Khairat generating station with its tie set is intended to be compact to that grid; and determination of the given reliability improvement project are the major goals of the paper.
Results show that the Iraqi super grid reliability is improved by 9.64%.
In the proposed technique, fuzzy set theory is used to include imprecise indices of different components in normal reliability calculations applying a Matlab program and that method can be used as a powerful tool for planning to improve systems reliablity.

Keywords

Fuzzy logic HL II Reliability assessment. Reliability planning

Al-Nahrain Journal for Engineering Sciences

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