journal of Language Studies

This current research aims to explore diverse motivation factors of learning English language among Raparin University students and the degree of these factors as well. The data was collected from 100 learners of English through a derived questionnaire which was designed on Likert Scale. The two methods of quantitative and qualitative have been used. The data is analyzed by SPSS software which provides accurate statistical analysis. According to the findings, intrinsic interest, Integrative Orientation, and instrumental motivation are the main factors that encouraged leaners to learn English as a worldwide spoken language. Recognizing and understanding these main motivational factors help the English language instructors to be more effective and make their students as active as possible.

The research aims to identify the effectiveness of a proposed program based on understanding learning in developing grammar teaching skills among fifth-grade science students. The researcher developed the educational program, which included the study tools represented by the proposed program and a test for grammar teaching skills. The researcher selected the Open Educational College, Balad branch in Salah al-Din province, for conducting the study. The second stage of the Department of Early Grades Teachers was chosen, and the research sample consisted of 60 students (both male and female).
After preparing the program and its study tools, the researcher applied the program. The program’s topics were taught to the experimental group in 8 lectures per week to evaluate the achievement of the goals related to developing grammar teaching skills among the trainee teachers in the Open Educational College, second stage, in the Early Grades Teachers Department, for the subject of General Arabic. The post-test was conducted on both the experimental and control groups on Tuesday, December 6, 2019, and the final results were recorded.
The research concluded the following results: There is a statistically significant difference at the level of (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental and control groups in the General Arabic subject in the post-test regarding the development of grammar teaching skills among students of the Open Educational College, in favor of the experimental group. The researcher recommended the use of modern programs in teaching General Arabic and other Arabic subjects

This research explores hate speech in the poetry of Ibn al-Rumi. The study is organized into sections, starting with a linguistic and terminological definition of hatred, followed by an overview of the concept of hatred and a brief biography of the poet Ibn al-Rumi. It then examines different types of hate speech in his poetry, including political, social, cultural, and religious themes. The paper concludes with a summary and a list of sources.

هدفنا في هذا البحث، التعرف على أثر استراتيجية الجدول الذاتي (K.W.I.H) في تنمية التفكير التأملي لدى طلاب الصف الخامس الأدبي في مادة الأدب والنصوص. وعينة البحث تحددت بطلاب الصف الخامس الادبي في (إعدادية السياب للبنين)، بمدينة كركوك، وذلك في النصف الدراسي الثاني من عام 2023-2024 بإفراد مكونين من(60) طالباً. إذ شملت المجموعة التجريبية عينة عدد افرادها (30) طالباً من الشعبة (أ) الدارسين وفق استراتيجية الجدول الذاتي (K.W.I.H) بينما شملت المجموعة الضابطة عينة عدد افرادها(30) طالباٌ منتمين للشعبة (ب) الدارسين وفق الطريقة التقليدية (الاعتيادية). استندت على منهج قائم على التجريب، وأجرت عملية التكافؤ بين عينة البحث في المتغيرات التي يحتاجها البحث، ولتحقيق هدف البحث بنت الباحثة اختباراً لقياس مستوى التفكير التأملي لدى طلاب الصف الخامس الأدبي في مادة الأدب والنصوص، وتكونت الأداة من فقرات اختبارية مجموعها (40) فقرة، تم عرضها على محكمين مختصين بالعلوم التربوية والنفسية، واللغة العربية وطرائق تدريسها، وبعد إعداد وتهيئة الخطط الدراسية والأداة ، نفذت التجربة، أثناء الفصل الثاني من العام الدراسي (2023- 2024) في يوم الثلاثاء(20/2/2024) واستمرت التجربة إلى يوم الأحد(21/4/2024)، وبواقع حصتين دراسيتين في الأسبوع ، ثم طبقت الباحثة الاختبار البعدي في يوم الخميس(25/4/2024). وعولجت البيانات إحصائيا باختبار (t-test) لعينتين مستقلتين. وأشارت النتيجة إلى تفوق أفراد المجموعة التجريبية الدارسين وفق استراتيجية الجدول الذاتي (K.W.I.H) على أفراد المجموعة الضابطة في نمو التفكير التأملي، وأثبت البحث وجود فرق بين التطبيقين القبلي والبعدي في متغير التفكير التأملي ولصالح البعدي .

The research is an attempt to explore the depths of the contemporary narrative poem, and to reveal the narrative dimension within the poetic discourse, and the most prominent narrative elements that have opened up to it from various techniques of other arts, such as the story, the tale, the novel, and other prose arts, in their narrative components that opened lyrical poetry to narrative narration, with its various elements and features. The research also raises the problem of narrative manifestations in the modern Arabic poem in general, and in the experience of the Iraqi poet from Basra, Kazem Al-Hajjaj, in particular.

The study aimed to identify the effect of the information gap strategy on the achievement of third-year middle school students in Arabic grammar. After presenting the research results, it was found that the experimental group students who studied Arabic grammar according to the (information gap) strategy outperformed the control group students who studied according to the traditional method. The reason for this superiority may be due to several reasons, including.
- The reason for the superiority of the students of the experimental group who studied according to the (information gap) strategy may be due to the fact that it is one of the modern strategies that are not familiar to female students in teaching Arabic grammar, and this strategy may be successful when applied.
- The (information gap) strategies make the student the main focus of the educational process and also make the student able to implement activities in a scientific manner, which makes the learning process for the student enjoyable and thus increases their motivation towards learning, which increases their academic achievement.
- In light of the results, the researcher recommended the following:

This study, titled (Sensory Beauty and Its Manifestations in the Poetry of the Naqa\'id Poets – The Woman as a Model), aims to highlight the aesthetic quality of women as represented by their sensory beauty in the poetry of Jarir, Al-Farazdaq, and Al-Akhtal. These poets often explored this type of beauty in the introductions of their poems, which were traditionally conventional. They elaborated on describing women and celebrating their sensory beauty—albeit with variations among them—and delved into the intricate details of this beauty, pausing at its prominent features. They crafted artistic depictions that intertwined the beauty of language with the beauty of the woman, whom they used as a prelude to expressing their subsequent themes. This study focuses on the similarities and differences among the three poets in their sensory depiction of women.

This study, titled The Structure of the Actantial Model in the Novel Ronak: Blood and Tears by Mohammed Abdul Latif Al-Suwaijt, seeks to examine the influence of the actantial model theory, developed by French critic and semiotician A. J. Greimas, on the fundamental structure of the studied novel. The analysis focuses on the construction of events, the distribution of roles and functions among actants, and the transformations undergone by the active subject from the beginning to the end of the novel. This approach considers the actantial model as a critical theory aimed at mapping the trajectory of events and identifying the initial points of transformation within novelistic texts, based on the structural relationships among narrative actants.

The present study aims at finding out the Effect of PORPE Strategy on the experimental group achievement, It is hypothesized that , there is no statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the experimental group achievement in pre and post-test . To achieve the aims and verify the hypotheses above Nonrandomized experimental group pretest and posttest design has been chosen. The pupils have been taught during the academic year 2023-2024. A sample consists of (68) pupils in second stage at Al-meshcat intermediate school distributed into two groups, group (A) represents experimental group that includes (34) pupils are taught according to PORPE Strategy, group (B) represents control group which also include (34) pupils who are taught according to the conventional method. Both groups have been equalized in such variables from Educational level of parent, English grades achievement in previous schooling year, and the pretest of both groups.
According to the results, there is a statistically significant difference in the mean scores of the experimental group who is taught according to PORPE Strategy and the control group who is taught by using the conventional method,
Based on the results and obtained conclusions in this study, suitable recommendations and suggestions for further studies are put forward

This study investigates the comparative effectiveness of two different citation approaches:¬ the Chicago and the APA (American Psychological Association) styles on the reading comprehension performance of the Iraqi EFL (English as a Foreign Language) students· It is a general requirement that a graduate student’s academic essay is supported by such adherence as to systematic texts that possess basic formats, thus being a critical factor in information presentation and understanding · The research aims to answer the question of whether the formatting elements and the citation management features of Chicago and APA style sheets define adequate parameters in a student’s ability to read and retain ideas and information from textual materials provided in class. The research compares the effect of two mentioned techniques on Iraqi EFL second-year students studying in the department of English for the academic year of 2023-2024, and to determine which of the citation styles is more appropriate in enhancing reading comprehension performance of the students on a given academic reading. The study followed a mixed-strategy research design, percentages were employed in this study to measure the effectiveness of said comprehension techniques in academic settings where students have to read and integrate academic texts that are presented in either Chicago or APA style. Their performance on these tests are measured and compared to identify any significant differences in comprehension levels. The results of the study reveal a significant difference in reading comprehension performance between the two groups. Students in the first experimental group that operated in Chicago style was found to be easier and more comprehendible than style formatted in American Psychological Association (APA) style, which is considered fastidious and may cause confusion for students, especially those who face new words at the same text of the APA citation style (Auther’s name). Such findings indicate that the Chicago citation style is more helpful in enhancing reading comprehension among Iraqi EFL learners.

This current research aims to explore diverse motivation factors of learning English language among Raparin University students and the degree of these factors as well. The data was collected from 100 learners of English through a derived questionnaire which was designed on Likert Scale. The two methods of quantitative and qualitative have been used. The data is analyzed by SPSS software which provides accurate statistical analysis. According to the findings, intrinsic interest, Integrative Orientation, and instrumental motivation are the main factors that encouraged leaners to learn English as a worldwide spoken language. Recognizing and understanding these main motivational factors help the English language instructors to be more effective and make their students as active as possible.

Designing an English language curriculum is about creating, implementing and evaluating a curriculum that meets the specific needs of students. It is a flexible process, evolving over time and shaped by student needs, collective contributions and past experiences. Curriculum design is no longer a one-size-fits-all approach, and teachers now have the freedom to design programs that meet the specific needs of their students. Teachers work together to develop a program that meets the needs of their students. The goal is to design a program that meets the needs of the students, not the teacher. Teachers now have access to a wealth of research on language learning and teaching that can inform curriculum development. Through a combination of in-depth research and cutting-edge practice, curriculum design is now used extensively in ESL/EFL language courses around the world. In curriculum design, there is now more emphasis on developing a model over time, and teachers are now more focused on designing a curriculum that builds students\' knowledge and skills over time, rather than just them involve in activities. Curriculum design is an important part of teaching English as it directly impacts teaching and learning and influences student success.

The present study aims at finding out the effect of word association activities strategy on Iraqi EFL pupils’ writing. It is hypothesis that : There is a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the control group, who are taught by to the conventional method and the mean scores of the experimental group who are taught by Word association activities in the post writing test .To achieve the aims and verify the hypotheses the Nonrandomized experimental group pretest and posttest design has been chosen. The pupils have been taught during the academic year 2023-2024 . A sample consists of ( 60 ) pupils in fifth stage at AL-Barudy Preparatory School for Girls distributed into two groups. Group (A) represents experimental group that includes ( 30 ) pupils are taught according word association activities . Group (B) represents control group which also includes (30) pupils who are taught according to the traditional method. Both groups have been equalized in such variables from Educational level of parent, English grades achievement in previous schooling year , and the pretest of both groups. A unified posttest which contains six questions are designed to collect data . Face and content validity have been attained . The Items have been analyzed statistically , the discrimination power and difficulty level for each items have been calculated . Thus, the whole sample has been exposed to post- writing test . The data collecting from results of the posttest have been analyzed statistically by using T- test of two independent samples. According to the results, there is a statistically significant difference in the mean scores of the experimental group who is taught according to word association activities and the control group who is taught by using the traditional method. Based on the results and obtained conclusions in this study, suitable recommendations and suggestions for further studies are put forward.

Humor has long been an important factor in daily communication. It is especially important in situation comedy. It is occasionally employed to improve the utterances and to make them more pleasant and comfortable. Many scholars tried to investigate humor from different points of view. The association between humor and cooperative principles (CP) opened the door for pragmatic studies on verbal humor. Grice proposed the cooperative maxims principles, which may can be used to analyze conversations. The current study selects the non-observing of four maxims of Grice in the Iraqi show “Melon City Show” (Wilayat Batikh). The present study hypothesizes that non- observing of Grice’s four maxims can and humor in Iraqi discourse. For this purpose (3) excerpts from “Melon City Show” were randomly chosen and analyzed. The present study aims to identify instances of breaking four maxims to make humor. Also, it aims to find the most broken maxim in this regard, The findings of this study show that among the five kinds of non-observance of Grice\\\\'s four maxims, flouting is the most regularly utilized to produce humor in Iraqi comedies. In addition, the study has found that the most flouted maxim by Iraqi people is the quality maxim; while the most violated one is the quantity maxim. Thus, it has been concluded that creating humor by non-observing Grice’s maxims is applicable to the Iraqi Arabic discourse.

This paper examines Roxane Gay\\\\'s memoir Hunger: A Memoir of (My) Body through the lens of Michel Foucault\\\\'s concept of the \\\\"docile body,\\\\" highlighting how societal norms regulate and control women’s bodies. Gay’s narrative explores the physical, emotional, and psychological impacts of obesity and trauma, focusing on how fat bodies, especially those of women, are policed and marginalized. The analysis delves into Gay’s personal experiences of body surveillance, internalized fat phobia, and the intersection of race and weightism. Gay’s memoir critiques societal beauty standards, body shaming, and fat stigma, revealing how bodies become objects of scrutiny and control. Ultimately, this paper argues that Gay\\\\'s resistance to societal norms through her storytelling reclaims her agency, challenging the notion of the docile body and advocating for body positivity and inclusivity. Through an analysis of both personal and societal dynamics, the paper illustrates the power of narrative in resisting body oppression and promoting diverse body representations.

The research aims to find out how independent and integrated course formats facilitate the principles of the English language as well as interdisciplinary thinking among the university population. In this research, four diversified fields of literature, communication, linguistics, and creative writing encompassing English language are chosen for survey. The sample has included 200 students, with 50 students representing each field. These students are then randomly assigned to either the discrete or integrated course design group. Interdisciplinary thinking skill and application of ideas in the English language are measured. All participants in this experiment took pre- test before and after entered this experiment to know the extent of change that occurred at their scientific levels.
The findings have indicated that interdisciplinary thinking skills among students in the program of literature with integrated course design are significantly higher among those in a program with discrete course design. On integrated English course ideas, the integrated course design group has showed better performance than the separate group in the communication major. This is the same pattern as that found across all sectors. In linguistics, the integrated course design group has outperformed the discrete course design group in demonstrating interdisciplinary thinking ability. Indeed, the integrated course design group could apply ideas in the English language significantly better in creative writing than the discrete course design group. It seems that the integrated course design approach in teaching makes students also more capable of thinking across disciplinary borders and applying ideas in the English language. An interdisciplinary aspect in the curriculum design and teaching methodology will further enhance critical thinking, problem-solving, and practical application capabilities of the students in English. This study infers that integration of interdisciplinary elements into the curriculum design and teaching methodology will enhance the problem-solving, real-world application, and critical thinking of the students in English, for different academic disciplines.
The researcher recommends all educational in institutions in Iraq. And other researchers and the countries that study English as foreign language, and application new methods of teaching English language including a topic referred to our research.

The study aims at evaluating English for Iraq textbook grade 4 in terms of EFL textbook standards based on Iraqi teachers\\\\' perspective. For achieving the study objectives, the researcher follows the descriptive analytical approach. The sample of the study is (100) Iraqi English language teachers in El Rusafa. The study is conducted in the scholastic year 2023/2024. The tool of this study is questionnaire which used for evaluating English for Iraq textbook grade 4 highly meets the standards for EFL textbooks which included 55 standards which are classified under 3 main domains. In the light of this instrument, the textbook has been analyzed. The study has found that English For Iraq textbook grade 4 highly meets the standards for EFL textbooks. In addition, the study revealed that the Iraqi English language textbook grade 4 is not suitable for 4th graders. It does not consider of reading skills and vocabulary skills. It is not teachable. The study offeres many recommendations, the most important one is that the planners of the Iraqi English language textbook grade 4 should prepare the textbook to be suitable for learners and to be teachable.

George Orwell’s 1984 has received intensive critical attention from critics which mainly concentrated on the novel’s grim prediction of a futuristic dystopia society. This research, nonetheless, focuses on the novel’s unexplored and hidden themes related to the protagonist’s journey of self-awakening and consciousness. The research first identifies the strategies and mechanism the totalitarian state in the novel employ to indoctrinate and consequently building up false consciousness among the population. Secondly, the research follows the protagonist’s path towards subjectivity through a subversive consciousness which enables him to question and challenge the basic tenets and principles of the totalitarian state’s ideology. Finally, the research identifies the process through which the totalitarian state uses to re-indoctrinate the protagonist, as well as the moral value and the humanistic message of the protagonist’s subversive acts. The research is significant for it offers a contemporary reading of unexplored themes in the novel like ‘subjectivity’, ‘dual consciousness’, and ‘re-indoctrination’.

The study deals with the oxymoron as a rhetorical device where two words or phrases with opposing meanings are deliberately combined to create a specific effect. The effect can be ironic, sarcastic, humourous, paradoxical or merely emphatic. The study addresses the grammatical, semantic and pragmatic perspectives of oxymoron. It investigates the way these opposing terms function with poetic structure in Matar’s poetry to find out their role in shaping meaning. The study aims to examine the different types of oxymoron in Matar’s poetry, analyze them, and clarify the way Matar employs oxymoron to evoke dramatic and rhetorical effects. The study hypothesizes that the deliberate use of oxymoron creates dramatic atmosphere to enrich the layers of meaning in Matar’s poetry. The study applies syntactic, semantic and pragmatic analysis. The study concludes that the strategic use of oxymoron in Matar’s poetry enhances the dramatic intensity and creates a unique literary style that combines contradictions with deeper thematic resonance.

This study aims to analyze how the narratives from the areas of conflict treat the notions of war, with reference to the literary works of “The Red Badge of Courage” authored by Stephen Crane and “All Quiet on the Western Front” authored by Erich Maria Remarque. This study investigates in detail how these novels subvert conventional political and cultural discourses on war through language and other textual strategies. The study adopts a qualitative approach to analyze the data using Norman Fairclough’s three-dimensional framework for discourse analysis, the study analyzes both texts at three levels: Textual or New Historicist, social and postcolonial, historical and postmodernist. The present study finds that the myth of war as glorious is challenged by both authors as they conceptualize the psychological and emotional distraught that comes with engaging in combat. Both novels show this by portraying soldier as disillusioned men, who are filled with fear, anxiety, and sorrowing and denying an idealistic heroic image of war, informing the characters and readers that in war, human being need companionship. Both works illustrate that the true beauty of the story lies in the ugliness of war; this paper argues that, therefore, only a genuine struggle could result in achievements, not celebrations of war. The study further concludes that these sorts of literary works rise above traditional sort of warfare, and are more realistic and coming closer to the real human feel of the issues resulting from warfare.