Political Sciences Journal

Nuclear energy is among the most important discoveries reached by the human terms contributed to the solution of many problems faced by the states. The last of these that are not only utilizing it in a peaceful area, but tended toward the military field and the nuclear weapons industry , Among these countries, we find North Korea, which has openly declared their manufacture of nuclear weapons and thus entry to the club of nuclear countries.
International Atomic Energy Agency has worked to resolve the North Korea standoff but has not been able to achieve positive results, prompting the intervention of European countries in order to end the crisis

Nuclear energy is among the most important discoveries reached by the human terms contributed to the solution of many problems faced by the states. The last of these that are not only utilizing it in a peaceful area, but tended toward the military field and the nuclear weapons industry , Among these countries, we find North Korea, which has openly declared their manufacture of nuclear weapons and thus entry to the club of nuclear countries.
International Atomic Energy Agency has worked to resolve the North Korea standoff but has not been able to achieve positive results, prompting the intervention of European countries in order to end the crisis

Observing the phenomenon of the structural development of the international system, and its instability in a certain state, due to its transition from unipolarity to multipolarity to bipolarity and then back to unipolarity in the early nineties led by the United States, and up to the present moment which some depict as the return of the multipolar system, may lead us to say that the structure we mean is the hierarchy of the great powers or those guiding the system in terms of their diverse capabilities that qualify them, with the approval of the rest of the states guiding the system, to lead and occupy the first place in the world.

\"Listen to everyone and my head is my only seat\" Napoleon\'s quote It seems that Napoleon\'s quote has raised scientific and global concerns about the possibility of creating a new Napoleon who would destroy and break the legal boundaries drawn for the life of societies, especially since modern developments are no longer compatible with the existence of figures who lack democracy and tend toward violence, pressure and force. If force is necessary, then the legal force that gives every institution, every position or every ruler the role commensurate with his capabilities and with the general acceptance of his person, especially since societies today suffer from a phobia of rulers - that is, the ruler is viewed by the ruled as a tool of pressure, intimidation and violation of the law. All these evils are in the person of the ruler, so it was necessary to find a new approach, which is to restrict this person and shackle him with a set of laws and policies that limit his individual role and turn him into part of an institution that he does not dare to exceed, and otherwise he is considered a tyrant

Iraq has suffered since 1991 from international sanctions imposed on it as a result of the then dictatorial regime invading Kuwait, which led to the decline of Iraq's status and its living in international and regional (Arab) isolation, and Iraq became a strange entity living within its regional environment. After April 2003, the situation did not change much, as the (concrete) isolation remained the same, and some even began to doubt the process of political change. In general, signs of détente did not appear until before the Arab League summit in Baghdad in 2011, and the beginnings of signs of a break in the stagnation in inter-relations over the past years began to become clear. However, this détente and break were not at the same level with all neighboring countries (the Islamic Republic of Iran, Turkey, the Syrian Arab Republic, the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Kuwait), as each party is governed by perceptions regarding Iraq, specifically after 2003 and the political and economic developments that occurred.

After its neck was freed from the Japanese occupation that lasted for 35 years and the American occupation, Korea set its sights on a long-term goal of building its country and establishing its foundations, not caring about the problems and wars that stood in the way of its goal, overcoming all difficulties, and achieving the best results, which paved the way for it to become one of the strongest Asian and global economies, which earned it the respect and appreciation of the world for an experience that has become pointed out with the finger.

Today, India is the largest democratic country in the Third World and has been able to maintain its national unity in the darkest of circumstances. The history of Indian civilization dates back more than five thousand years, and through its heritage, culture, philosophy, traditions and renaissance, it has achieved its national unity and taken its place among nations striving for progress and advancement. India has ancient and distinctive cultural traditions, both in heritage and society, and its manifestations are still evident to this day, given its history full of civilization and achievements, and the fusion of the cultures of the invading peoples over the centuries with the diverse culture of Indian society. However, despite being a secular state, it has practiced, through its successive governments, various types of exclusion and marginalization towards the sons of the Indian people, especially Muslims, and this has affected the performance and credibility of the state since independence in 1947 until today. However, this does not mean at all that it is a state that does not possess the elements of national unity and democratic work practices to date, at the very least, as the mechanisms of democratic work in relation to elections Voting is still in effect in the Indian states, but societal, religious and class divisions overlap to produce conflicts that surface from time to time, which threatens to disintegrate if political leaders do not come to manage it well, such that the level of conflicts in India reaches the point of the outbreak of war under its various names: sectarian, religious, social and economic.

Many changes have occurred in a number of Arab countries, most of which ended with the change of ruling leadership and the arrival of new ones. The change itself carried hopes among the people to turn the page on the past and move towards democracy through which the injustices of previous years would be overcome and justice would be achieved in all its aspects. However, this change itself was surrounded by new injustices that were added to the previous ones, and justice has not been achieved to this day. Here we try to address the justice that is applied in the stages of change or transitional stages, from which it takes its name, i.e. transitional justice, which has mechanisms and conditions that differ in their application between countries, as each has its own conditions in which it was applied. By reviewing these mechanisms, including courts, truth commissions, compensation, redress, cleansing, and institutional reform, all of this is in order to achieve reconciliation in which the previous stage is overcome and the new stage begins. However, this will not happen easily, as there are matters that may hinder the application of transitional justice in the most complete manner related to the strength of the state and its judicial independence, the presence or absence of international intervention, the strength of the old regime and its penetration, and others. The matter depends, first and last, on the good intentions of all parties in order to bring countries to safety, and all of this will be addressed through an analytical approach.

Political parties are one of the basic structures in the political process, due to their major role in achieving political movement in the country and working to implement the goals and interests of their voters in the event that they come to power. If the totalitarian parties that led to the monopoly of power and worked to harness the state and its resources in order to monopolize power, then we cannot talk in these countries about the liberal concept of the party, nor can we talk about the existence of a law or laws and regulations that govern and organize the work of parties. But on the other hand, which is represented by the liberal state, we find a lot of talk and practices about the form and nature of the most appropriate legality in organizing the emergence of parties and their work in a way that serves the strengthening of democratic construction in the country.

The state did not witness the emergence of independent bodies previously due to the nature of the ruling systems that were characterized by political tyranny represented by the person of the king at the time, as was the case with Greece, the Greeks, Persia, Rome, and others. As for the Islamic state that emerged later, it witnessed the emergence of something similar to the independent bodies that we see today. There was what was called (Diwan al-Hisbah) and (the State of Grievances) as independent bodies from the Islamic state that practiced their work independently in order to support the oppressed and the fair distribution of financial resources, so that they were headed by governors known for their justice and honesty. As for today, after the development of the state in the modern era, many countries, especially in Europe, have witnessed the emergence of independent bodies in them and they have become models to be emulated in many countries of the world, as is the case in France, the United States of America, and Britain.

The roots of international relations: peace or war: A critical review
A great debate has taken place about international relations between scholars concerning peace and War .The concept of root is matched with that of exception.
And the importance of the research lies in the ensuing results in the report about the legitimacy of war and the space it holds, so if the origin of international relation is war .the obstacles against it are going to decrease .and if the origin lies in peace then the dimension of its legitimacy will narrow

Although the issue of Muslims in Europe, and in the Balkans in particular, and the social conflicts that accompanied it were linked to old political events and not the result of a current event, it has surfaced today with the increase in violent incidents in Europe, described as terrorist acts, linked to the activity of extremist Islamic movements that have taken the history of Muslims’ suffering and the massacres they were subjected to during periods and eras, as an argument to appoint themselves as their defenders against the forces that persecuted them during the past century, which was considered one of the most difficult periods for the Muslims of the Balkans, since the First World War, as they were considered part of the Ottoman Empire and its history full of clashes with Christian Europe and attempts to eradicate Muslims from their regions, then the era after the disintegration of the Soviet Union, which cast its shadow on the countries that emerged from it economically exhausted, and each party is trying to get rid of the burdens of that stage, and cling to the gains and interests of one group over another, so that the campaigns of killing, displacement and ethnic cleansing return again.

Achieving world peace is a human demand that humanity has sought since its existence. Despite the international and regional efforts made to achieve this demand, it has not yet reached its desired ambition. If the conflicts, contradictions, and internal and external wars still clearly justify us, such as ethnic, religious, and sectarian conflicts... The information revolution, under the influence of globalization, has opened a new era of communication, openness, and negative and positive influence on others, which has re-distributed and spread new values, ideas, and cultures, some of which carry extremist ideas that incite violence, destruction, and the elimination of others. It has become necessary to follow policies and procedures that establish a culture of peace, reject violence, extremism, and fanaticism, and enhance trust, cooperation, love, and tolerance among peoples, as the culture of peace works to form a new generation that believes in the existence of others and their effective participation in building the international community based on the foundations and values ​​of freedom, equality, and justice.

This research is concerned with studying the obstacles to peaceful coexistence in Iraq. Accordingly, our hypothesis is that these obstacles cannot be attributed to one reason or one source, and therefore peaceful coexistence among the components of Iraqi society is still characterized by fragility and is vulnerable to threat and collapse at any moment. This society, which is in crisis in its social relations, needs now more than ever the term coexistence and its consolidation through the practice of democracy in Iraq in a way that guarantees rights and duties for all, to restore mutual trust among the components of this society in a way that makes them feel that they are citizens of the state.

The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) is the only one in the Arab system, which has been able to formulate a strategic vision with its dimensions and objectives, and that for its great achievements have contributed significantly to the development of the external and internal economic relations of the Gulf Cooperation Council six through the consolidation of economic policies, projects and joint institutions .
There is no doubt that the establishment of the Cooperation Council for the Arab Gulf States six, has made security expensive as long as the aspiration to them the leaders and peoples of the region is the adoption of the GCC countries on itself in order to build a self strength ensures cut off the road to all interference in the affairs of the region, and distancing the region for Major powers conflict, and ensure the support of elements of the comprehensive renaissance and her march to unity and in particular its economic integration.

The foreign policy of china is considered an important subject generally, in addition its very significant towards the Middle East specifically. It is the most valued topic, that needs deep academic investigations in order to identify the important factors causes and its consequences, this kind of research provides a proper understanding to the researchers and politicians, it will prove the reasons for China's with the impact to the region, the rivalry with the United States in the coming years.