Diyala Journal of Human Research

University of Diyala , College of Education for Human Sciences
The grammarians, among who was Dr.Abdula'al Salem Mkrim,were greatly concerned with syntax origins. Dr. Abdula'al had his own efforts on recognizing evidences in relation to listening the Holy Quran , the Quranic recitations , the Glorious Hadith , and the speech of Arabs whether poetry or prose . He relied on them and could deduce certain syntactical rules pointing out what specialists said as well as the views given by Basri and Kufi grammarians.The present study aims at showing Dr. Abdula'al Salem Mkrim's views in this concern as were included in his syntactic writings. He collected previous views, as well as speeches in relation to syntactic listening evidences and he referred to his own point of view concerning the Basri and Kufis' methods. Besides, his other views were included in his books: "The Holy Quran and Its Impact on Syntactic Studies ", " Quranic Recitations and their Impact on Syntactic Studies".

The American novelist, Sinclair Lewis was born in Sauk Centre, Minnesota on the seventh of February in 1885. He was the third son of a country physician, Edwin J. Lewis, and had two brothers, Fred (born in 1875) and Claude(born in 1878). His mother, Emma Kermott Lewis died in 1891. His father, a year later, remarried another woman named Isabel Warner whom he considered to be his own mother. His boyhood life was full of problems. He suffered from loneliness in his provincial small Midwestern town which he yearned to escape.
After preschool at Oberlin Academy, he entered Yale University in 1903. Yet he didn't get the bachelor's degree until 1908. He dropped out for a year during which he traveled to Panama and worked as a janitor at Upton Sinclair's social colony, Helicon Hall. After graduation from Yale, he began his writing career, working for newspapers and publishing houses and at times selling plots to Jack London. Yet the numerous stories and the five novels he published between 1910 and 1920 were dismissed by critics as insignificant. It was with the publication of Main Street in 1920 that he achieved real fame. It was his instrument of social change: he satirizes the devastating and stultifying picture of the middle-class American life in the 1920s of his hometown, Sauk Centre by creating a town called Gopher Prairie.
Lewis, like his father, married twice. His first marriage to Grace Livingstone Hegger, whom he met while working in New York City, on the fifteenth of April in 1914, failed. In 1928, he married another woman, the journalist Dorothy Thompson and in 1930 their son, Michael was born. However, their marriage also failed twelve years later. After the breakup of his second marriage, he spent his life in Europe. He was often seen, after 1939, with the young actress, Macella Powers who eventually left him, marrying another man. In 1950, he left Europe and died of advanced alcoholism in 1951 at the age of sixty seven.
The paper shows the reverse portrait of the American myth that Lewis, draws in his novel, Main Street. It explains the concept of the American myth briefly and makes clear how Lewis employs it in presenting a reverse picture by using his pungent criticism. It points to the environmental and psychological sides that urge Lewis to draw such a picture which his heroine, Carol Kennicott the reformer, tries hard to change but is met with failure. Her failure leads her to stay in the provincial Gopher Prairie and confirm to its life style.

The study aims at identifying the significance of educational thought for some philosophers of education on primary schools teachers of history. The researcher has conductedthe descriptive approach via selecting the sample of the study which comprises (156) male and female teachers. Furthermore, the researcher has steered a questionnaire that included the teachers' views regarding the level of benefiting from the educational notions of philosophers, and a second questionnaire concerning difficulties faced by the teachers in applying those notions. Primary schools teachers often suffer from the blurring of some educational perspectives of philosophers (Arab, Western and Greeks) regarding education. This has led to their only relying on traditional methods in class management and topic explanation. Moreover, the researcher has delineated statistical methods like percentage ratio, repetitions in respect to the reality of using modern methods of teaching in education at colleges, and Alpha coefficient to gauge the validity and reliability of the study.
The study found out the following results:
1- The allocation of Arab, Western and Greek philosophers' educational notions is of a recognized significance in improving the performance of primary schools teachers of history.
2- The presence of some difficulties facing teachers when executing educational perceptions of philosophers.
In light of these results, the researcher presented the following recommendations:
1- Paying due attention to the use of educational thought and philosophers views of education by teachers when teaching historic concepts in various learning levels.
2- The adoption of Arab, Western and Greek philosophers' viewpoints in schools due to their role in improving the teaching status.
The researcher suggested performing similar studies that might deal with:
1- The impact of the educational thought of some Arab, Western and Greek philosophers on others levels of education as the secondary or high schools in various learning levels.
2- Making a descriptive study to figure out how much close or far the primary schools study methods are from the educational perspectives of Arab, Western and Greek philosophers

The safadi was from historian adults in Hijri eighth the century /fourteenth century A.d , in the city of safad in palestine is attributable to and from, and the clerk was adib al safadi has a lot of therefore , has not only from scientists , including his intiation is moving between the cities , and went to Damascus and Aleppo , and cairo , and what he has received from the scientists , and was keen on the collection of their holidays , he began to talk about them and the attention , and taking them maghazi , walking , history and other .
We writing in this research study the biography of Al Safadi , that included his name and parentage , his born , alias , its inception and his family , his hair , his functions and realization , and position statements in which scientists , the search by mentioninghisdeath

This study has concentrated on the age of subterranean water in Al Mansouria Town, Al Khalis District, Diyala Province which is located between 34o-34.23o N latitude and 45o-44.30o longitude. Its area is 830 km2 100 km north east of Baghdad. The study relies on studying and measuring tritium solution in nine samples from different places in the study area and different depths.
Most of the samples tested for tritium shown that its level is higher than 0.3 TU and the range is between 0.9-1.3 TU.
The results of the test show that subterranean water in the study area was percolated after the year 1952 which means that the water is renewed and less fresh according to Clark and Fritz 1997 classification.

The theory of text linguistics has made its way through "sentence grammar", then expanded its horizons to include full texts "text grammar". Description diverted to judge syntactic and semantic phenomena in a perspective wider than a sentence, which is a "text".
This research entitled Substitution in Prophetic Hadith: Al Nawawi's "Riyadh Al Saliheen" as an Example. The study explains one of the mechanisms of grammatical cohesion, and shows its impact on Hadith text in the book Riyadh Al Saliheen "Gardens of the Good".
Substitution is classified into three types: nominal, verbal and sentential. It joins the text by joining two parts of it ,i.e., substituted and substituting. Text linguistics permits the second part to simplify the structure of the information shared with the first part through replacing the substituting part with the substituted part. This continuity in roles through the context will give it strength of texture.
Elements of substitution were utilized as texture mechanisms because they refresh the mind of the reader by searching for the substituted element and understand the substituting element. Consequently, the parts of the text will be joined and the reader will interact with it which is the role of substitution in texture.

The current study aims at identifying the effect of decision taking strategy in developing creative thinking among female-students at literary fifth grade in history.So for the purpose of achieving this aim. the researcher formulates the following null hypotheses;
A. There are no statistically significant differences at level (0.5) between the mean scores of female students for two groups in developing creativethinking pre- test .
B. There are no statistically significant differences at level (0.5) between the mean scores of pretest and posttest to female-students of experimental group in developing creativethinking.
C. There are no statistically significant differences at level (0.5) between the mean scores of pretest and posttest to female-students of control group in developing creativethinking.
The researcher adopted an quasi experimental design, to achieve this purpose, two schools were chosen intentionally( Al-Adnaniyea High School for women and Um Habiba Preparatory School ) which are undergoing the general directorate of education for diyala / Baqubah district.
Through randomly drawing Al-Adnaniyea high school was selected to represent experimental group and Um Habiba preparatory school was selected to represent control group. The sample consisted80 students in the amount of 40 students in each group.
The researcher prepared creative thinking scale in the light of steps and major questions for Khairallah (1957) in measuring the ability to creative thinking for female students sample which involved five activities are ( uses. consequents, situations, development, words improvement's)
The researchers wrote 124 behavioral objectives and prepared lesson plans for teaching the two groups. at the end of the study, the researcher concluded that there is increasing development among creative thinking posttest scores for experimental group in favor of control group.
The researcher recommended in applying decision taking strategy in teaching history for literary fifth students because of its effecton developing creative thinking.
The researcher proposed number of suggestions. which are; conduction studies concerning the effect of decision taking strategy with another variables such as ( creative thinking. historical thinking. and deductive thinking in students' tends and tendency toward different instructional materials).

The study deals with the use of modern ways of irrigation and its impact on the quantity of water used in irrigating the crops cultivated in Diyala province .So, these ways are considered as the solution to fix the decrease of water from which the area of the study suffers, as well as to reduce the amount of water which was spent uselessly through the irrigatio of the crops following old manners

The study investigates the following :
1-Exploratory behavior in secondary stage students .
2-The significance of statistical variations in exploratory behavior according to gender and age 12-14 and 15-16 years .
3-Self-organization in the age groups 12-14 and 15-16 years .
4- The significance of statistical variations in self-organization according to gender and age 12-14 and 15-16 years .
5-The relation between exploratory behavior and self-organization in the age groups 12-14 and 15-16 years .
The study sample consisted of 400 male and female secondary students divided into 200 male and 200 female selected in a stratified random way .
To achieve the aims of the study , atool for measuring exploratory behavior was built . It consisted of 58 items checked according to face and construct validity . The tool reliability coefficient was 0.81 .
With self-organization , the researcher adopted Bandy& Moor(2010) scale after calculating its translation and face validity . Its reliability coefficient was 0.82 .
Using percentage , Person Product Moment Coefficient ,T-test for one and multiple samples, and Analysis of variance (ANOVA) as statistical tools, the researcher reached at the following results :
Exploratory behavior exists in the study sample which is the age groups 12-14 and 15-16 years .
There are statistical signified differences in exploratory behavior according to gender in favor of females and according to age in favor of the age group 15-16 .
1. Self-organization exists in the study sample which is the age groups 12-14 and 15-16 .
2. There are statistical signified differences inself-organization according to gender in favor of females and according to age in favor of the age group 15-16 .
3. There is a positive relation between exploratory behavior and self-organization .
Finally , the researcher came up with certain recommendations and suggestions .

The experience of the Algerian writer Azzedine Djlaoudji is one of the contemporary novelistic experiences that claim being subject to experimentation and being firmly convinced of its mechanisms. Mechanisms that provide renewal to the creative experience and impose defiance to the domination of the classical novelistic standard. And so, by pursuing a novelistic trajectory which is open to pluralism and diversity.
This study is intended to reveal the mechanisms and the aesthetics of experimentation in the last novel by Azzedine Djlaoudji “EL ISHKEL MOUKADNAS” (2014). Meanwhile it tries to determine the characteristics of his novelistic writing style that gave singularity to his experience and made it stand out from the other contemporary novelistic experiences. This can be possible by answering the problematic that emerges from the following main question:
What are the mechanisms of experimentation in “EL ISHK EL MOUKADNAS” novel that made it stand out from the rest of Algerian contemporary novels?
This question gives rise to the following:
1- What does Novelistic Experimentation mean?
2-How did it show in “EL ISHK EL MOUKADNAS” novel?
3-Which are the aesthetics that granted to this novel its singularity and made it stand out from the dominant Algerian contemporary novel standard?
Key words: Novelistic experimentation / EL ISHK EL MOUKADNAS / Azzedine Djlaoudji / Mechanisms / Aesthetics

Completing a Teaching (TesL, TefL) program is the beginning of a life time of professional growth. Teaching is in itself, a continuous growth experience, since one really (learns) something only when asked to explain or teach it to others. Students are often our best teachers and you will learn from new students each term.
Professional development is an ongoing process, one that evolves as you assess and reexamine your teaching beliefs and practices .It is self-empowerment and deciding to take the first step is your responsibility and that step is well worth taking .
Therefore, this research has been tackled to shed the light on the main difficulties existing in the empowerment of Iraqi teachers of English through professional development activities It also aims at identifying and classifying these difficulties.
To fulfill this aim, a sample of 100 teachers of English at the preparatory and intermediate schools in Diyla Governorate are considered to be the subjects of this research.
A scaled questionnaire as an instrument of measurement is used in this research to be an investigatory tool.
The results of this research proves that the hypothesis of this study which reads that Iraqi teachers of English face difficulties in their empowerment through professional development activities is verified and accepted.

The current study aims at finding out the effect of guidance programme in developing emotional intelligencein children through testing the following hypotheses;
1. There are no statistically significant differences at the level (0.05) among the degrees rank of control group in pre and posttests on emotional intelligence scale.
2. There are no statistically significant differences at the level (0.05) among the degrees rank of experimental group in pre and posttests on emotional intelligence scale before and after applying the guidance programme.
3. There are no statistically significant differences at the level (0.05) among the degrees rank of experimental group and control group in postteston emotional intelligence scale.
The present study is limited to the children at primary schools under the general directorate of education for Diyala at Al-Muqdadiyah district/ for the academic year 2014-2015.
To verify the aim of the study and testify its hypotheses, an experimental design is used which is experimental group and control groupwith pretest and posttest. The sample of the study consists of 30 children from Zahra Al-Banafsaj primary schools, distributed on two groups (experimental group and control group) in amount of 15 child for each .An equivalence has been done between the two groups in the number of variables including (children's degrees on emotional intelligence, academic level of the father, academic level of the mother,father profession, mother profession, the sequence of child among his family, andchronological age).
The researcher adopted emotional intelligence(Auwas 2006) scale which has been adapted according to Iraqi environment (Khairy, 2008) for childern at primary schools. This scale has been exposed to the jury members in education and psychology who confirm on the validity scale for application by (100%) ,thus the face validity has been achieved. While, the reliability has been achieved by test – retest is received (0.88) .
Also, the researcher has designed and applied a guidance programme according to Vandura'ssocial learning theory ,because emotional intelligence represents an individual's ability to understand the feelings, emotions, and private feelings and emotions of others through his participation in their attitudes and emotions. The validity of the programme has been achieved by exposing it on jury members who specialized in direction and guidance. The programme consists of 12 guidance sessions in the amount of twice session per week, each session is 45 minutes long.
Statistical treatment of data is used , such as; (Pearson correlation coefficient formula, Mann-Whitney test,Wolskoskin test,Kilmogorow-Smirnow, Weighted mean, Alpha – Cronbach formula.
The results of the current research sets the following:
1- There are no statistically significant differences at the level (0.05) between the degrees rank of control group in pre and posttests on emotional intelligence scale.
2- There arestatistically significant differences at the level (0.05) between the degrees rank of experimental before and after applying the guidance programmeon emotional intelligence scale.
3- There are statistically significant differences at the level (0.05) between the degrees rank of experimental group and control group in posttest onemotional intelligence scale in favor of experimental group.
In light of the results and its conclusions ,the researcher presented a number of recommendations and suggestions.

In this study ,I tried to point out the important factors of rhythmical structure in Abdul-Aziz Al-Muqalih's poetry in the outer level which is represented by meter and rhyme or, in the inner level which is governed by phenomena and rhetorical styles that influence the receiver . This was of great impact on giving his poems rhythmical and musical dimensions which contributed to the rhythmical structure.
This study also is an attempt to explore , in the world of poetry, the most prominent figure of Arabic poem in Yemen and to acquaint with the value of his rhythmical world and to introduce his impressive product in order to reveal its rhythmical factors.

The current study is about human types of European society like: Foreigners, Russians, Saqalba, Bulgarians, Khozr, Romans, Greek, Persians and Turks.
It also studies social life of the commons and their traditions, attributes, nature and religions at that period and it contains studying of woman's position and her role of European society.
The study deals with morals of marriage, foods, drinks, kinds of clothes they wear and baths.
This paper contains what sports people were practicing at that period like: horseback riding, javelin throwing, hunting and wrestling.

This study aims at investigating the role of regional and field
planning in achieving agricultural development in Khanaqeen District. The programs and plans applied in this district have accomplished its goals and achieved permanent special development. Planning has a great role in the growth and development of pastoral settlements, limiting migration, combining scattered villages in modern ones that have urban services and financial and moral support to the farmers by building irrigation and drainage systems, reclamation of lands, offering prepayments to the farmers to help them in digging wells, constructing green houses, raising animals, beehives, and fish.
Planning in Khanaqeen District also has a great role in industrial development and building country paved roads which reached to 201 km's. planning also has a great part in service development like education and health services. The number of primary schools reached 84, intermediate and secondary schools 25 and health centers 4 as well as electric power and drinking water to all villages.

As a result of the attempt to link the human dimensions and the environment in the development process , it has become a growing interest in so-called sustainable development , which aims to find a balance between the economic system without the depletion of natural resources , taking into account environmental security since there dimension of human sustainable development inherent to the environmental dimension has become this generations responsible for the conservation of natural resources for future generations . So attention must be paid to the environment as the basis for development waste and drain natural and human resources which are the basis for any agricultural activity or artificial will have harmful effects on development in general . The concept of sustainable development emerged as a result of the neglect of the development of the environmental aspects , it was necessary to find a philosophy of new development will help to overcome the problems , and resulted in international efforts for a new concept of development , known as the ( sustainable development ) and this concept has been crystallized for the first time in the report of the World Commission on Environment and Development , which holds the title of our common future and common future our first published in 1987

This study "Al-Sirafis' Citation of Al-Mubbarrads' Grammatical Opinions in Al-Kitab of Sibawayh" tends to shed light on the illusions that the grammarians commit in attributing the views to their speakers .Accordingly , the researcher attempts to get the grammatical verification through investigating , and documenting, particularly Al-Sirafi's views of Al-Mubarrad .Then , many contemporary and past grammarians' views have been compared with Al-Mubarrad' to investigate what have been attributed to Al-Sirafi. Finally, The searcher has asked the Almighty Allah to bless his attempts in following the ancestors

This study seeks to review the creative literature of one of the greatest poets of Arabic Abbasi Era in Arabic literature who is Abu Nu'as. This review relies on the modern critical method which is an important method in the field of critical analysis.
The study started with a thorough theoretical introduction that shed the light on the definitions of this pragmatic phenomenon by the most prominent figures in pragmatics like George Yule and Van Dijk. After that there are three sections. The first one entitled the " pragmatics of discourse and structure of conversation. The second was about the multiplicity of themes and the one act accomplishment. The third section dealt with indirect speech acts and compound event. In the light of those sections the most prominent mechanisms of speech acts were utilized in an analysis and a comparison. The study ended with the most important conclusions.

This study tried to process Al Amil theory in Arabic grammar. It is a mental system invented by early grammarians due to the need for it. Early grammarians embedded grammar rules derived from grammatical origins. All parts and branches of grammar were connected in this theory for the reason of comprehending it and ease of learning.
The reason behind inventing this theory was merely pedagogical to facilitate language use and to make it easy to comprehend. It is an imaginary system

The climatic changes in temperature and its relationship to lack of rainfall and low amount of water for normal levels for reasons of human or natural) which leads to obtain the so-called drought a case of increasing evaporation at the expense of precipitation in its various forms .... In general, noted a change in the global climate as a whole ... And from the climate of the study area, where rates increased heat from normal levels which is expected in which experts from increased evaporation and low rainfall in addition to the breadth and desertification and the spread of sand dunes and frequency of sandstorms, as it increased the overall rate of warming in the study area is about 0.74 degrees Celsius during the period extending from 1906 to 2005, where proven scientific studies for the rise in temperatures after century atheist twenty compared to centuries past through a thousand years past began since the nineties of the last century and the beginning of the new millennium, as she was one of the strongest periods of heat in the northern hemisphere and this is what is reflected in the elements of the climate in general, The elements of climatic conditions in any area is a reflection of the factors governing the terms of controlling the climate of the study area set of controls specific climate, which have an impact directly on the climate where, and that these determinants are important in the interpretation of the nature of the change elements of climate in the study area, and that the problem change and its impacts, whether in natural or human aspects of the problems that deserve research and study, so the researcher saw the formulation of the problem of the study are as follows: - Does the site and terrain astronomer and and mis plant and determinants of the impact of natural climatic qualities of Diyala province, and what are the factors that contribute to determine these controls? Hypothesis of the study: - The study assumes that the impact of climate determinants in the nature of climate change and that these elements of determinants which affects more than one factor and interfere with each other to stand out characteristic climate of the province.Objective of the study: - The study aims to clarify the effect of climatic parameters and controls that will influence the various elements of the climate and direct natural effects in various human activities so as to benefit the scientific planning of these activities, especially activities under the agricultural climatic Kalnchat conditions. Methodology of the study: - The study used quantitative descriptive search method to illustrate this phenomenon, and the search for an answer to the problem and prove or disprove the hypothesis, as well as the use of tables and maps to strengthen the study data included the four tables and three maps.Boundaries of the study area: - The spatial limits of the study up to Diyala province, either administrative time limits One was the duration of 1980 - 2011. Either the most important findings of the study represent the following: -
1-That the climatic determinants of mutual influence between them in the nature of their impact on the climate and the formation of Rish attribute that characterize the climate of the study area.Site 2-Is the effect of the most important astronomical determinants that affect the study area
3-Represent the broader determinants terrain influential after astronomer location they affect air pressure and weighed the nature of the balance of the wind and temperatures that form the basis of climatic features.
4-vegetation is one of less influential determinants and so I said in the study area.
5-Isone of the most important influences in the geographic location of the study area of the Mediterranean

The aim of the present paper is to know the effect of Jordn's model on the fifth year students'\literary branch\ acquiring rhetorical concepts and their tendencies towards the subject matter. To achieve this aim , the experimental method was used. The experiment was achieved and lasted for one semester for the academic year 2013-2014. The researcher chose Zwhair Ibn Abi Salma \ Al-Mukdadia district ,exclusively for achieving the experiment. The sample of the paper is determined to include 25 students for the experimental group and 25 other students for the control group .The two groups were equal in Arabic language marks\final examination for the fourth year students\literary branch \ , age in terms of months , the parent's academic qualification , mark of language proficiency test , and their tendencies towards the subject matter .The researcher depended on experimental design with partial control .The experiment started on October 16,2013 and continued till January 15,2014 .
After achieving the experiment , the results were analyzed statistically by the researcher. He found out that there were statistical differences at the level (0,05) between the students of the two groups in acquiring concepts and tendency scales .The students of experimental group ,who studied Rhetoric by using Jordn's model ,excelled those of the control group who studied the same subject by using the normal method in the acquisition of concepts and tendency scales in post test.

The current study deals with performed services of the municipality during increasing of population density and growth of the city which brings many problems for municipality efficiency to keep performing services now and even in the future for people . Therefore, the abstractions that may prevent municipality have been clarified in this paper and to make a prospective plan to perform the best services.

This study deals with the grammatical terms which conceive the scholars for the first time and which cannot be recognized unless we know and realize their clues beside the scientific mind that the scholars of syntax have . Accordingly , most of grammarians attempted to codify the terms and return them back to precision and conciseness to be signs which can be used to facilitate the grammatical lesson . One of these terms is the " predicate " which has two types the oral one which is " single predicate " and the abstract one which refers to the other types of predicate which are the grammatical as well as the rhetorical ones , also , it refers to the term " inflectional / المتصرف/Mutasaraf " which is noticed by some modern scholars as " Free / Mutaharer /متحرر " , and the overlapping between the relative and extra structures which in turn shows the effect of semantics in the grammatical term .

Wand Basinan (an area of study about 703 km2 ) situated (90) kms in the nothern east of Diyala governorate . It's bounded on east by Iran and on west by Sirwan River and on south, study region begins with water stream isolates valleys directing toward Alwand River and valleys directing toward Diyala River represented by Chwarbakh and Dara Wishka mountains.
The same is at the north. It starts with the lower valleys that drain in Alwand , whereas Jalawla city lies at the western part of study region.
The study area is located in the northeastern part of Iraq in the unstable zone Quaternary sediments are covering the study area , which included river deposits of Pliestocene and Holocene ages.
There are three found basin in study region the first area valley Branchak followed by Dara Wishka then Kane baz . The measurement of study revaled that there is different between there basins area in Width, length, and that the characteristic shapes of the basin is seen – circle, and Rectangular three dimension .
From study of characteristic topographic, gravity of Drainage, and Drainage Patterns of basin they showed that there is difference in quantity of water in followed for area variety. Morphometric analysis for drainage basin have achieved using the remote sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS) to procedure the
study and analysis the basin surface digitally .

The current study aims at finding out the effectiveness of cluster strategy in developing reflective thinking among students at literary fourth grade in history. So for the purpose of achieving this aim , the researcher formulates the following null hypotheses;
There are no statistically significant differences at level (0.5) between the mean scores of the experimental group which is taught history by cluster strategy and the mean scores of the control group which is taught history by using the traditional way in reflective thinking pre- test and post-test.
There are no statistically significant differences at level (0.5) between the mean scores of pretest and posttest to female-students of experimental group who taught history by using the cluster strategy.
There are no statistically significant differences at level (0.5) between the mean scores of pretest and posttest to female-students of control group who taught history by using the traditional way of teaching.
To achieve the aims of study and verifying its hypotheses, the researcher selected an quasi experimental design. Randomly sample is chosen from the students of fourth stage at Babylon preparatory school. The sample consisted 66 student in the amount of 33 students in each group
History syllabus is stated , representing by the first seven chapters of history textbook (the Arabic and Islamic civilization) which is admitted by Ministry of Iraqi Education for the academic year (2013-2014) for students at literary fourth stage. The researchers wrote 180 behavioral goal for the first seven chapters and prepared lesson plans for teaching the two groups of the study and displayed models on a group of specialists to ensure its validity.
The researcher constructed meditative thinking which consisted of five skills, viz ; ( meditation, observation, , identifying logical fallacies, giving convincing explanations, reaching to conclusions, developing proposed solutions), the number of items is 30 items in amount of 6 items for each
In the light of the current results, the researcher concluded the effectiveness of cluster strategy in acquiring reflective thinking skills compared with the traditional way. Accordingly, the researcher recommended the need to use the cluster strategy that proved its effectiveness in the teaching of history and do not stick with the traditional way. Complementing the aspects of current study, the researcher suggested a similar study with other dependent variables such as achievement and the development of creative thinking and systemic

The current study deals with rhythm in Kutub Al-Aman . The study contains an introduction , three sections and a conclusion in which the most important findings were shown , as well as sources .
Section one talks about poetic rhythm .
The second section is a bout rhyme as a harmonic feature .
Section the third deals with paronomasia as a harmonic feature .
This paper ends with the important finding which is a contribution to make a positive interaction between text and receptionist and to establish the meaning to show authors' proficiency. It also contains a list of sources, and the sources are : Ktab Alsna'tein (Alktaba wal She'r) – classified by Abi Hilal Al-Askary , Al-Edah fi Uloum Al-Balagha : Alma'ni wal Bayan wal Bade'a by Alkhateeb Al-Qazwini . Jaras Al-Alfad and its semantic in rhetorical and critical study with Arabs by Maher Mahdi Hlal .

يهدف البحث الحالي إلى تعرف (اثر أنموذج المنحى البنائي التعليمي في الأداء التعبيري وتنمية التفكير الابتكاري لدى طالبات المرحلة الإعدادية) .
ولتحقيق ذلك اعتمدت الباحثة على تصميم تجريبي يقع في حقل التصاميم التجريبية ذوات الضبط الجزئي هو اختيار المجموعة الضابطة ذات الاختبارين القبلي والبعدي والمجموعة التجريبية ، وقـــــد تكونت عينة الدراسة من شعبتين دراسيتين منتظمتين في مدرسة ثانوية أنطاكية للبنات ، وقسمت العينة البالغ عددها (60) طالبة على مجموعتين، الأولى تجريبية وعددها (30) طالبة، والأخرى ضابطة وعددها (30) طالبة، ودرست الباحثة المجموعة التجريبية بأنموذج المنحى البنائي التعليمي، في حين درست الضابطة بالطريقة التقليدية ، أجرت الباحثة تكافؤا إحصائيا وكافأت بين مجموعتي البحث في المتغيرات الآتية ( العمر الزمني محسوباً بالشهور ، والتحصيل الدراسي للأبوين ، ودرجات اختبار القدرة اللغوية ، واختبار الذكاء ، ودرجات مادة اللغة العربية للعام السابق ، ودرجات الاختبار القبلي للتفكير ألابتكاري ، ودرجات الاختبار القبلي للأداء التعبيري )، وحددت الباحثة الموضوعات التي ستدرس إثناء مدة التجربة بستة موضوعات ، وفي ضوء الموضوعات صاغت الباحثة (51) هدفا سلوكيا لهذه الموضوعات ، وأعدت خططا تدريسية يومية لتدريس مجموعتي البحث ،أمّا أداة البحث فقد استعملت الباحثة أداة موحدة لقياس الأداء التعبيري والتفكير ألابتكاري عند طالبات مجموعتي البحث ، إذ أعدّت سلسلة اختبارات تحصيلية لأغراض بحثها لتطبيقها على طالبات مجموعتي البحث في نهاية كل موضوع اعتماداً على محاكاة (تصحيح الحلاق2005 )، وأعدّت الباحثة مقياساً للتفكير الابتكاري لغرض التجربة فقط ، من طريق الاطلاع على الأدبيات والرسائل والأطروحات المتعلقة بهذا المجال ، وكتبت طالبات مجموعتي البحث في ستة موضوعات مختارة ، درستها الباحثة نفسها ، خلال مدة التجربة التي استمرت فصل دراسي كامل ، وصححتها بنفسها، واستعملت الاختبار التائي (t- test) والوسط الحسابي ، ومعامل ارتباط بيرسون ، ومربع كاي ، وسائل إحصائية لمعالجة بيانات الدراسة.

Find've tried to stand up to image affliction when Al - Mutanabi by identifying the physical affliction he felt affliction and moral, the researcher found that the affliction is present in every space of the poet's life which he lived The research is divided on two chapters and an introduction and a conclusion, followed by a list of sources and research. And as follows:
First section titled concerns included the pain of injustice and a sense of alienation and pessimism The second section has included appearances pain of excellence and grandeur, rebellion, revolution, ambition and then followed Conclusion sources

Throughout the negotiations of Brest-Litovsk, it was clear that Germany imposed its conditions on Russia without any opposition or a second opinion from the part of the Russians on any term in it. Linen believed that the Russians had no power to stand against Germany, and Russia needs more time to enforce its power, conduct economic and social reforms, and fixing the miserable reality. In Germany, in spite of the provides gained in the treaty of Brest-Litovsk like the withdraw of Russia from the war, it did not change anything in the balance of power because the United Stated of America had entered the war which added more power to the entente countries which eventually caused the defeat of Germany in November 1918.
This study consisted of an introduction, three sections and a conclusion that contained the most important results. The first section dealt with the end of the fight on the eastern front and signing the truce in the 10th of November 1917. The second section discussed the German-Soviet negotiations in Brest-Litovsk. While the third section reviews signing the treaty and the German advantages of it.

Throughout the negotiations of Brest-Litovsk, it was clear that Germany imposed its conditions on Russia without any opposition or a second opinion from the part of the Russians on any term in it. Linen believed that the Russians had no power to stand against Germany, and Russia needs more time to enforce its power, conduct economic and social reforms, and fixing the miserable reality. In Germany, in spite of the provides gained in the treaty of Brest-Litovsk like the withdraw of Russia from the war, it did not change anything in the balance of power because the United Stated of America had entered the war which added more power to the entente countries which eventually caused the defeat of Germany in November 1918.
This study consisted of an introduction, three sections and a conclusion that contained the most important results. The first section dealt with the end of the fight on the eastern front and signing the truce in the 10th of November 1917. The second section discussed the German-Soviet negotiations in Brest-Litovsk. While the third section reviews signing the treaty and the German advantages of it.

This study has chosen one of Andalusian poetic collections to review and investigate critical criteria upon which the author has made the choice of the collection to achieve the significance. This study focuses on certain critical issues adopted by the author in the selection of the poems. Those issues are: art quality, stylistic criteria, citation, and plagiarism. Those issues were preceded by an introduction, key word and ended with a conclusion and references.
The two researchers

This study has chosen one of Andalusian poetic collections to review and investigate critical criteria upon which the author has made the choice of the collection to achieve the significance. This study focuses on certain critical issues adopted by the author in the selection of the poems. Those issues are: art quality, stylistic criteria, citation, and plagiarism. Those issues were preceded by an introduction, key word and ended with a conclusion and references.
The two researchers

This study has chosen one of Andalusian poetic collections to review and investigate critical criteria upon which the author has made the choice of the collection to achieve the significance. This study focuses on certain critical issues adopted by the author in the selection of the poems. Those issues are: art quality, stylistic criteria, citation, and plagiarism. Those issues were preceded by an introduction, key word and ended with a conclusion and references.
The two researchers

This study has chosen one of Andalusian poetic collections to review and investigate critical criteria upon which the author has made the choice of the collection to achieve the significance. This study focuses on certain critical issues adopted by the author in the selection of the poems. Those issues are: art quality, stylistic criteria, citation, and plagiarism. Those issues were preceded by an introduction, key word and ended with a conclusion and references.
The two researchers