Kufa Journal For Veterinary Medical Sciences

Cryptococcus neoformans, a capsule encased pathogenic yeast, causes cryptococcal meningoencephalitis in human, particularly among immunocompromised individuals. Cryptococcus neoformans is wide spread across different environmental niches, it can be found in soil, animals, poultry excreta and even on trees. The studies on this fungus are limited, in this review we highlighted the most important virulence factors of this zoonotic pathogen. Numerous virulence factors make this fungus an interesting pathogen. These factors include capsule, melanin, and extracellular enzymes. C. neoformans is characterized by having many virulence factors that play obvious roles in establishing host infection or surviving in harsh environmental conditions. Among these factors, the polysaccharide capsule is out as it provides protection to the yeast cells against desiccation, oxidation, and the host's immune system.

Outstandingly, this fungus produced melanin which may protect the yeast from UV light, oxidative stress, and antifungal damage. Cryptococcal cells may release extracellular enzymes such as phospholipase and urease that strengthen the cell wall and improve fungal invasion. After all, some of these factors are unique to this pathogen and shared with other pathogens, collectively, these are an important armament to overcome hostile environment, evade host immune system, establishing host infection and resist antifungal treatment.

Ruminant production is facing a critical period within global agriculture due to unique digestive systems allowing them to utilize low-quality fibre-rich feed, producing the potent greenhouse gas methane (CH4) as a by-product. Methane is eliminated from the atmosphere by eructation. Saponins are secondary metabolites in plant seeds, leaves, bark, and roots. Some saponins were found from legumes and microbial populations, including Quillaja saponaria, Yucca schidigera, Camellia sinensis and Samanea saman. Saponin consists of a lipophilic triterpene or steroid aglycone attached to one or more hydrophilic sugar moieties. Their structural variety has appeared in their chemical and biological properties. Numerous pharmacological aspects of saponin include antifungal, antiprotozoal, anti-microbial, and anti-methanogen effects. More factors are related to the rumen microbe’s power to mitigate the antiprotozoal activity of saponins, such as breeds of animals and the environment. Tannin and saponin having plant species, such as alfalfa are widely utilized because of their beneficial matter and clearly can decrease methane production. The membrane-disrupting action of saponins illustrates their harmful influence on protozoa and the formation of complexes with sterols found in the protozoal cell wall, thereby causing cell lysis. This review aims to understand saponin structural features and focus on the prospect of being a useful resource for researchers in using saponin extract as a bioactive compound in ruminant diets to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions

Zinc is one of the components of many enzymes that performs catalytic, structural and regulatory functions and important in the processes of cell metabolism, regulating appetite, growth and immune function. This research aimed to determine the effect of zinc on the intake and growth data of lamb sixteen Awassi male lambs (4.5-5 months age and 23.38± 0.95 kg body weight) were use. They were divide into four groups. The first group (R1) was fed concentrated feed without additives, while zinc oxide (ZnO) at 45 mg/kg DM of concentrated feed to the rest of the groups: the second group (R2) inorganic ZnO. The third group (R3) commercial Nano-ZnO. The fourth group (R4) ZnO synthesized using green methods. The roughage feed was provide freely throughout the study. The results showed a significant increase in the average daily weight gain (ADG) and total weight gain (TG) for the second group, which respectively reached 156.07 g/day and 10.92 kg compared to 141.07 g/day and 9.87 kg for the first group. The statistical analysis showed a significant improvement in the food conversion ratio from 7.40 g DM/g weight gain (WG) for the control unit to 6.54 g DM/g WG for the group of lambs fed concentrated feed containing inorganic ZnO. The addition of zinc from a non-Nano source led to a decrease in rough feed consumption and an important boost in the lambs' daily and total weight gain, as well as feed conversion ratio.

A granulomatous reaction including the accumulation and aggregation of macrophage cells, either alone or in conjunction with epithelial cells, that may combine to produce multinucleated (giant) cells characterizes the chronic inflammatory condition known as hepatic granuloma. Normally, these granulomas have fibrous fibers and lymphocytes encircling them. Hepatic granuloma is linked to coli bacillosis caused by Escherichia coli, which can spread to various internal organs and result in a systemic lethal disease. In a particular study, the author observed that hepatic granulomas were surrounded by lymphocytes and a zone of macrophage cells. Additionally, fibrosis in the portal area was attributed to E. coli infections. Grossly affected livers were found to contain multiple, firm, pale-yellow, spherical masses with numerous nodules. Furthermore, the study revealed the presence of granulomas in at least one or more than one organs, most commonly in the ceca, and often in an organ like the liver. The study also noted that the necrotic lesion was distinguishable from the surrounding areas of heterophils and giant cells in early stages of granulomas.

This study designed to identify the outcome use of naproxen on hematological parameters and
liver histopathological changes and the effect of hazelnut oil on these parameters in local male mice.
Eighteen mice were divided equally into three groups: and each group involved of 6 mice. The first
group is control group which received distal normal saline while the second group was treated with
naproxen at 20 mg/kg of mice body weight. The third was group treated with hazelnut oil 3g/kg of
mice body weight, after two hours followed by naproxen 20 mg/kg of mice body weight. The
experimental study continues for 21 days. The hematological results exhibited a significant decrease
in WBC, RBC, hemoglobin and hematocrit at P <0.05 in the second group treated with naproxen
compared to the control group. The third group treated with hazelnut oil followed by naproxen
showed a significant increase in hemoglobin and hematocrits at P <0.05 compared to the second
group but the hematological values in the third group did not show a significant difference compared
to the control group. The histopathological results showed normal liver histology in first group the
end of the experimental study. The second group which was received the naproxen showed congestion
of blood vessels, hemorrhage inflammatory cells infiltration, necrosis and the presence of Kupffer
cells. The third group showed a histological appearance of the liver relatively similar to the control
group. The hazelnut oil improved the hematological parameters in this study and preserved the
histological structures of the liver from being affected by naproxen.

In the present study, the effects of different doses of xylazine combined with piracetam were
investigated through different behavioral experiments. Xylazine is alpha 2 adrenergic agonist a
veterinary sedative, and analgesic agent. Piracetam is gamma-aminobutyric acid, a nootropic
compound, are known to affect brain function and behavior individually.
Design: Twenty adults female Wistar albino rats were randomized divided into four equal groups:
control, xylazine (5 mg/kg i.p.) group, piracetam (600 mg/kg i.p.), xylazine and piracetam
combination group, motor performance was assessed by Open field. Marble Burying, Wire hanging
assay tests were done for cognitive and behavioral evaluation. and biochemical parameters NADH
oxidase in the brain were done by ELISA.
Results: The results of neurobehavioral tests showed significant changes in the treated three groups
compared to the control group. While, NADH oxidase level in the brain if there was a significant
decrease in the Xylazine group, Piracetam group, and Xylazine & Piracetam group Comparison with
the control group.