Journals geographic

Our study (The effects of radical climatic elements and phenomena on tomato crops in the Iraqi western plateau) is considered an applied climatic study. The topic was chosen a complementary to the studies that had tackled it and aims towards determining the characteristics of radical climate of which suffers the climatic elements in the western plateau, which also reflects its results on the agriculture in the area. The study area witnesses a large expansion in its agricultural growth. Through showing the relationship between the climatic elements that are needed for the studied crops and the rising and dropping beyond the limits of its climatic elements. Solving this radical phenomena helps the authorities and the institutions of interest improve this agricultural sector for the importance it holds to our national economy.
The (Quantitative Methodology) was adopted in analyzing and processing the data through using a number of statistical methods to reveal the radical phenomena that the climatic elements are exposed to in the study area using (Spss) software. In addition to that, the study calculated the fluctuation rates of the climatic elements that affect the crops and their production rate. The Linear regression equation (for Pearson) was applied to measure the relationship between what the study area is exposed to throughout the growth season, and the fluctuation rate of the crops production. The results of applying the equation are as follows:
1- The study are is exposed to radical climatic phenomena because of their deviation from the normal rates and their temporal and spatial fluctuation.
2- The study showed the strong relationship between the climatic elements (Great and Low temperatures, wind speed, rain, humidity) and the (dust storm) phenomenon through the growth season. It also showed the relationship between the fluctuating rates of the one acre productivity.

نظراً لأهمية الطاقة الكهربائية في محافظات الفرات الأوسط وارتباطها في مجالات الحياة السكنية والاقتصادية والخدمية , وتزايد مستويات الطلب عليها بسبب الظروف البيئية والاقتصادية التي يعيشها سكان هذا الاقليم وظهور العجز النسبي في توفيرها خلال بعض أشهر السنة , كان ذلك مدعاةً للخوض في هذا الموضوع ودراسته بشكل مفصل , والبحث عن حيثياته والمتغيرات المكانية والمادية التي تساعد على النهوض بواقعه أو تحد من ارتقائه أو تشكل عقبة في مساره , من أجل معرفة متطلبات المرحلة الحالية لحل ما يمكن من مشكلات الطاقة الكهربائية القائمة في هذا الحيز المكاني واكتمال الصورة المستقبلية لها والتخطيط لمتطلباتها خلال عدد من السنوات المقبلة.بدأ البحث بواقع إنتاج الطاقة الكهربائية خلال المدة من (2000-2014) وقد تبين أن معدل إنتاج محافظات الدراسة من الكهرباء بلغ (570.7م.و.س) عام 2000 ثم تزايد حتى وصل الى (2206.7م.و.س) عام 2014 من خلال 14 محطة موزعة بشكل متباين بين المحافظات , فنتج عن ذلك تباين واضح في مقدار ما تنتجه كل منها , واختلفت تلك المحطات من حيث الطاقة التصميمة والطاقة الفعلية وكفاءتها في الانتاج , اذ ارتفع معامل الانتفاع الاقتصادي من الطاقة التصميمية من (38.3%) عام 2000 الى (44.8%) عام 2014, الا ان هناك تذبذب في مقدار الانتاج خلال هذه المدة , وهذا ادى الى تذبذب معامل الانتفاع الاقتصادي ايضاً , ومن ثم كشف البحث عن اثر اهم العوامل الجغرافية ( الطبيعية والبشرية والاقتصادية ) في توقيع محطات التوليد وكفاءتها في العمل وتمثلت تلك العوامل بـ( المناخ وعناصره , والموارد المائية , ومصادر الوقود , والنقل , والسوق , والايدي العاملة , والارض , والسياسة الحكومية ) .

Spatial analysis to the problem of immigration to urban centers in the province of Qadisiyah
The Immigration old demographic phenomenon and the index has more than an indication they are linked with other phenomena such as poverty, and is considered the economic factor leading cause her, followed by wars, Based on the above mentioned research to the study of immigration to maintain two types of forced migration from the countryside to urban areas in Diwaniyah province , as the number of displaced families to the province for the year 2015 (5141), a family of conservative (Nineveh, Anbar, Kirkuk, Salahuddin, Baghdad, Babil, Diyala, Wasit), and rates of migration inflows varied between administrative units in the province, with the highest percentage rates immigration in the district center of Diwaniyah, Afak and Hamzah and maize, respectively (46.6% 0.9%, 6.1%, 5.5%). The rate of migration from the countryside to urban centers has reached across the province (30.2%) were the districts centers occupied in the province, the largest proportion of the number of families of expatriate as occupied spend Hamzah center of the first rank and rate (33.3%), followed spend )Diwaniyah center (33.1%) and then Afak district center came last rank and rate (32.2%

Channing is the most distinguish feature of the human societies in general, cities in particular. Cities are laboratories of continuous interactions among different secondary systems. Population size is the basic and effective element in this field; it is responsible for its establishment, growth and development. If population change depends on systematic and planned bases, it would be of functional efficiency on the urban level in general as there is a relation between the size and the economic efficiency that establishes for other efficiencies( social, constructional and environmental), lead cities to luxury life.
The study aims to reveal the changes amount in the size of the urban system cities in the two governorates of Babil and Najaf, their effective factors depending on a comparative method and achieving a size order and a functional balance for these cities depending on the adopted planning styles.

Classifying transporting and traffic system is one of the main, necessary and important requirements for a successful and integrated city due to its important in the urban transporting studies and to create a spatial integration in the transporting and traffic system, hence the importance of studying this subject appears; it is to put a special classification of transporting and traffic system in the holy city of Karbala.
Classifying transporting and traffic system in any city helps in solve the problems that face the urban transporting system in the city, and this is the main reason of studying this subject in the holy city of Karbala especially after 2013. The most important problems are:- the high traffic density and the insufficiency and inefficiency of the streets to the increasing number of the vehicles which resulted in decreasing its potentialities. So, this study is to recognize the transporting and traffic system status in the city so as to create a special classification for it according to the spatial and functional data, this would participate in solving the transporting and traffic problems. In addition this classification could be adopted in the transporting and traffic studies in all the Iraqi cities as the spatial characteristics ate alike

The economic reality imposes its limits on the individual, which inevitably determines whether he can marry directly or postpone it. Thus, the economic factor is the cornerstone of marital life and permanence and the determination of the percentages of married and divorced men and women in urban and rural areas according to the characteristics and nature of each society.

Multiple negative effects will occur in vegetable crops as a result of exposure to extreme temperatures and this effect will increase due to the duration and intensity of heat extremism posed to those crops. If the extreme temperatures occur during time of flowering and budding, flowers will fall like eggplant and zucchini cases and causes the death of more than 50% of the pollen for the tomato crop and make lettuce leaves to have a bitter taste when temperature rises after March 21. Also a low extreme temperature to the freezing point leads to water freezes in the cells of plants and then hit what is known as physiological drought, that will cause plants leaves to become yellow and starts to fall and that will leads to plants death.

The local analysis for industrial changes activity in Heet city under the circumstances now a days and the future progression
Heet city during the 1980s Period from last Century was the centre of Focusing of different industrial activities with (91.7) out of the total industrial establishments in Heet region which have number of establishments about (1004) industrial establishments that was in 2013 these activities have been contributed positively in developing economical structure to the city but these activities since 1990s faced economical problemes and surroundings and the satuation which is negatively reflected on the level performance Function that is Required how to put and plan future Strategy developmeits Which is Suitable to develop it production efficient and local Situations find the alternatives which is convience to the lnviroment in the present situation .

Studying Effect of Land Uses to the Planning of Roads Network in a Cities (Case Study – Karbala City)
The relation between land use and roads network appear from the reason of the land use , which generates the traffic movement in the city , so that any variation in land use distribution may be effect on the traffic pattern in town , where ; the manners of situate actions given different pattern of trips, and so that will be new system of movement.To knowledge the traffic movement consequential of land use distribution in Karbala city derived this study,Therefore ; specify eight variable of land use according to international institute (ITC) which effect to generate the movement .Upon the city declare tendency to religion and trade but it not devoid of another land uses.This study depend on the most important factor that deals with the roads network which is (Land use) and Buchanun idea for his understand about desire lines,adding that Isee in compilation & distribution patterns that deal with the same idea , and so that derive anew pattern of roads networks .And I discuss the olden models of road networks ( linear , Radial , network ) to distinguish between the new idea and the previous ideas .
This study which is completed is apart of complicated problem standing against roads network design , but it is beginning of (Buchanun) idea , I want develop it .

Geographical analysis of air pollution levels in AL- Manathira city
Concluded the current research, a geographical analysis of the levels of air pollution in the city Manathira , to assess the level of concentration of air pollutants in the city Manathira range of elements represented by mono carbon dioxide , dual carbon dioxide , formaldehyde , nitrous oxide , ozone , and sulfur dioxide . And it adopted the device (gas detector - Drager CMS) to measure the concentrations of those elements of the 2014 and two periods , The first measurement of the separation of summer (July) , and the second in the winter (January) . And elected five sites to conduct measurement for comparison purposes and spatial analysis. Concentrations of elements have shown behavior in time and space mixed . Elements have shown ( Co, Co2 , CH2O , No2 , SO2 ) High concentrations during the winter , as shown element (O3) High concentrations in summer . Also exceeded Manathira city center high concentration of gaseous pollutants in it without the rest of the sites by focusing interdicts and industrial activities . Most of the studied elements also exceeded health limits internationally. Find also interested in analyzing the second measure performed physical particles of dust falling , and got its data from relevant institutions and research topic .

Study the positive and negative influence that result from industrial projects and putting planning standards for industrial projects healthy environmental insurance keeping the environment and economic development because the extrusive relation- ship between them in consider all the economic and environment factors and not interface between the activities and its futurity expanding and the most important condition for sign the industrial projects that have big pollution and hazard is sign it out of the big design and provide the modern technology and instrument for treatment and provide environment monitoring station in each industrial region permanent & mobile which prevent pollution considering the developing process ,The most important secretion and achieving the area prosperity in the surrounding environment .

The research spatial distribution of large manufacturing industries in Qadisiya province for the year 2012, as addressed in the first part, the concept of the big manufacturing industries, which employ (30) or more workers, while taking second section of large manufacturing industries in the province, which consists of (38 structure) manufacturing facility works where (7200) factor, which (68.4%) of private sector establishments employing (15.4%) of the workers in the large manufacturing industries in the province, while (31.6%) of the public sector enterprises employing ( 84.6%) of the workers, the construction industry ranks first in terms of number of establishments by (55.26%), while textiles and clothing industry and ready-made metal products industry came in ranked last by (2.63%), either in terms of number of employees textiles and garments industry first came by (48.13%) of the total workers in the large manufacturing industries in the study area, while metal products industry finally come by (0.43%), while the third section addressed the spatial distribution of large manufacturing-level administrative units It is a mixed administrative and other units, and the most important findings of her study, said there are nine industrial categories divided into administrative units in the province, most of them belonging to the private sector, the construction industry come first place in terms of industrial facilities, while textiles and garments industry came first in terms of hands labor, concentrated most of these industrial facilities in the center of the province .